discussed rule (Indiana) · Go Syfert
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discussed rule in Indiana

14 Indiana opinions name it 2 courts 1945–2025 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Indiana courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (14)

CaseFollowedCited
Estate of Hann v. Hanngreen
indctapp · 1993 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017Id. at 1015 . [17] In rendering its decision, the Court discussed the presumption applicable to family members living together: We recognize that in general, “[w]here one accepts valuable services from another the law implies a promise to pay for them.” Schwartz v. Schwartz, 773 N.E.2d 348, 354 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002) (quoting Estate of Hann v. Hann, 614 N.E.2d 973, 979 (Ind. Ct. App. 1993)).

2017In rendering its decision, the Court discussed the presumption applicable to family members living together: We recognize that in general, “[w]here one accepts valuable services from another the law implies a promise to pay for them.” Schwartz v. Schwartz, 773 N.E.2d 348, 354 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002) (quoting Estate of Hann v. Hann, 614 N.E.2d 973, 979 (Ind. Ct. App. 1993)).

11
Schwartz v. Schwartzgreen
indctapp · 2002 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017Id. at 1015 . [17] In rendering its decision, the Court discussed the presumption applicable to family members living together: We recognize that in general, “[w]here one accepts valuable services from another the law implies a promise to pay for them.” Schwartz v. Schwartz, 773 N.E.2d 348, 354 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002) (quoting Estate of Hann v. Hann, 614 N.E.2d 973, 979 (Ind. Ct. App. 1993)).

2017In rendering its decision, the Court discussed the presumption applicable to family members living together: We recognize that in general, “[w]here one accepts valuable services from another the law implies a promise to pay for them.” Schwartz v. Schwartz, 773 N.E.2d 348, 354 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002) (quoting Estate of Hann v. Hann, 614 N.E.2d 973, 979 (Ind. Ct. App. 1993)).

11
Kappos v. Stategreen
indctapp · 1991 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014The Court held that “[a] prosecutor, in final arguments, can ‘state and discuss the evidence and reasonable inferences derivable therefrom so long as there is no implication of 16 personal knowledge that is independent of the evidence.’” Id. at 1096 (quoting Kappos v. State, 577 N.E.2d 974, 977 (Ind. Ct. App. 1991), trans. denied).

11
Hobson v. Stategreen
ind · 1996 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014In Hobson v. State, 675 N.E.2d 1090, 1095-1096 (Ind. 1996), the Court discussed a claim of fundamental error involving the prosecutor’s personal opinions as to the truthfulness of witnesses, noting that the “prosecutor gave personal opinions as to the truthfulness of witnesses” when the prosecutor stated to the jury during closing arguments, “I warned you that [the defendants] are liars.” 675 N.E.2d at 1095 .

2014In Hobson v. State, 675 N.E.2d 1090, 1095-1096 (Ind. 1996), the Court discussed a claim of fundamental error involving the prosecutor’s personal opinions as to the truthfulness of witnesses, noting that the “prosecutor gave personal opinions as to the truthfulness of witnesses” when the prosecutor stated to the jury during closing arguments, “I warned you that [the defendants] are liars.” 675 N.E.2d at 1095 .

11
Osterman v. Babergreen
indctapp · 1999 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
1 sentence

2001In Osterman v. Baber, 714 N.E.2d 735, 737-38 (Ind.Ct.App. 1999), trans. denied, this court discussed the doctrine of equitable subrogation: Equitable subrogation is applicable when a "party, not [acting as] a mere volunteer, pays the debt of another which, in good conscience, should have been paid by the one primarily liable." Loving v. Ponderosa Sys., Inc., (1985) Ind., 479 N.E.2d 531, 536 (citing National Mutual Ins.

11
Loving v. Ponderosa Systems, Inc.green
ind · 1985 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
2 sentences

2001In Osterman v. Baber, 714 N.E.2d 735, 737-38 (Ind.Ct.App. 1999), trans. denied, this court discussed the doctrine of equitable subrogation: Equitable subrogation is applicable when a "party, not [acting as] a mere volunteer, pays the debt of another which, in good conscience, should have been paid by the one primarily liable." Loving v. Ponderosa Sys., Inc., (1985) Ind., 479 N.E.2d 531, 536 (citing National Mutual Ins.

2001In Osterman v. Baber, 714 N.E.2d 785, 737-38 (Ind.Ct.App.1999), trans. denied, this court discussed the doctrine of equitable subrogation: ' Equitable subrogation is applicable when a "party, not [acting as] a mere volunteer, pays the debt of another which, in good conscience, should have been paid by the one primarily liable." Loving v. Ponderosa Sys., Inc., (1985) Ind., 479 N.E.2d 531, 586 (citing Notional Mutual Ins.

11
Laws v. Leegreen
indctapp · 1984 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
1 sentence

2000In Laws v. Lee, 471 N.E.2d 1229, 1234 (Ind.Ct.App.1984), this court discussed the rule set forth in Fidelity Trust Co. v. Downing, 224 Ind. 457 , 68 N.E.2d 789 (1946): In Fidelity Trust a building permit was issued and construction begun when another party brought suit to enjoin the erection of the building on grounds that its construction violated local zoning provisions.

11
Highland Golf Club of Iowa Falls v. Sinclair Refining Co.green
iand · 1945 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990
2 sentences

1990Kapros v. Pierce Oil Corp., 324 Mo. 992 , 25 S.W.2d 777 , 78 A.L.R. 722 (Mo.Sup.Ct.1930); Highland Golf Club of Iowa Falls, Iowa v. Sinclair Refining Co., 59 F.Supp. 911, 919 (Iowa Dist.Ct.1945) Keyser Canning Co. v. Klots Throwing Co., 94 W.Va. 346 , 118 S.E. 521 , 31 A.L.R. 283, 292 (W.Va.Sup.Ct.1923); Noonan v. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., 104 N.J.L. 136, 183 , 139 A. 9 , 56 A.L.R. 590 (E. & A.1927) 22 Am.Jur.

1990Kapros v. Pierce Oil Corp., 324 Mo. 992 , 25 S.W.2d 777 , 78 A.L.R. 722 (Mo.Sup.Ct. 1930); Highland Golf Club of Iowa Falls, Iowa v. Sinclair Refining Co., 59 F. Supp. 911, 919 (Iowa Dist.Ct. 1945); Keyser Canning Co. v. Klots Throwing Co., 94 W.

11
Keyser Canning Co. v. Klots Throwing Co.green
wva · 1923 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990
2 sentences

1990Kapros v. Pierce Oil Corp., 324 Mo. 992 , 25 S.W.2d 777 , 78 A.L.R. 722 (Mo.Sup.Ct.1930); Highland Golf Club of Iowa Falls, Iowa v. Sinclair Refining Co., 59 F.Supp. 911, 919 (Iowa Dist.Ct.1945) Keyser Canning Co. v. Klots Throwing Co., 94 W.Va. 346 , 118 S.E. 521 , 31 A.L.R. 283, 292 (W.Va.Sup.Ct.1923); Noonan v. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., 104 N.J.L. 136, 183 , 139 A. 9 , 56 A.L.R. 590 (E. & A.1927) 22 Am.Jur.

1990Kapros v. Pierce Oil Corp., 324 Mo. 992 , 25 S.W.2d 777 , 78 A.L.R. 722 (Mo.Sup.Ct.1930); Highland Golf Club of Iowa Falls, Iowa v. Sinclair Refining Co., 59 F.Supp. 911, 919 (Iowa Dist.Ct.1945) Keyser Canning Co. v. Klots Throwing Co., 94 W.Va. 346 , 118 S.E. 521 , 31 A.L.R. 283, 292 (W.Va.Sup.Ct.1923); Noonan v. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., 104 N.J.L. 136, 183 , 139 A. 9 , 56 A.L.R. 590 (E. & A.1927) 22 Am.Jur.

11
Carnes v. Stategreen
indctapp · 1985 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
2 sentences

1988See also Carnes v. State (1985), Ind.App., 480 N.E.2d 581 , trans. denied; IND.CODE 35-33-5-2(a).

1988See also Carnes v. State (1985), Ind. App., 480 N.E.2d 581 , trans. denied; IND.

11
Woodson v. North Carolinagreen
scotus · 1976 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
2 sentences

1985This Court discussed the rule in EFnmund in Resnover v. State (1984), Ind., 460 N.E.2d 922 , where we said: "Enmund therefore dictates the rule that although vicarious liability for crimes perpetrated by one's confederates can justify one's conviction for said crimes, the imposition of death upon a vicariously guilty defendant must be based on 'kis culpability, not on that of those who committed the robbery and shot the victims, for [the United States Supreme Court] insists] on "individual consideration as a constitutional requirement in imposing the death sentence." ' Enmund, 458 U.S. at 798

1985This Court discussed the rule in EFnmund in Resnover v. State (1984), Ind., 460 N.E.2d 922 , where we said: "Enmund therefore dictates the rule that although vicarious liability for crimes perpetrated by one's confederates can justify one's conviction for said crimes, the imposition of death upon a vicariously guilty defendant must be based on 'kis culpability, not on that of those who committed the robbery and shot the victims, for [the United States Supreme Court] insists] on "individual consideration as a constitutional requirement in imposing the death sentence." ' Enmund, 458 U.S. at 798

11
Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp. v. Chapmangreen
indctapp · 1979 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
1 sentence

1985Ortho, supra, 180 Ind.App. at 38 , 388 N.E.2d at 545, 546 .

11
Enmund v. Floridagreen
scotus · 1982 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
2 sentences

1985This Court discussed the rule in EFnmund in Resnover v. State (1984), Ind., 460 N.E.2d 922 , where we said: "Enmund therefore dictates the rule that although vicarious liability for crimes perpetrated by one's confederates can justify one's conviction for said crimes, the imposition of death upon a vicariously guilty defendant must be based on 'kis culpability, not on that of those who committed the robbery and shot the victims, for [the United States Supreme Court] insists] on "individual consideration as a constitutional requirement in imposing the death sentence." ' Enmund, 458 U.S. at 798

1985This Court discussed the rule in EFnmund in Resnover v. State (1984), Ind., 460 N.E.2d 922 , where we said: "Enmund therefore dictates the rule that although vicarious liability for crimes perpetrated by one's confederates can justify one's conviction for said crimes, the imposition of death upon a vicariously guilty defendant must be based on 'kis culpability, not on that of those who committed the robbery and shot the victims, for [the United States Supreme Court] insists] on "individual consideration as a constitutional requirement in imposing the death sentence." ' Enmund, 458 U.S. at 798

11
Snyder v. International Harvester Credit Corp.green
indctapp · 1970 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 1974–1974
1 sentence

1974In the case of Rembold Motors, Inc. v. Bonfield (1973), 155 Ind. App. 422 , 293 N.E.2d 210, 219 , this court discussed waiver as follows: “In the same vein Judge Cooper, speaking for the Appellate Court in Snyder v. International Harvester Credit Corp. [147] Ind. App. [364], 261 N.E.2d 71, 75 (1970) said: ‘Thus, when appellee accepted payments made by appellant on July 20 and August 11, it recognized the contract as still in effect and waived any right it might have had for foreclosure.

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Indiana. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (16)

CaseCitedYears
Whiteco Industries, Inc. v. Kopani green
indctapp · 1987
1 sentence

2025As articulated in Babyback’s, prior cases have examined “the ‘problem’ when ‘it is the very promise which the statute declares unenforceable that the [plaintiffs] assert should remove their claim from the statute’s operation.’” Id. (quoting Whiteco, 514 N.E.2d at 844 ).

12025–2025
JPMCC 2006-CIBC14 Eads Parkway, LLC v. DBL Axel, LLC green
indctapp · 2012
1 sentence

2025As articulated in Babyback’s, prior cases have examined “the ‘problem’ when ‘it is the very promise which the statute declares unenforceable that the [plaintiffs] assert should remove their claim from the statute’s operation.’” Id. (quoting Whiteco, 514 N.E.2d at 844 ).

12025–2025
Estate of Prickett v. Womersley green
ind · 2009
1 sentence

2017Id. at 1015 . [17] In rendering its decision, the Court discussed the presumption applicable to family members living together: We recognize that in general, “[w]here one accepts valuable services from another the law implies a promise to pay for them.” Schwartz v. Schwartz, 773 N.E.2d 348, 354 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002) (quoting Estate of Hann v. Hann, 614 N.E.2d 973, 979 (Ind. Ct. App. 1993)).

12017–2017
John Norris v. State of Indiana green
indctapp · 2015
1 sentence

2015Based on the discussed factors above, Motsch’s various offenses warrant her sentence. [16] This case is distinguishable from the recent case of Norris v. State, 27 N.E.3d 333 , (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), upon which Motsch relies.

12015–2015
Fidelity Trust Co. v. Downing green
ind · 1946
2 sentences

2000In Laws v. Lee, 471 N.E.2d 1229, 1234 (Ind.Ct.App.1984), this court discussed the rule set forth in Fidelity Trust Co. v. Downing, 224 Ind. 457 , 68 N.E.2d 789 (1946): In Fidelity Trust a building permit was issued and construction begun when another party brought suit to enjoin the erection of the building on grounds that its construction violated local zoning provisions.

2000In Laws v. Lee, 471 N.E.2d 1229, 1234 (Ind.Ct.App.1984), this court discussed the rule set forth in Fidelity Trust Co. v. Downing, 224 Ind. 457 , 68 N.E.2d 789 (1946): In Fidelity Trust a building permit was issued and construction begun when another party brought suit to enjoin the erection of the building on grounds that its construction violated local zoning provisions.

12000–2000
Strickland v. Washington green
scotus · 1984
2 sentences

1991We will examine each of the alleged inadequacies under the two-part test in Strickland v. Washington (1984), 466 U.S. 668 , 104 S.Ct. 2052 , 80 L.Ed.2d 674 .

1991We will examine each of the alleged inadequacies under the two-part test in Strickland v. Washington (1984), 466 U.S. 668 , 104 S.Ct. 2052 , 80 L.Ed.2d 674 .

11991–1991
Aubrey v. State green
ind · 1985
1 sentence

1991In Aubrey v. State (1985), Ind., 478 N.E.2d 70 , this Court discussed the standard of review for effective assistance of counsel.

11991–1991
Noonan v. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. neutral
nj · 1927
2 sentences

1990Kapros v. Pierce Oil Corp., 324 Mo. 992 , 25 S.W.2d 777 , 78 A.L.R. 722 (Mo.Sup.Ct.1930); Highland Golf Club of Iowa Falls, Iowa v. Sinclair Refining Co., 59 F.Supp. 911, 919 (Iowa Dist.Ct.1945) Keyser Canning Co. v. Klots Throwing Co., 94 W.Va. 346 , 118 S.E. 521 , 31 A.L.R. 283, 292 (W.Va.Sup.Ct.1923); Noonan v. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., 104 N.J.L. 136, 183 , 139 A. 9 , 56 A.L.R. 590 (E. & A.1927) 22 Am.Jur.

1990Kapros v. Pierce Oil Corp., 324 Mo. 992 , 25 S.W.2d 777 , 78 A.L.R. 722 (Mo.Sup.Ct.1930); Highland Golf Club of Iowa Falls, Iowa v. Sinclair Refining Co., 59 F.Supp. 911, 919 (Iowa Dist.Ct.1945) Keyser Canning Co. v. Klots Throwing Co., 94 W.Va. 346 , 118 S.E. 521 , 31 A.L.R. 283, 292 (W.Va.Sup.Ct.1923); Noonan v. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., 104 N.J.L. 136, 183 , 139 A. 9 , 56 A.L.R. 590 (E. & A.1927) 22 Am.Jur.

11990–1990
Kapros v. Pierce Oil Corporation green
mo · 1930
2 sentences

1990Kapros v. Pierce Oil Corp., 324 Mo. 992 , 25 S.W.2d 777 , 78 A.L.R. 722 (Mo.Sup.Ct.1930); Highland Golf Club of Iowa Falls, Iowa v. Sinclair Refining Co., 59 F.Supp. 911, 919 (Iowa Dist.Ct.1945) Keyser Canning Co. v. Klots Throwing Co., 94 W.Va. 346 , 118 S.E. 521 , 31 A.L.R. 283, 292 (W.Va.Sup.Ct.1923); Noonan v. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., 104 N.J.L. 136, 183 , 139 A. 9 , 56 A.L.R. 590 (E. & A.1927) 22 Am.Jur.

1990Kapros v. Pierce Oil Corp., 324 Mo. 992 , 25 S.W.2d 777 , 78 A.L.R. 722 (Mo.Sup.Ct.1930); Highland Golf Club of Iowa Falls, Iowa v. Sinclair Refining Co., 59 F.Supp. 911, 919 (Iowa Dist.Ct.1945) Keyser Canning Co. v. Klots Throwing Co., 94 W.Va. 346 , 118 S.E. 521 , 31 A.L.R. 283, 292 (W.Va.Sup.Ct.1923); Noonan v. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., 104 N.J.L. 136, 183 , 139 A. 9 , 56 A.L.R. 590 (E. & A.1927) 22 Am.Jur.

11990–1990
Layman v. State green
indctapp · 1980
2 sentences

1988In examining the affidavit we note that in Layman the court discussed the analysis utilized to review a judge’s determination of probable cause for a search warrant as follows: While the quantity and nature of the constituent elements necessary to establish probable cause are inextricably related to each given set of facts, there are two basic questions pertinent to the determination of probable cause for a search under any set of facts: (1) whether the particular items sought to be seized are sufficiently connected with criminal activity and (2) whether the items are to be found in a particul

1988In examining the affidavit we note that in Layman the court discussed the analysis utilized to review a judge's determination of probable cause for a search warrant as follows: *499 While the quantity and nature of the constituent elements necessary to establish probable cause are inextricably related to each given set of facts, there are two basic questions pertinent to the determination of probable cause for a search under any set of facts: (1) whether the particular items sought to be seized are sufficiently connected with criminal activity and (2) whether the items are to be found in a par

11988–1988
Resnover v. State green
ind · 1984
1 sentence

1985This Court discussed the rule in EFnmund in Resnover v. State (1984), Ind., 460 N.E.2d 922 , where we said: "Enmund therefore dictates the rule that although vicarious liability for crimes perpetrated by one's confederates can justify one's conviction for said crimes, the imposition of death upon a vicariously guilty defendant must be based on 'kis culpability, not on that of those who committed the robbery and shot the victims, for [the United States Supreme Court] insists] on "individual consideration as a constitutional requirement in imposing the death sentence." ' Enmund, 458 U.S. at 798

11985–1985
Lockett v. Ohio green
scotus · 1978
2 sentences

1985This Court discussed the rule in EFnmund in Resnover v. State (1984), Ind., 460 N.E.2d 922 , where we said: "Enmund therefore dictates the rule that although vicarious liability for crimes perpetrated by one's confederates can justify one's conviction for said crimes, the imposition of death upon a vicariously guilty defendant must be based on 'kis culpability, not on that of those who committed the robbery and shot the victims, for [the United States Supreme Court] insists] on "individual consideration as a constitutional requirement in imposing the death sentence." ' Enmund, 458 U.S. at 798

1985This Court discussed the rule in EFnmund in Resnover v. State (1984), Ind., 460 N.E.2d 922 , where we said: "Enmund therefore dictates the rule that although vicarious liability for crimes perpetrated by one's confederates can justify one's conviction for said crimes, the imposition of death upon a vicariously guilty defendant must be based on 'kis culpability, not on that of those who committed the robbery and shot the victims, for [the United States Supreme Court] insists] on "individual consideration as a constitutional requirement in imposing the death sentence." ' Enmund, 458 U.S. at 798

11985–1985
Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp. v. Chapman green
indctapp · 1979
1 sentence

1985Ortho, supra, 180 Ind.App. at 38 , 388 N.E.2d at 545, 546 .

11985–1985
Rembold Motors, Inc. v. Bonfield green
indctapp · 1973
2 sentences

1974In the case of Rembold Motors, Inc. v. Bonfield (1973), 155 Ind. App. 422 , 293 N.E.2d 210, 219 , this court discussed waiver as follows: “In the same vein Judge Cooper, speaking for the Appellate Court in Snyder v. International Harvester Credit Corp. [147] Ind. App. [364], 261 N.E.2d 71, 75 (1970) said: ‘Thus, when appellee accepted payments made by appellant on July 20 and August 11, it recognized the contract as still in effect and waived any right it might have had for foreclosure.

1974In the case of Rembold Motors, Inc. v. Bonfield (1973), 155 Ind. App. 422 , 293 N.E.2d 210, 219 , this court discussed waiver as follows: “In the same vein Judge Cooper, speaking for the Appellate Court in Snyder v. International Harvester Credit Corp. [147] Ind. App. [364], 261 N.E.2d 71, 75 (1970) said: ‘Thus, when appellee accepted payments made by appellant on July 20 and August 11, it recognized the contract as still in effect and waived any right it might have had for foreclosure.

11974–1974
Bob Layne Contractor, Inc. v. Buennagel green
indctapp · 1973
2 sentences

1974In the case of Bob Layne Contractor, Inc. v. Buennagel (1973), 158 Ind. App. 43 , 301 N.E.2d 671, 679 , Judge Buchanan of this court discussed the doctrine of res judicata and concluded as follows: “So, assuming without deciding that there were the same ‘parties’ to these two ‘actions’, the same subject matter *544 or claim must also be involved for res judicata to apply.” (Our emphasis.) In the case at bar the same parties are involved in this litigaas were litigants before the Vanderburgh Court, which was and is a court of competent jurisdiction.

1974In the case of Bob Layne Contractor, Inc. v. Buennagel (1973), 158 Ind. App. 43 , 301 N.E.2d 671, 679 , Judge Buchanan of this court discussed the doctrine of res judicata and concluded as follows: “So, assuming without deciding that there were the same ‘parties’ to these two ‘actions’, the same subject matter *544 or claim must also be involved for res judicata to apply.” (Our emphasis.) In the case at bar the same parties are involved in this litigaas were litigants before the Vanderburgh Court, which was and is a court of competent jurisdiction.

11974–1974
Cole v. Searfoss green
indctapp · 1912
2 sentences

1945Appellant again cites and relies upon Brush v. Public, etc., supra, Kent v. Interstate, etc., supra; and Bottorff v. South, etc., supra, to sustain its contention with reference to said instruction No. 10, supra. In the case of Cole v. Searfoss (1912), 49 Ind. App. 334 , 97 N. E. 345 , this court discussed the standard, or degree of care, which a child who is sui juris must exercise for its own safety in order to avoid being guilty of contributory negligence.

1945Appellant again cites and relies upon Brush v. Public, etc., supra, Kent v. Interstate, etc., supra; and Bottorff v. South, etc., supra, to sustain its contention with reference to said instruction No. 10, supra. In the case of Cole v. Searfoss (1912), 49 Ind. App. 334 , 97 N. E. 345 , this court discussed the standard, or degree of care, which a child who is sui juris must exercise for its own safety in order to avoid being guilty of contributory negligence.

11945–1945

Where else courts name it

LA 143 (1942–2024) AL 48 (1925–2023) IL 48 (1906–2024) OH 43 (1951–2024) TX 42 (1924–2021) TN 37 (1991–2021) CA 31 (1916–2025) MI 30 (1941–2025) WV 25 (1978–2024) MS 22 (1983–2021) MO 20 (1961–2024) PA 20 (1963–2026) KS 18 (1959–2021) FL 17 (1976–2025) WA 15 (1967–2022) MD 15 (1966–2023) IN 14 (1945–2025) ID 12 (1972–2016) ND 11 (1972–2014) NC 11 (1938–2013) MT 11 (1940–2008) WI 11 (1970–2016) AR 10 (1938–2012) OR 10 (1971–2021) NY 9 (1903–2026) VA 8 (1984–2012) NM 8 (1962–2012) GA 7 (1933–2026) OK 7 (1954–2018) NJ 6 (1935–2015) CT 6 (1967–2000) KY 5 (1992–2023) CO 5 (1976–2024) IA 5 (1935–2019) MN 5 (1977–2002) HI 4 (1998–2025) AZ 4 (1945–2023) NE 3 (1978–2024) WY 3 (1976–2008) AK 3 (1977–1994) ME 3 (1986–2025) RI 2 (2001–2024) MA 2 (1978–2025) SC 2 (1950–1984) UT 2 (1995–2022)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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