like defense (Texas) · Go Syfert
← Texas issues

like defense in Texas

79 Texas opinions name it 5 courts 1881–2025 12 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (28)

CaseFollowedCited
In Re Service Corporation Intern.green
tex · 2002 · cited in 15 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2024
2 sentences

2024Corp. Intern., 85 S.W.3d 171, 174 (Tex. 2002)).

2015Corp. Int’l, 85 S.W.3d at 174 (same); In re Bruce Terminix Co., 988 S.W.2d at 704-05 (same); In re Oakwood Mobile Homes, Inc., 987 S.W.2d 571, 574 (Tex. Page 8 of 31 258 S.W.3d 580, *588 ; 2008 Tex. LEXIS 423, **15 [*588] The Culls argue this was all changed in 2002 by Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, in which the United States Supreme Court said the ″presumption is that the arbitrator should decide ’allegation[s] of waiver, delay, or a like defense to arbitrability.’″ 20 For several reasons, we disagree that this single sentence changed the federal arbitration landscape.

1515
Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc.green
scotus · 2002 · cited in 14 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2006–2021
2 sentences

2021These procedural matters include claims of “waiver, delay, or a like defense to arbitrability.” And they include the satisfaction of “prerequisites such as time limits, notice, laches, estoppel, and other conditions precedent to an obligation to arbitrate.” Id. at 521 (quoting BG Grp., PLC v. Republic of Argentina, 572 U.S. 25 , 34–35, 134 S. Ct. 1198 , 1206–07 (2014)).

2020Although the Court acknowledged that, “[l]inguistically speaking, one might call any potentially dispositive gateway question a ‘question of arbitrability,’” it explained that “the phrase ‘question of arbitrability’ has a far more limited scope” and does not encompass “ ‘procedural’ questions which grow out of the dispute and bear on its final disposition” or “allegation[s] of waiver, delay, or a like defense.” Id. at 84 (citation omitted).

614
Collins v. International Dairy Queen, Inc.green
gamd · 1998 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2003–2004
2 sentences

2004The presumptions favoring arbitration require that questions about the scope of arbitrable issues be resolved in favor of arbitration "whether the problem at hand is the construction of the contract language itself or an allegation of waiver, delay, or a like defense to arbitrability." Collins v. Int'l Dairy Queen, Inc ., 2 F. Supp. 2d 1473, 1477 (M.D.

2003The presumptions favoring arbitration require that questions about the scope of arbitrable issues be resolved in favor of arbitration “whether the problem at hand is the construction of the contract language itself or an allegation of waiver, delay, or a like defense to arbitrability.” Collins v. Int’l Dairy Queen, Inc., 2 F.Supp.2d 1473, 1477 (M.D.Ga.1998) (quoting Moses H.

44
Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.green
scotus · 1983 · cited in 11 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1996–2015
2 sentences

2015Cone Memorial Hospital, supra, 460 U.S. 1, at 24-25 [**593] (referring to ″waiver, delay, or a like defense″).

2015Corp., the Supreme Court held, "[the FAA] establishes that, as a matter of federal law, any doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration, whether the problem at hand is the construction of the contract language itself or an allegation of waiver, delay, or a like defense to arbitrability." 460 U.S. at 24-25 ; see also OPE Intl LP v. Chet Morrison Contrs., Inc., 258 F.3d 443, 445 (5th Cir. 2001).

311
Henry v. Cash Biz, LPgreen
· 2018 · cited in 8 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2024
2 sentences

2024Id.; see also In re Morgan Stanley & Co., Inc., 293 S.W.3d 182, 185, 187 (Tex. 2009) (orig. proceeding) (addressing contract- formation or contract-validity defenses raised by party opposing arbitration); Rachal v. Reitz, 403 S.W.3d 840, 850 (Tex. 2013) (addressing argument that claims fall outside scope of arbitration agreement). “[A]ny doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration, whether the problem at hand is the construction of the contract language itself or an allegation of waiver, delay, or a like defense to arbitrability.” Henry, 551 S.W.

2024Id.; Royston, Rayzor, Vickery, & Williams, LLP v. Lopez, 467 S.W.3d 494 , 499–500 (Tex. 2015). “[A]ny doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration, whether the problem at hand is the construction of the contract language itself or an allegation of waiver, delay, or a like defense to arbitrability.” Henry, 551 S.W.3d at 115 (quoting In re Serv.

38
James G. Neal v. Hardee's Food Systems, Inc.green
ca5 · 1990 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2021–2023
2 sentences

2023Corp. Int’l, 85 S.W.3d 171, 174 (Tex. 2002) (orig. proceeding)); see Neal v. Hardee’s Food Sys., Inc., 918 F.2d 34, 37 (5th Cir. 1990).

2021Corp. Int’l, 85 S.W.3d 171, 174 (Tex. 2002) (orig. proceeding)); see also Neal v. Hardee’s Food Sys., Inc., 918 F.2d 34, 37 (5th Cir. 1990).

22
In Re Bruce Terminix Co.green
tex · 1998 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2023
2 sentences

2023Any waiver of the right to arbitrate must be intentional, Sedillo v. Campbell, 5 S.W.3d 824, 826 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.), and the party opposing arbitration on waiver grounds faces a “high hurdle.” Kennedy Hodges, 433 S.W.3d at 543 ; see also In re Bruce Terminix Co., 988 S.W.2d at 705 (noting the “heavy burden of proof” required to establish waiver of the right to arbitration). “[A]ny doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration, whether the problem at hand is the construction of the contract language itself or an allegatio

2015Corp. Int’l, 85 S.W.3d at 174 (same); In re Bruce Terminix Co., 988 S.W.2d at 704-05 (same); In re Oakwood Mobile Homes, Inc., 987 S.W.2d 571, 574 (Tex. Page 8 of 31 258 S.W.3d 580, *588 ; 2008 Tex. LEXIS 423, **15 [*588] The Culls argue this was all changed in 2002 by Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, in which the United States Supreme Court said the ″presumption is that the arbitrator should decide ’allegation[s] of waiver, delay, or a like defense to arbitrability.’″ 20 For several reasons, we disagree that this single sentence changed the federal arbitration landscape.

22
BG Group, PLC v. Republic of Argentinagreen
scotus · 2014 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2021
2 sentences

2021These procedural matters include claims of “waiver, delay, or a like defense to arbitrability.” And they include the satisfaction of “prerequisites such as time limits, notice, laches, estoppel, and other conditions precedent to an obligation to arbitrate.” Id. at 521 (quoting BG Grp., PLC v. Republic of Argentina, 572 U.S. 25 , 34–35, 134 S. Ct. 1198 , 1206–07 (2014)).

2021These procedural matters include claims of “waiver, delay, or a like defense to arbitrability.” And they include the satisfaction of “prerequisites such as time limits, notice, laches, estoppel, and other conditions precedent to an obligation to arbitrate.” Id. at 521 (quoting BG Grp., PLC v. Republic of Argentina, 572 U.S. 25 , 34–35, 134 S. Ct. 1198 , 1206–07 (2014)).

13
Woodby v. Immigration & Naturalization Servicegreen
scotus · 1966 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015But, taken to its ultimate conclusion, this "logic" would require the reviewing court to "ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt." Woodby v. INS, 385 U.S. 276, 282 (emphasis added).

2015But, taken to its ultimate conclusion, this "logic" would require the reviewing court to "ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt." Woodby v. INS, 385 U. S. 276 , 385 U. S. 282 (emphasis added).

12
Lovell v. Lovellgreen
texapp · 1947 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1954–1982
2 sentences

1982See also Lovell v. Lovell, 202 S.W.2d 291 (Tex. Civ.

1954Lovell v. Lovell, supra, Syl. 1; 27 Texas Law Review 725.

12
In Re Morgan Stanley & Co., Inc.green
tex · 2009 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024Id.; see also In re Morgan Stanley & Co., Inc., 293 S.W.3d 182, 185, 187 (Tex. 2009) (orig. proceeding) (addressing contract- formation or contract-validity defenses raised by party opposing arbitration); Rachal v. Reitz, 403 S.W.3d 840, 850 (Tex. 2013) (addressing argument that claims fall outside scope of arbitration agreement). “[A]ny doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration, whether the problem at hand is the construction of the contract language itself or an allegation of waiver, delay, or a like defense to arbitrability.” Henry, 551 S.W.

11
Hal Rachal, Jr. v. John W. Reitzgreen
tex · 2013 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024Id.; see also In re Morgan Stanley & Co., Inc., 293 S.W.3d 182, 185, 187 (Tex. 2009) (orig. proceeding) (addressing contract- formation or contract-validity defenses raised by party opposing arbitration); Rachal v. Reitz, 403 S.W.3d 840, 850 (Tex. 2013) (addressing argument that claims fall outside scope of arbitration agreement). “[A]ny doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration, whether the problem at hand is the construction of the contract language itself or an allegation of waiver, delay, or a like defense to arbitrability.” Henry, 551 S.W.

11
Sedillo v. Campbellgreen
texapp · 1999 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023Any waiver of the right to arbitrate must be intentional, Sedillo v. Campbell, 5 S.W.3d 824, 826 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.), and the party opposing arbitration on waiver grounds faces a “high hurdle.” Kennedy Hodges, 433 S.W.3d at 543 ; see also In re Bruce Terminix Co., 988 S.W.2d at 705 (noting the “heavy burden of proof” required to establish waiver of the right to arbitration). “[A]ny doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration, whether the problem at hand is the construction of the contract language itself or an allegatio

11
Brown v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2003 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021Indeed, a like instruction was found to be nothing more than a “mild, neutral, and an obvious common-sense proposition.” Barron v. State, No. 08-12-00184-CR, 2016 Tex. App. LEXIS 8811 , at *24 (Tex. App.—El Paso Aug. 12, 2016, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication) (quoting Brown v. State, 122 S.W.3d 794, 803 (Tex. Crim.

11
Curry v. Stategreen
texapp · 1998 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017We dence was sufficient to convict. 2 Curry filed a petition will refer to the deletion of the phrase in this case as a for discretionary review in which he argued that the court modification of the indictment, rather than an abandon- of appeals erred in its sufficiency analysis by failing to ment. apply Malik v. State. 3 We agreed and remanded the case to the court of appeals to reconsider Curry's sufficiency Legal Background point in light of Malik. 4 [HN1] Both the U.S. Constitution and the Texas Consti- 1 Curry v. State, 966 S.W.2d 203, 205-06 (Tex. tution guarantee an accused the right "t

2017We dence was sufficient to convict. 2 Curry filed a petition will refer to the deletion of the phrase in this case as a for discretionary review in which he argued that the court modification of the indictment, rather than an abandon- of appeals erred in its sufficiency analysis by failing to ment. apply Malik v. State. 3 We agreed and remanded the case to the court of appeals to reconsider Curry's sufficiency Legal Background point in light of Malik. 4 [HN1] Both the U.S. Constitution and the Texas Consti- 1 Curry v. State, 966 S.W.2d 203, 205-06 (Tex. tution guarantee an accused the right "t

11
Stone v. Powellgreen
scotus · 1976 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017See generally Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465 .

11
Overton, Hannah Ruthgreen
texcrimapp · 2014 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016Last, we inquire into the probable value of the psychiatric assistance sought, and the risk of error in the proceeding if such assistance is not offered. . . . [I]n subsection (e) of the Criminal Justice Act, Congress has provided that indigent defendants shall receive the assistance of all experts “necessary for an adequate defense.” Numerous state statutes guarantee reimbursement for expert services under a like standard.13 The right to assistance of an expert is not exclusive to the indigent defendant; even a defendant in a criminal case who has not claimed indigent status, like Appellant,

11
In Re Oakwood Mobile Homes, Inc.green
tex · 1999 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Perry Homes v. Cullgreen
tex · 2008 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Zurich American Insurance v. Watts Industries, Inc.green
ca7 · 2006 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Ope International Lp v. Chet Morrison Contractors, Incorporatedgreen
ca5 · 2001 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Southland Corp. v. Keatinggreen
scotus · 1984 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Prudential Securities Inc. v. Marshallgreen
tex · 1995 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
In Re Neutral Posture, Inc.green
· 2003 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Grand Homes 96, L.P. v. Loudermilkgreen
texapp · 2006 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Gomez v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1998 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
11
Nirschl v. Stategreen
texapp · 1996 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
11
Borroum v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1927 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1930–1930
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (52)

CaseCitedYears
Venture Cotton Cooperative and Noble Americas Corp. v. Shelby Alan Freeman green
tex · 2014
2 sentences

2022Id. “[A]ny doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration, whether the problem at hand is the construction of the contract language itself or an allegation of waiver, delay, or a like defense to arbitrability.” Id. (quoting In re Serv.

2022Id. “[A]ny doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration, whether the problem at hand is the construction of the contract language itself or an allegation of waiver, delay, or a like defense to arbitrability.” In re Serv.

32019–2022
Bumpus v. Fisher neutral
tex · 1858
2 sentences

1988Bumpus v. Fisher, 21 Tex. 561 , 568 ; 13 A.L.R. 1348 ; 173 A.L.R. 806 .

1988J3um~ Fisher 21 Tex. 561, 568 ; 13 A.L.R:13& 173 A:L.R. 806.

31961–1988
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. v. Livingston green
scotus · 1964
2 sentences

2015Ed. 2d 898 , 84 S. Ct. 909 , and ″allegations of waiver, delay, or a like defense to arbitrability,″ Moses H.

2014Cone Memorial Hospital, supra, at 24-25, 103 S.Ct. 927 376 U.S. 543, 546-547 , 84 S.Ct. 909 , 11 L.Ed.2d 898 (referring to “waiver, delay, or a like defense”).

22014–2015
Ex Parte Genecov green
tex · 1945
2 sentences

1987"Our Supreme Court used a like analysis in Ex parte Genecov, 143 Tex. 476 , 186 S.W.2d 225 (1945).

1987"Our Supreme Court used a like analysis in Ex parte Genecov, 143 Tex. 476 , 186 S.W.2d 225 (1945).

21982–1987
Cluck v. Sheets green
tex · 1943
2 sentences

1982We note also that in Cluck v. Sheets, 141 Tex. 219 , 171 S.W.2d 860 (1943), the Supreme Court recognized a like rule, investing title to property in a woman who lived with a man and accumulated real property in conjunction with him without the parties ever entering into either a ceremonia}, com-monlaw or putative marriage.

1982We note also that in Cluck v. Sheets, 141 Tex. 219 , 171 S.W.2d 860 (1943), the Supreme Court recognized a like rule, investing title to property in a woman who lived with a man and accumulated real property in conjunction with him without the parties ever entering into either a ceremonia}, com-monlaw or putative marriage.

21954–1982
G.T. Leach Builders, LLC v. Sapphire V.P., Lp green
tex · 2015
1 sentence

2025Leach Builders, 458 S.W.3d at 521 ).

12025–2025
Royston, Rayzor, Vickery, & Williams, Llp v. Francisco \Frank\" Lopez" green
tex · 2015
1 sentence

2024Id.; Royston, Rayzor, Vickery, & Williams, LLP v. Lopez, 467 S.W.3d 494 , 499–500 (Tex. 2015). “[A]ny doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration, whether the problem at hand is the construction of the contract language itself or an allegation of waiver, delay, or a like defense to arbitrability.” Henry, 551 S.W.3d at 115 (quoting In re Serv.

12024–2024
Kennedy Hodges, L.L.P. v. Ventura Gobellan, Jr. and Paula Gobellan green
tex · 2014
1 sentence

2023Any waiver of the right to arbitrate must be intentional, Sedillo v. Campbell, 5 S.W.3d 824, 826 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.), and the party opposing arbitration on waiver grounds faces a “high hurdle.” Kennedy Hodges, 433 S.W.3d at 543 ; see also In re Bruce Terminix Co., 988 S.W.2d at 705 (noting the “heavy burden of proof” required to establish waiver of the right to arbitration). “[A]ny doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration, whether the problem at hand is the construction of the contract language itself or an allegatio

12023–2023
In Re Firstmerit Bank, N.A. green
tex · 2001
1 sentence

2022“Once a valid agreement to arbitrate is established, the burden to show that a claim falls outside the scope of the arbitration provision lies with the party that opposes arbitrating the dispute.” Id. at 884–85. “[A]ny doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should 14 be resolved in favor of arbitration, whether the problem at hand is the construction of the contract language itself or an allegation of waiver, delay, or a like defense to arbitrability.” Henry v. Cash Biz, LP, 551 S.W.3d 111, 115 (Tex. 2018) (quoting In re Serv.

12022–2022
Hussey v. State Farm Lloyds Insurance green
txed · 2003
1 sentence

2020Co., 216 F.R.D. 591 (E.D.

12020–2020
J.M. Davidson, Inc. v. Webster green
tex · 2003
1 sentence

2019Id. “[A]ny doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable 7 issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration, whether the problem at hand is the construction of the contract language itself or an allegation of waiver, delay, or a like defense to arbitrability.” In re Serv.

12019–2019
Malik v. State green
texcrimapp · 1997
1 sentence

2017We dence was sufficient to convict. 2 Curry filed a petition will refer to the deletion of the phrase in this case as a for discretionary review in which he argued that the court modification of the indictment, rather than an abandon- of appeals erred in its sufficiency analysis by failing to ment. apply Malik v. State. 3 We agreed and remanded the case to the court of appeals to reconsider Curry's sufficiency Legal Background point in light of Malik. 4 [HN1] Both the U.S. Constitution and the Texas Consti- 1 Curry v. State, 966 S.W.2d 203, 205-06 (Tex. tution guarantee an accused the right "t

12017–2017
Ake v. Oklahoma green
scotus · 1985
2 sentences

2016Last, we inquire into the probable value of the psychiatric assistance sought, and the risk of error in the proceeding if such assistance is not offered. . . . [I]n subsection (e) of the Criminal Justice Act, Congress has provided that indigent defendants shall receive the assistance of all experts “necessary for an adequate defense.” Numerous state statutes guarantee reimbursement for expert services under a like standard.13 The right to assistance of an expert is not exclusive to the indigent defendant; even a defendant in a criminal case who has not claimed indigent status, like Appellant,

2016Last, we inquire into the probable value of the psychiatric assistance sought, and the risk of error in the proceeding if such assistance is not offered. . . . [I]n subsection (e) of the Criminal Justice Act, Congress has provided that indigent defendants shall receive the assistance of all experts “necessary for an adequate defense.” Numerous state statutes guarantee reimbursement for expert services under a like standard.13 The right to assistance of an expert is not exclusive to the indigent defendant; even a defendant in a criminal case who has not claimed indigent status, like Appellant,

12016–2016
In Re Citigroup Global Markets, Inc. green
tex · 2008
12015–2015
Mastrobuono v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc. green
scotus · 1995
12015–2015
J.E. Liss & Company and Dennis Waisman v. Harold A. Levin green
ca7 · 2000
12014–2014
State v. Carpenter green
sc · 1982
11997–1997
Reed v. Clark green
sc · 1982
11997–1997
Wilson v. State green
texcrimapp · 1974
11978–1978
Lewis v. State green
texcrimapp · 1973
11978–1978
Wood v. State green
texcrimapp · 1974
11978–1978
Sheldon v. State green
texcrimapp · 1974
11978–1978
First National Bank v. Davis green
ill · 1884
11976–1976
Schmid, Recr. v. Nat'l. Bank green
tex · 1938
11976–1976
Chimel v. California red
scotus · 1969
11973–1973
Randell v. Randell green
texapp · 1949
11954–1954
Mathews v. Rowland green
ga · 1923
11951–1951
National Auto Service Corp. v. State green
texapp · 1932
11951–1951
City of Dallas v. Rutledge green
texapp · 1924
11945–1945
Higgins v. Standard Lloyds green
texapp · 1941
11945–1945
Laborde v. First State Bank & Trust Co. of Rio Grande City green
texapp · 1936
11941–1941
Gould v. State green
neb · 1904
11939–1939
People v. Torres green
· 1920
11939–1939
Van Benthuysen v. Gengler neutral
texapp · 1936
11937–1937
Williams v. Jones neutral
texapp · 1928
11937–1937
Rutherford v. Vandygriff green
texapp · 1934
11937–1937
Texas Electric Ry. Co. v. Crump. neutral
texapp · 1919
11932–1932
Parsons v. Hubbard green
· 1920
11932–1932
Hendrick v. Blount-Decker Lumber Co. neutral
texapp · 1917
11932–1932
Texas & Pacific Coal & Oil Co. v. Kirtley green
texapp · 1926
11931–1931

Statutes the citing opinions construe

USC § 9u.s.c.2 (10) USC § 9u.s.c.1 (9) USC § 9u.s.c.16 (7) USC § 9u.s.c.1-16 (6) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 1.07 (3) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 31.03 (3) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 7.02 (3) USC § 18u.s.c.2 (3) USC § 26u.s.c.5861 (3) USC § 28u.s.c.2254 (3) USC § 9u.s.c.3 (3) USC § 9u.s.c.5 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 129 (1885–2026) NY 107 (1807–2024) AL 84 (1884–2023) MO 80 (1856–2018) TX 79 (1881–2025) WA 70 (1897–2025) IL 55 (1878–2023) IN 44 (1866–2023) PA 42 (1878–2015) IA 36 (1849–1997) NC 35 (1910–2018) MI 32 (1871–2023) FL 30 (1878–2026) MS 30 (1874–2023) CO 29 (1890–2013) VA 28 (1832–2004) NJ 26 (1843–2026) GA 26 (1891–2026) MA 25 (1868–2025) OH 22 (1856–2014) NE 21 (1881–2000) OR 20 (1887–2011) LA 19 (1913–2024) CT 17 (1840–2013) DE 17 (1888–2026) MN 16 (1898–2003) KY 16 (1926–2024) MD 16 (1885–2016) WI 16 (1908–2024) OK 15 (1907–1998) KS 14 (1889–2016) NM 13 (1939–2025) TN 12 (1885–1971) MT 12 (1897–2024) WY 11 (1924–2004) SC 11 (1936–2024) WV 10 (1926–2024) AZ 9 (1894–2020) ME 8 (1839–2021) HI 7 (1905–2022) RI 6 (1938–2001) ID 6 (1912–2009) AR 5 (1903–1959) NV 5 (1955–2017) SD 4 (1910–2011) UT 4 (1873–2002) PR 3 (1919–1932) DC 3 (1943–2010) VT 2 (1927–1929) NH 2 (1859–2014)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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