essential element claim in Georgia

60 Georgia opinions name it 2 courts 1924–2025 5 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Georgia courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (56)

Case	Followed	Cited
Marques v. Rossgreen gactapp · 1961 · cited in 4 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 1964–1989 2 sentences 1989See Holt v. Eastern Motor Co., 65 Ga. App. 502, 508 ( 15 SE2d 895 ); Graham v. Cleveland, 58 Ga. App. 810 (200 111 SE 184).’ Marques v. Ross, 105 Ga. App. 133, 139 ( 123 SE2d 412 ); NuGrape Bottling Co. v. Knott, 47 Ga. App. 539 (1) ( 171 SE 151 ); and such knowledge must be actual rather than constructive. . . .” Roebuck v. Payne, 109 Ga. App. 525, 526 (2) ( 136 SE2d 399 ). 1970As was held in Young v. Kickliter, 213 Ga. 42 , supra; Chattanooga Publishing Co. v. Fulton, 215 Ga. 880 (3), supra; Mason v. Powell, 92 Ga. App. 496 , supra; Hines v. Bell, 104 Ga. App. 76 , supra; Marques v. Ross, 105 Ga. App. 133, 139 , supra; Roe 387 buck v. Payne, 109 Ga. App. 525 (2), supra; Lee v. Swann, 111 Ga. App. 88 , supra, and others, knowledge of the driver’s incompetency is an essential element of the rule which holds an owner liable for furnishing his motor vehicle to an incompetent driver, and such knowledge must be actual rather than constructive.	3	4
Holt v. Eastern Motor Companygreen gactapp · 1941 · cited in 3 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 1961–1989 2 sentences 1989See Holt v. Eastern Motor Co., 65 Ga. App. 502, 508 ( 15 SE2d 895 ); Graham v. Cleveland, 58 Ga. App. 810 (200 111 SE 184).’ Marques v. Ross, 105 Ga. App. 133, 139 ( 123 SE2d 412 ); NuGrape Bottling Co. v. Knott, 47 Ga. App. 539 (1) ( 171 SE 151 ); and such knowledge must be actual rather than constructive. . . .” Roebuck v. Payne, 109 Ga. App. 525, 526 (2) ( 136 SE2d 399 ). 1989See Holt v. Eastern Motor Co., 65 Ga. App. 502, 508 ( 15 SE2d 895 ); Graham v. Cleveland, 58 Ga. App. 810 (200 111 SE 184).’ Marques v. Ross, 105 Ga. App. 133, 139 ( 123 SE2d 412 ); NuGrape Bottling Co. v. Knott, 47 Ga. App. 539 (1) ( 171 SE 151 ); and such knowledge must be actual rather than constructive. . . .” Roebuck v. Payne, 109 Ga. App. 525, 526 (2) ( 136 SE2d 399 ).	3	3
Szurovy v. Oldermangreen gactapp · 2000 · cited in 2 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018 2 sentences 2018See Szurovy v. Olderman , 243 Ga. App. at 453 , 530 S.E.2d 783 . 2018See Szurovy v. Olderman , 243 Ga. App. at 453 , 530 S.E.2d 783 .	2	2
Hardaway Co. v. Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade & Douglas, Inc.green ga · 1997 · cited in 2 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2011–2016 2 sentences 2016The elements of a claim for negligent misrepresentation are: “(1) the defendant’s negligent supply of false information to foreseeable persons, known or unknown; (2) such persons’ reasonable reliance upon that false information; and (3) economic injury proximately resulting from such reliance.” (Footnote omitted.) Hardaway Co. v. Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade & Douglas, Inc., 267 Ga. 424, 426 (1) ( 479 SE2d 727 ) (1997). “[J]ustifiable reliance is an essential element of a claim asserting negligent misrepresentation.” (Footnote omitted.) Anderson v. Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games, 261 2016The elements of a claim for negligent misrepresentation are: “(1) the defendant’s negligent supply of false information to foreseeable persons, known or unknown; (2) such persons’ reasonable reliance upon that false information; and (3) economic injury proximately resulting from such reliance.” (Footnote omitted.) Hardaway Co. v. Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade & Douglas, Inc., 267 Ga. 424, 426 (1) ( 479 SE2d 727 ) (1997). “[J]ustifiable reliance is an essential element of a claim asserting negligent misrepresentation.” (Footnote omitted.) Anderson v. Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games, 261	2	2
Anderson v. Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games, Inc.green gactapp · 2003 · cited in 2 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2011–2016 2 sentences 2016The elements of a claim for negligent misrepresentation are: “(1) the defendant’s negligent supply of false information to foreseeable persons, known or unknown; (2) such persons’ reasonable reliance upon that false information; and (3) economic injury proximately resulting from such reliance.” (Footnote omitted.) Hardaway Co. v. Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade & Douglas, Inc., 267 Ga. 424, 426 (1) ( 479 SE2d 727 ) (1997). “[J]ustifiable reliance is an essential element of a claim asserting negligent misrepresentation.” (Footnote omitted.) Anderson v. Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games, 261 2016The elements of a claim for negligent misrepresentation are: “(1) the defendant’s negligent supply of false information to foreseeable persons, known or unknown; (2) such persons’ reasonable reliance upon that false information; and (3) economic injury proximately resulting from such reliance.” (Footnote omitted.) Hardaway Co. v. Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade & Douglas, Inc., 267 Ga. 424, 426 (1) ( 479 SE2d 727 ) (1997). “[J]ustifiable reliance is an essential element of a claim asserting negligent misrepresentation.” (Footnote omitted.) Anderson v. Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games, 261	2	2
Cowart v. Widenergreen ga · 2010 · cited in 2 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015 2 sentences 2015See Cowart, 287 Ga. at 623 (explaining that to prevail on a motion for summary judgment, a defendant who will not bear the burden of proof at trial need not affirmatively disprove the plaintiff’s claim but may point out by reference to evidence in the record the absence of evidence to support an essential element of the claim). 2015See Cowart, 287 Ga. at 623 (explaining that to prevail on a motion for summary judgment, a defendant who will not bear the burden of proof at trial need not affirmatively disprove the plaintiff’s claim but may point out by reference to evidence in the record the absence of evidence to support an essential element of the claim).	2	2
Pfeiffer v. Georgia Department of Transportationgreen ga · 2002 · cited in 2 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014 2 sentences 2014The Supreme Court of Georgia has held that “[e]ach party has a duty to present his best case on a motion for summary judgment.” Pfeiffer v. Ga. Dept. of Transp., 275 Ga. 827, 828 (2) ( 573 SE2d 389 ) (2002). 2014The Supreme Court of Georgia has held that “[e]ach party has a duty to present his best case on a motion for summary judgment.” Pfeiffer v. Ga. Dept. of Transp., 275 Ga. 827, 828 (2) ( 573 SE2d 389 ) (2002).	2	2
BASHLOR v. Walkergreen gactapp · 2010 · cited in 2 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014 2 sentences 2014(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Bashlor v. Walker, 303 Ga. App. 478, 480 (1) (a) ( 693 SE2d 858 ) (2010); see also Jones v. Cloud, 119 Ga. App. 697, 699 ( 168 SE2d 598 ) (1969) (“Knowledge of the driver’s incompetency is an essential element of the rule which holds an owner liable for furnishing his automobile to an incompetent driver and such knowledge must be actual rather than constructive”) (citations and punctuation omitted). 2014(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Bashlor v. Walker, 303 Ga. App. 478, 480 (1) (a) ( 693 SE2d 858 ) (2010); see also Jones v. Cloud, 119 Ga. App. 697, 699 ( 168 SE2d 598 ) (1969) (“Knowledge of the driver’s incompetency is an essential element of the rule which holds an owner liable for furnishing his automobile to an incompetent driver and such knowledge must be actual rather than constructive”) (citations and punctuation omitted).	2	2
Jones v. Cloudgreen gactapp · 1969 · cited in 2 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014 2 sentences 2014(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Bashlor v. Walker, 303 Ga. App. 478, 480 (1) (a) ( 693 SE2d 858 ) (2010); see also Jones v. Cloud, 119 Ga. App. 697, 699 ( 168 SE2d 598 ) (1969) (“Knowledge of the driver’s incompetency is an essential element of the rule which holds an owner liable for furnishing his automobile to an incompetent driver and such knowledge must be actual rather than constructive”) (citations and punctuation omitted). 2014(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Bashlor v. Walker, 303 Ga. App. 478, 480 (1) (a) ( 693 SE2d 858 ) (2010); see also Jones v. Cloud, 119 Ga. App. 697, 699 ( 168 SE2d 598 ) (1969) (“Knowledge of the driver’s incompetency is an essential element of the rule which holds an owner liable for furnishing his automobile to an incompetent driver and such knowledge must be actual rather than constructive”) (citations and punctuation omitted).	2	2
Willis v. United Family Life Insurancegreen gactapp · 1997 · cited in 2 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012 2 sentences 2012See Willis v. United Family Life Ins., 226 Ga. App. 661, 662 (1) ( 487 SE2d 376 ) (1997). 2012See Willis v. United Family Life Ins., 226 Ga. App. 661, 662 (1) ( 487 SE2d 376 ) (1997).	2	2
Mitchell v. BACKUS CADILLAC-PONTIAC, INC.green gactapp · 2005 · cited in 2 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012 2 sentences 2012“Proof that [a] car was defective when sold is an essential element of this claim.” Mitchell, 274 Ga. App. at 338-339 (6). 2012“Proof that [a] car was defective when sold is an essential element of this claim.” Mitchell, 274 Ga. App. at 338-339 (6).	2	2
Robert & Company Associates v. Rhodes-Haverty Partnershipgreen ga · 1983 · cited in 2 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 1996–2000 2 sentences 2000As the same principles apply to both fraud and negligent misrepresentation (Robert & Co. Assoc. v. Rhodes-Haverty Partnership, 250 Ga. 680, 681 ( 300 SE2d 503 ) [(1983)]; American Legion v. Foote & Davies, Inc., 193 Ga. App. 225 , 772 227 ( 387 SE2d 380 ) [(1989)]), justifiable reliance is also an essential element of a claim asserting negligent misrepresentation. 2000As the same principles apply to both fraud and negligent misrepresentation (Robert & Co. Assoc. v. Rhodes-Haverty Partnership, 250 Ga. 680, 681 ( 300 SE2d 503 ) [(1983)]; American Legion v. Foote & Davies, Inc., 193 Ga. App. 225 , 772 227 ( 387 SE2d 380 ) [(1989)]), justifiable reliance is also an essential element of a claim asserting negligent misrepresentation.	2	2
Richard A. Naso & Associates, Inc. v. Diffusiongreen gactapp · 1990 · cited in 2 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 1991–1993 2 sentences 1993Horst, for appellees. “[P]roof that [Wyle or Haraway] induced the employees to leave [Avnet and Hall-Mark] is an essential element of the claim. [Cit.]” Richard A. Naso &c. v. Diffusion, 194 Ga. App. 201, 204 ( 390 SE2d 106 ) (1990). 1993Horst, for appellees. “[P]roof that [Wyle or Haraway] induced the employees to leave [Avnet and Hall-Mark] is an essential element of the claim. [Cit.]” Richard A. Naso &c. v. Diffusion, 194 Ga. App. 201, 204 ( 390 SE2d 106 ) (1990).	2	2
Roebuck v. Paynegreen gactapp · 1964 · cited in 4 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 1969–1989 2 sentences 1989See Holt v. Eastern Motor Co., 65 Ga. App. 502, 508 ( 15 SE2d 895 ); Graham v. Cleveland, 58 Ga. App. 810 (200 111 SE 184).’ Marques v. Ross, 105 Ga. App. 133, 139 ( 123 SE2d 412 ); NuGrape Bottling Co. v. Knott, 47 Ga. App. 539 (1) ( 171 SE 151 ); and such knowledge must be actual rather than constructive. . . .” Roebuck v. Payne, 109 Ga. App. 525, 526 (2) ( 136 SE2d 399 ). 1970As was held in Young v. Kickliter, 213 Ga. 42 , supra; Chattanooga Publishing Co. v. Fulton, 215 Ga. 880 (3), supra; Mason v. Powell, 92 Ga. App. 496 , supra; Hines v. Bell, 104 Ga. App. 76 , supra; Marques v. Ross, 105 Ga. App. 133, 139 , supra; Roe 387 buck v. Payne, 109 Ga. App. 525 (2), supra; Lee v. Swann, 111 Ga. App. 88 , supra, and others, knowledge of the driver’s incompetency is an essential element of the rule which holds an owner liable for furnishing his motor vehicle to an incompetent driver, and such knowledge must be actual rather than constructive.	1	4
American Legion v. Foote & Davies, Inc.green gactapp · 1989 · cited in 2 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 1996–2000 2 sentences 2000As the same principles apply to both fraud and negligent misrepresentation (Robert & Co. Assoc. v. Rhodes-Haverty Partnership, 250 Ga. 680, 681 ( 300 SE2d 503 ) [(1983)]; American Legion v. Foote & Davies, Inc., 193 Ga. App. 225 , 772 227 ( 387 SE2d 380 ) [(1989)]), justifiable reliance is also an essential element of a claim asserting negligent misrepresentation. 2000As the same principles apply to both fraud and negligent misrepresentation (Robert & Co. Assoc. v. Rhodes-Haverty Partnership, 250 Ga. 680, 681 ( 300 SE2d 503 ) [(1983)]; American Legion v. Foote & Davies, Inc., 193 Ga. App. 225 , 772 227 ( 387 SE2d 380 ) [(1989)]), justifiable reliance is also an essential element of a claim asserting negligent misrepresentation.	1	2
Lord v. Lowegreen gactapp · 2012 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025 2 sentences 2025Even when a complaint is liberally construed, there still must be some legal basis for recovery.” Lord v. Lowe, 318 Ga. App. 222, 223 ( 741 SE2d 155 ) (2012) (citations and punctuation omitted). 2025Even when a complaint is liberally construed, there still must be some legal basis for recovery.” Lord v. Lowe, 318 Ga. App. 222, 223 ( 741 SE2d 155 ) (2012) (citations and punctuation omitted).	1	1
Bullock v. Jeongreen gactapp · 1997 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022 2 sentences 2022An essential element of this claim “is a showing of financial injury resulting from the alleged interference.” Bullock v. Jeon, 226 Ga. App. 875, 878 (3) ( 487 SE2d 692 ) (1997). 2022An essential element of this claim “is a showing of financial injury resulting from the alleged interference.” Bullock v. Jeon, 226 Ga. App. 875, 878 (3) ( 487 SE2d 692 ) (1997).	1	1
MILLER v. FIBERLIGHT, LLC Et Al.green gactapp · 2017 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022 2 sentences 2022See Miller v. FiberLight, 343 Ga. App. 593, 607 (4) ( 808 SE2d 75 ) (2017) (“‘[T]o state a claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, a plaintiff must allege a specific obligation implied in the contract, a breach of that obligation, and resulting damages.’”) (applying Delaware law) (quoting CMS Investment Holdings v. Castle, No. 9468-VCP, 2015 Del. 2022See Miller v. FiberLight, 343 Ga. App. 593, 607 (4) ( 808 SE2d 75 ) (2017) (“‘[T]o state a claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, a plaintiff must allege a specific obligation implied in the contract, a breach of that obligation, and resulting damages.’”) (applying Delaware law) (quoting CMS Investment Holdings v. Castle, No. 9468-VCP, 2015 Del.	1	1
Niloy & Rohan, LLC v. Sechlergreen gactapp · 2016 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022 2 sentences 2022See Niloy & Rohan, LLC v. Sechler, 335 Ga. App. 507, 510 (1) (a) ( 782 SE2d 293 ) (2016). 2022See Niloy & Rohan, LLC v. Sechler, 335 Ga. App. 507, 510 (1) (a) ( 782 SE2d 293 ) (2016).	1	1
Hunting Aircraft, Inc. v. Peachtree City Airport Authoritygreen gactapp · 2006 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022 2 sentences 2022Hunting Aircraft v. Peachtree City Airport Auth., 281 Ga. App. 450, 451-452 (1) ( 636 SE2d 139 ) (2006) (citations, punctuation, and emphasis omitted). 18 While research has revealed no Georgia appellate decisions addressing this issue, the jurisdictions that have addressed it agree that damage resulting from the breach is an essential element of a claim for a breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. 2022Hunting Aircraft v. Peachtree City Airport Auth., 281 Ga. App. 450, 451-452 (1) ( 636 SE2d 139 ) (2006) (citations, punctuation, and emphasis omitted). 18 While research has revealed no Georgia appellate decisions addressing this issue, the jurisdictions that have addressed it agree that damage resulting from the breach is an essential element of a claim for a breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing.	1	1
McAlister v. Cliftongreen ga · 2022 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022 1 sentence 2022Proof of damages is an essential element to a claim for breach of contract, and a failure to prove damages is fatal to a plaintiff’s claim.” McAlister v. Clifton, 313 Ga. 737, 742 (2) ( 873 SE2d 178 ) (2022) (citations and punctuation omitted).	1	1
Thompson v. Ezorgreen ga · 2000 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021 2 sentences 2021Here, there is not an absence of testimony on the essential element of the standard of care; but instead, conflicts in an expert’s testimony that “go solely to the expert’s credibility, and are to be assessed by the jury when weighing the expert’s testimony.” Thompson v. Ezor, 272 Ga. 849, 852 (2) ( 536 SE2d 749 ) (2000). 2021Here, there is not an absence of testimony on the essential element of the standard of care; but instead, conflicts in an expert’s testimony that “go solely to the expert’s credibility, and are to be assessed by the jury when weighing the expert’s testimony.” Thompson v. Ezor, 272 Ga. 849, 852 (2) ( 536 SE2d 749 ) (2000).	1	1
Swint v. Alphonsegreen gactapp · 2018 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021 2 sentences 2021See also Swint v. Alphonse, 348 Ga. App. 199, 205 (1) ( 820 SE2d 312 ) (2018). 2021See also Swint v. Alphonse, 348 Ga. App. 199, 205 (1) ( 820 SE2d 312 ) (2018).	1	1
Sinclair v. Friedlandergreen ga · 1944 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020	1	1
Rivera v. Washingtongreen ga · 2016 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020	1	1
Eshleman v. Keygreen ga · 2015 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020	1	1
Nebo Ventures, LLC v. Novapro Risk Solutions, L.P.green gactapp · 2013 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016	1	1
Artzner v. a & a EXTERMINATORS, INC.green gactapp · 2000 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016	1	1
Walden v. Smithgreen gactapp · 2001 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016	1	1
Duke Galish, LLC v. Mantongreen gactapp · 2008 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015	1	1
Carter v. Willowrun Condominium Ass'ngreen gactapp · 1986 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015	1	1
Hathcock v. Hathcockgreen ga · 1980 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012	1	1
White v. BDO Seidman, LLPgreen gactapp · 2001 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012	1	1
Henderson v. Hamesgreen ga · 2010 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011	1	1
Graivier v. Dreger & McClellandgreen gactapp · 2006 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011	1	1
Sherrill v. Stockelgreen gactapp · 2001 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002	1	1
Beringause v. Fogleman Truck Lines, Inc.green gactapp · 1991 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001	1	1
Jimenez v. Morgan Drive Away, Inc.green gactapp · 1999 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001	1	1
Real Estate International, Inc. v. Buggaygreen gactapp · 1996 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000	1	1
Kitfield v. Henderson, Black & Greenegreen gactapp · 1998 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Georgia. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (23)

Case	Cited	Years
Hines v. Bell green gactapp · 1961 2 sentences 1970As was held in Young v. Kickliter, 213 Ga. 42 , supra; Chattanooga Publishing Co. v. Fulton, 215 Ga. 880 (3), supra; Mason v. Powell, 92 Ga. App. 496 , supra; Hines v. Bell, 104 Ga. App. 76 , supra; Marques v. Ross, 105 Ga. App. 133, 139 , supra; Roe 387 buck v. Payne, 109 Ga. App. 525 (2), supra; Lee v. Swann, 111 Ga. App. 88 , supra, and others, knowledge of the driver’s incompetency is an essential element of the rule which holds an owner liable for furnishing his motor vehicle to an incompetent driver, and such knowledge must be actual rather than constructive. 1969*Hines v. Bell, 104 Ga. App. 76 (3b) ( 120 SE2d 892 ); Roebuck v. Payne, 109 Ga. App. 525 ( 136 SE2d 399 ); Lee v. Swann, 111 Ga. App. 88 ( 140 SE2d 562 ); Saunders v. Vikers, 116 Ga. App. 733 ( 158 SE2d 324 ).	4	1964–1970
Lau's Corp., Inc. v. Haskins green ga · 1991 2 sentences 2012Again, in contravention of Lau's Corp. v. Haskins, 261 Ga. 491 , 405 S.E.2d 474 (1991), this Court refuses to consider the premises owner's right to summary judgment on the basis that there is an absence of evidence in the record to establish an essential element of the plaintiff's claim. 2012Again, in contravention of Lau's Corp. v. Haskins, 261 Ga. 491 , 405 S.E.2d 474 (1991), this Court refuses to consider the premises owner's right to summary judgment on the basis that there is an absence of evidence in the record to establish an essential element of the plaintiff's claim.	3	2005–2012
Graham v. Cleveland green gactapp · 1938 2 sentences 1989See Holt v. Eastern Motor Co., 65 Ga. App. 502, 508 ( 15 SE2d 895 ); Graham v. Cleveland, 58 Ga. App. 810 (200 111 SE 184).’ Marques v. Ross, 105 Ga. App. 133, 139 ( 123 SE2d 412 ); NuGrape Bottling Co. v. Knott, 47 Ga. App. 539 (1) ( 171 SE 151 ); and such knowledge must be actual rather than constructive. . . .” Roebuck v. Payne, 109 Ga. App. 525, 526 (2) ( 136 SE2d 399 ). 1964*See Holt v. Eastern Motor Co., 65 Ga. App. 502, 508 ( 15 SE2d 895 ); Graham v. Cleveland, 58 Ga. App. 810 ( 200 SE 184 ).” Marques v. Ross, 105 Ga. App. 133, 139 ( 123 SE2d 412 ), NuGrape Bottling Co. v. Knott, 47 Ga. App. 539 (1) ( 171 SE 151 ); and such knowledge must be actual rather than constructive, Graham v. Cleveland, 58 Ga. App. 810 , supra, Hines v. Bell, 104 Ga. App. 76 (3b) ( 120 SE2d 892 ), disapproving language to the contrary in Holt v. Eastern Motor Co., 65 Ga. App. 502, 508 , supra. “Constructive notice does not possess in its own essential nature the character assigned to it	3	1961–1989
Lee v. Swann neutral gactapp · 1965 2 sentences 1970As was held in Young v. Kickliter, 213 Ga. 42 , supra; Chattanooga Publishing Co. v. Fulton, 215 Ga. 880 (3), supra; Mason v. Powell, 92 Ga. App. 496 , supra; Hines v. Bell, 104 Ga. App. 76 , supra; Marques v. Ross, 105 Ga. App. 133, 139 , supra; Roe 387 buck v. Payne, 109 Ga. App. 525 (2), supra; Lee v. Swann, 111 Ga. App. 88 , supra, and others, knowledge of the driver’s incompetency is an essential element of the rule which holds an owner liable for furnishing his motor vehicle to an incompetent driver, and such knowledge must be actual rather than constructive. 1969*Hines v. Bell, 104 Ga. App. 76 (3b) ( 120 SE2d 892 ); Roebuck v. Payne, 109 Ga. App. 525 ( 136 SE2d 399 ); Lee v. Swann, 111 Ga. App. 88 ( 140 SE2d 562 ); Saunders v. Vikers, 116 Ga. App. 733 ( 158 SE2d 324 ).	3	1969–1970
Globe Indemnity Co. v. Legien green gactapp · 1933 2 sentences 1989See Holt v. Eastern Motor Co., 65 Ga. App. 502, 508 ( 15 SE2d 895 ); Graham v. Cleveland, 58 Ga. App. 810 (200 111 SE 184).’ Marques v. Ross, 105 Ga. App. 133, 139 ( 123 SE2d 412 ); NuGrape Bottling Co. v. Knott, 47 Ga. App. 539 (1) ( 171 SE 151 ); and such knowledge must be actual rather than constructive. . . .” Roebuck v. Payne, 109 Ga. App. 525, 526 (2) ( 136 SE2d 399 ). 1964*See Holt v. Eastern Motor Co., 65 Ga. App. 502, 508 ( 15 SE2d 895 ); Graham v. Cleveland, 58 Ga. App. 810 ( 200 SE 184 ).” Marques v. Ross, 105 Ga. App. 133, 139 ( 123 SE2d 412 ), NuGrape Bottling Co. v. Knott, 47 Ga. App. 539 (1) ( 171 SE 151 ); and such knowledge must be actual rather than constructive, Graham v. Cleveland, 58 Ga. App. 810 , supra, Hines v. Bell, 104 Ga. App. 76 (3b) ( 120 SE2d 892 ), disapproving language to the contrary in Holt v. Eastern Motor Co., 65 Ga. App. 502, 508 , supra. “Constructive notice does not possess in its own essential nature the character assigned to it	2	1964–1989
NuGrape Bottling Co. v. Knott green gactapp · 1933 2 sentences 1989See Holt v. Eastern Motor Co., 65 Ga. App. 502, 508 ( 15 SE2d 895 ); Graham v. Cleveland, 58 Ga. App. 810 (200 111 SE 184).’ Marques v. Ross, 105 Ga. App. 133, 139 ( 123 SE2d 412 ); NuGrape Bottling Co. v. Knott, 47 Ga. App. 539 (1) ( 171 SE 151 ); and such knowledge must be actual rather than constructive. . . .” Roebuck v. Payne, 109 Ga. App. 525, 526 (2) ( 136 SE2d 399 ). 1964*See Holt v. Eastern Motor Co., 65 Ga. App. 502, 508 ( 15 SE2d 895 ); Graham v. Cleveland, 58 Ga. App. 810 ( 200 SE 184 ).” Marques v. Ross, 105 Ga. App. 133, 139 ( 123 SE2d 412 ), NuGrape Bottling Co. v. Knott, 47 Ga. App. 539 (1) ( 171 SE 151 ); and such knowledge must be actual rather than constructive, Graham v. Cleveland, 58 Ga. App. 810 , supra, Hines v. Bell, 104 Ga. App. 76 (3b) ( 120 SE2d 892 ), disapproving language to the contrary in Holt v. Eastern Motor Co., 65 Ga. App. 502, 508 , supra. “Constructive notice does not possess in its own essential nature the character assigned to it	2	1964–1989
Saunders v. Vikers green gactapp · 1967 2 sentences 1969Hines v. Bell, 104 Ga. App. 76 (3b) ( 120 SE2d 892 ); Roebuck v. Payne, 109 Ga. App. 525 ( 136 SE2d 399 ); Lee v. Swann, 111 Ga. App. 88 ( 140 SE2d 562 ); Saunders v. Vikers, 116 Ga. App. 733 ( 158 SE2d 324 ). 1969Hines v. Bell, 104 Ga. App. 76 (3b) ( 120 SE2d 892 ); Roebuck v. Payne, 109 Ga. App. 525 ( 136 SE2d 399 ); Lee v. Swann, 111 Ga. App. 88 ( 140 SE2d 562 ); Saunders v. Vikers, 116 Ga. App. 733 ( 158 SE2d 324 ).	2	1969–1969
Daniels v. Johnson green gactapp · 1989	1	2004–2004
Harmon v. Cunard green gactapp · 1989	1	2004–2004
Ajouelo v. Auto-Soler Co. green gactapp · 1939	1	2004–2004
Benham v. State green ga · 2004	1	2004–2004
Hicks v. McLain's Building Materials, Inc. green gactapp · 1993	1	2004–2004
Shepard v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. neutral gactapp · 1997	1	2002–2002
Coffey v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. green gactapp · 1997	1	1997–1997
Scott Housing Systems, Inc. v. Hickox green gactapp · 1985	1	1997–1997
Parrish v. Ragsdale Realty Co. green gactapp · 1975	1	1983–1983
Management Search, Inc. v. Kinard green ga · 1973	1	1980–1980
Chattanooga Pub. Co., Inc. v. Fulton green ga · 1960	1	1970–1970
Young v. Kickliter green ga · 1957	1	1970–1970
Mason v. Powell green gactapp · 1955	1	1970–1970
Harris v. Smith green gactapp · 1969	1	1969–1969
Bussey v. Bishop green ga · 1929	1	1959–1959
Zimmerman v. Harding green scotus · 1913	1	1924–1924

Statutes the citing opinions construe

GA § 9-11-56 (10) GA § 9-11-12 (5) GA § 13-5-30 (3) GA § 13-6-11 (3) GA § 51-3-1 (3) GA § 9-11-50 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

NC 401 (1977–2026) TN 391 (1966–2026) CA 177 (1922–2026) TX 168 (1920–2026) IN 124 (1897–2024) MA 97 (1984–2026) MS 93 (1963–2026) OH 90 (1872–2026) ND 75 (1984–2025) WA 68 (1931–2026) NY 68 (1952–2025) GA 60 (1924–2025) IL 54 (1883–2026) AR 51 (1953–2025) LA 50 (1967–2022) WY 47 (1975–2026) MO 41 (1909–2024) MI 41 (1976–2026) AZ 40 (1966–2025) FL 38 (1951–2022) AL 32 (1978–2018) CT 28 (1972–2022) WI 28 (1951–2025) ID 26 (1965–2026) ME 23 (1982–2025) MN 22 (1924–2014) IA 22 (1915–2024) PA 20 (1900–2022) NM 17 (1967–2026) SC 17 (1924–2026) DE 17 (1941–2026) UT 16 (1994–2026) NJ 15 (1984–2023) MT 11 (2000–2026) KY 9 (1929–2024) OK 9 (1937–2009) SD 9 (1946–2016) RI 9 (1984–2026) NV 9 (1986–2022) MD 8 (1966–2024) NE 8 (1942–2023) KS 8 (1994–2026) HI 8 (1984–2018) OR 8 (1922–2010) WV 7 (1982–2025) CO 7 (1981–2025) VT 6 (2010–2025) DC 6 (1964–2021) VA 5 (1989–2023) NH 4 (1996–1999) VI 3 (2013–2023) AK 3 (1989–1998)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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