fact-specific inquiry (Oregon) · Go Syfert
← Oregon issues

fact-specific inquiry in Oregon

106 Oregon opinions name it 3 courts 1991–2026 25 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Oregon courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (24)

CaseFollowedCited
State v. Holmesgreen
or · 1991 · cited in 24 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 1996–2023
2 sentences

2013See Holmes, 311 Or at 408 (application of standard for seizure “require [s] a fact-specific inquiry into the totality of the circumstances of the particular case”).

2012Whether a seizure has occurred is “a fact-specific inquiry into the totality of the circumstances of the particular case.” Holmes, 311 Or at 408 .

1524
State v. Hallgreen
or · 2005 · cited in 17 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2006–2015
2 sentences

2015“Deciding whether the state has satisfied that burden requires a fact-specific inquiry into the totality of the circumstances to determine the nature of the causal connection between the unlawful police conduct and the defendant’s consent.” Hall, 339 Or at 35 .

2014See, e.g., Hall, 339 Or at 18 (“The determination whether a person has been ‘seized’ under Article I, section 9, requires a fact-specific inquiry examining the totality of the circumstances in the particular case.”).

217
State v. Ehlygreen
or · 1993 · cited in 5 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 1998–2021
2 sentences

2021See State v. Ehly, 317 Or 66, 78 , 854 P2d 421 (1993) (“The determination whether a person has been ‘seized’ under Article I, section 9, requires a fact-specific inquiry into the totality of the circumstances of the partic- ular case.”); see also State v. Kamph, 297 Or App 687, 689, 698 , 44 P3d 1129 (2019) (remanding under analogous cir- cumstances, including new case law and the need for a fac- tual finding).

2021See State v. Ehly, 317 Or 66, 78 , 854 P2d 421 (1993) (“The determination whether a person has been ‘seized’ under Article I, section 9, requires a fact-specific inquiry into the totality of the circumstances of the partic- ular case.”); see also State v. Kamph, 297 Or App 687, 689, 698 , 44 P3d 1129 (2019) (remanding under analogous cir- cumstances, including new case law and the need for a fac- tual finding).

25
State v. Raneygreen
orctapp · 2007 · cited in 3 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2008–2011
2 sentences

2011Raney, 215 Or App at 343 . 5 For the first time in his reply brief, defendant argues that the officer’s question did not occur during an unavoidable lull because the officer already knew that defendant’s registration was expired and, therefore, had no reason to ask for defendant’s registration.

2009See, e.g., State v. Raney, 215 Or App 339, 343 , 168 P3d 803 (2007), modified on other grounds on recons, 217 Or App 470 , 175 P3d 1024 , rev den, 344 Or 671 (2008).

23
State v. Goldgreen
orctapp · 2023 · cited in 2 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023Further, we disagree with the dissent that the state’s attenuation argument “meets the ‘right for the wrong reason’ exception as described in” Outdoor Media Dimensions Inc. v. State of Oregon, 221 Or 634 , 659-60, 20 P3d 180 (2001). 329 Or App at 500-01 (Kamins, J., dissenting).

2023Further, we disagree with the dissent that the state’s attenuation argument “meets the ‘right for the wrong reason’ exception as described in” Outdoor Media Dimensions Inc. v. State of Oregon, 221 Or 634 , 659-60, 20 P3d 180 (2001). 329 Or App at 500-01 (Kamins, J., dissenting).

22
State v. Raneygreen
orctapp · 2008 · cited in 2 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2008–2009
2 sentences

2009See, e.g., State v. Raney, 215 Or App 339, 343 , 168 P3d 803 (2007), modified on other grounds on recons, 217 Or App 470 , 175 P3d 1024 , rev den, 344 Or 671 (2008).

2009See, e.g., State v. Raney, 215 Or App 339, 343 , 168 P3d 803 (2007), modified on other grounds on recons, 217 Or App 470 , 175 P3d 1024 , rev den, 344 Or 671 (2008).

22
State v. Padillagreen
or · 2008 · cited in 2 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2008–2009
2 sentences

2009See, e.g., State v. Raney, 215 Or App 339, 343 , 168 P3d 803 (2007), modified on other grounds on recons, 217 Or App 470 , 175 P3d 1024 , rev den, 344 Or 671 (2008).

2008See, e.g., State v. Raney, 215 Or App 339, 343 , 168 P3d 803 (2007), modified on other grounds on recons, 217 Or App 470 , 175 P3d 1024 , rev den, 344 Or 671 (2008).

22
State v. Toevsgreen
or · 1998 · cited in 2 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 1998–2008
2 sentences

2008See Toevs, 327 Or. at 535 , 964 P.2d 1007 (requiring a fact-specific inquiry into the totality of the *155 circumstances to determine whether "a person subjectively believes that a law enforcement officer significantly has restricted or interfered with that person's liberty or freedom of movement and [whether] such a belief is objectively reasonable under the circumstances") (emphasis in original); State v. Puffenbarger, 166 Or.App. 426, 433-34 , 998 P.2d 788 (2000) (same).

2008See Toevs, 327 Or. at 535 , 964 P.2d 1007 (requiring a fact-specific inquiry into the totality of the *155 circumstances to determine whether "a person subjectively believes that a law enforcement officer significantly has restricted or interfered with that person's liberty or freedom of movement and [whether] such a belief is objectively reasonable under the circumstances") (emphasis in original); State v. Puffenbarger, 166 Or.App. 426, 433-34 , 998 P.2d 788 (2000) (same).

22
Lathrope-Olson v. Oregon Department of Transportationgreen
orctapp · 1994 · cited in 5 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 1995–2002
2 sentences

1995See Lathrope-Olson v. Dept. of Transportation, 128 Or.App. 405, 408 , 876 P.2d 345 (1994) (whether conduct is socially intolerable is, for the most part, a fact-specific inquiry).

1995See Lathrope-Olson v. Dept. of Transportation, 128 Or.App. 405, 408 , 876 P.2d 345 (1994) (whether conduct is socially intolerable is, for the most part, a fact-specific inquiry).

15
State v. Backstrandgreen
or · 2013 · cited in 4 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2014–2023
2 sentences

2023The “something more” is a fact-specific inquiry, requiring “an examination of the totality of the cir- cumstances involved.” Id. at 399 .

2023The “something more” is a fact-specific inquiry, requiring “an examination of the totality of the cir- cumstances involved.” Id. at 399 .

14
State v. Boothgreen
orctapp · 2015 · cited in 4 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2016–2021
2 sentences

2021As we explained in Booth, the determination of whether law enforcement exploited unlawful conduct to obtain consent “involves a fact-specific inquiry into the totality of the circumstances to determine the nature of the causal connection.” Id. (internal quotation marks, brackets, and citation omitted).

2017We cannot affirm the trial court’s ruling because “the trial court did not engage in the fact-specific inquiry necessary to determine whether the state had carried its burden of proving that ‘the consent was independent of, or only tenuously related to, the unlawful police conduct,’ including ‘an assessment of the actual police misconduct.’” See Booth, 272 Or App at 199 (quoting Unger, 356 Or at 86 ).

14
In Re Complaint as to the Conduct of Magargreen
or · 2003 · cited in 2 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2004–2024
2 sentences

2024In re Magar, 335 Or 306, 319-20 , 66 P3d 1014 (2003).

2024In re Magar, 335 Or 306, 319-20 , 66 P3d 1014 (2003).

12
State v. Antoinegreen
orctapp · 2015 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026See Antoine I, 269 Or App at 79 n 8 (explaining what pre- trial notice must permit a defendant to accomplish).

11
State v. Kamphgreen
orctapp · 2019 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Nicholas Keith v. County of Oaklandgreen
ca6 · 2013 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
McMillan v. City of New Yorkgreen
ca2 · 2013 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
Richard Samson v. Federal Express Corporationgreen
ca11 · 2014 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
State v. Juarez-Godinezgreen
or · 1997 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Outdoor Media Dimensions Inc. v. Stategreen
or · 2001 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewiczgreen
scotus · 1985 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
Kulko v. Superior Court of Cal., City and County of San Franciscogreen
scotus · 1978 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
State v. Fleetwoodgreen
orctapp · 2003 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
State v. Blair/Vanisgreen
orctapp · 2000 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
In Re Complaint as to the Conduct of Spiesgreen
or · 1993 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Oregon. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (53)

CaseCitedYears
State v. Unger green
or · 2014
2 sentences

2017The court explained that the question turns instead on a fact-specific analysis of whether the defendant’s consent is “unrelated or only tenuously related to the prior illegal police conduct.” Id. at 79 .

2017We cannot affirm the trial court’s ruling because “the trial court did not engage in the fact-specific inquiry necessary to determine whether the state had carried its burden of proving that ‘the consent was independent of, or only tenuously related to, the unlawful police conduct,’ including ‘an assessment of the actual police misconduct.’” See Booth, 272 Or App at 199 (quoting Unger, 356 Or at 86 ).

52015–2017
State v. Harberts green
or · 2000
2 sentences

2021Id.

2018"Determining whether the *641 state did so is a fact-specific inquiry that requires the court to examine the circumstances of each particular case." Id.

42001–2021
State v. Escudero green
orctapp · 2021
2 sentences

2024State v. Escudero, 311 Or App 170, 174 , 489 P3d 569 (2021) (“Because the attenuation argument is raised for the first time on appeal, the trial court never engaged in the fact-specific inquiry on whether the state carried its burden 432 State v. Guzman-Garcia of proving that defendant’s consent was independent of, or only tenuously related to, the unlawful police conduct.”); State v. Heater, 271 Or App 538, 540 , 351 P3d 776 (2015) (concluding that the record may have developed differently if the state had raised its “no exploitation” argument below).

2024State v. Escudero, 311 Or App 170, 174 , 489 P3d 569 (2021) (“Because the attenuation argument is raised for the first time on appeal, the trial court never engaged in the fact-specific inquiry on whether the state carried its burden 432 State v. Guzman-Garcia of proving that defendant’s consent was independent of, or only tenuously related to, the unlawful police conduct.”); State v. Heater, 271 Or App 538, 540 , 351 P3d 776 (2015) (concluding that the record may have developed differently if the state had raised its “no exploitation” argument below).

32023–2024
In Re Complaint as to the Conduct of Eadie green
or · 2001
2 sentences

2012Competent representation requires the legal knowledge, skill, thoroughness and preparation reasonably necessary for the representation.” Whether a lawyer has provided competent representation “is a fact-specific inquiry.” In re Eadie, 333 Or 42, 60 , 36 P3d 468 (2001).

2012Competent representation requires the legal knowledge, skill, thoroughness and preparation reasonably necessary for the representation.” Whether a lawyer has provided competent representation “is a fact-specific inquiry.” In re Eadie, 333 Or 42, 60 , 36 P3d 468 (2001).

32003–2012
State v. Winter neutral
orctapp · 2023
2 sentences

2023In general, “ ‘law enforcement officers remain free to approach persons on the street or in public places, seek their cooperation or assistance, request or impart information, or question them without being called upon to articulate a cer- tain level of suspicion in justification if a particular encoun- ter proves fruitful.’ ” Id. at 400 (quoting State v. Holmes, 311 Cite as 328 Or App 747 (2023) 751 Or 400 , 410, 813 P2d 28 (1991)).

2023In general, “ ‘law enforcement officers remain free to approach persons on the street or in public places, seek their cooperation or assistance, request or impart information, or question them without being called upon to articulate a cer- tain level of suspicion in justification if a particular encoun- ter proves fruitful.’ ” Id. at 400 (quoting State v. Holmes, 311 Cite as 328 Or App 747 (2023) 751 Or 400 , 410, 813 P2d 28 (1991)).

22023–2023
Harris Rutsky & Co. Insurance Services, Inc. v. Bell & Clements Limited green
ca9 · 2003
2 sentences

2023Whether the exercise of jurisdiction comports with fair play and substantial jus- tice is a fact-specific inquiry which requires balancing the following seven factors: “ ‘(1) the extent of the defendant’s purposeful interjection; (2) the burden on the defendant in defending in the forum; (3) the extent of conflict with the sovereignty of the defen- dant’s state; (4) the forum state’s interest in adjudicating the dispute; (5) the most efficient judicial resolution of the controversy; (6) the importance of the forum to plaintiffs interest in convenient and effective relief; and (7) the exis- ten

2023Whether the exercise of jurisdiction comports with fair play and substantial jus- tice is a fact-specific inquiry which requires balancing the following seven factors: “ ‘(1) the extent of the defendant’s purposeful interjection; (2) the burden on the defendant in defending in the forum; (3) the extent of conflict with the sovereignty of the defen- dant’s state; (4) the forum state’s interest in adjudicating the dispute; (5) the most efficient judicial resolution of the controversy; (6) the importance of the forum to plaintiffs interest in convenient and effective relief; and (7) the exis- ten

22023–2023
State v. Kruchek green
or · 2001
2 sentences

2023Further, we disagree with the dissent that the state’s attenuation argument “meets the ‘right for the wrong reason’ exception as described in” Outdoor Media Dimensions Inc. v. State of Oregon, 221 Or 634 , 659-60, 20 P3d 180 (2001). 329 Or App at 500-01 (Kamins, J., dissenting).

2023Further, we disagree with the dissent that the state’s attenuation argument “meets the ‘right for the wrong reason’ exception as described in” Outdoor Media Dimensions Inc. v. State of Oregon, 221 Or 634 , 659-60, 20 P3d 180 (2001). 329 Or App at 500-01 (Kamins, J., dissenting).

22023–2023
Schmidt v. ARCHDIOCESE OF PORTLAND IN OREGON green
or · 2008
2 sentences

2023Id. at 358- 59.

2023Id. at 358- 59.

22023–2023
Munson v. Valley Energy Investment Fund, U. S., LP green
orctapp · 2014
2 sentences

2023Whether the exercise of jurisdiction comports with fair play and substantial jus- tice is a fact-specific inquiry which requires balancing the following seven factors: “ ‘(1) the extent of the defendant’s purposeful interjection; (2) the burden on the defendant in defending in the forum; (3) the extent of conflict with the sovereignty of the defen- dant’s state; (4) the forum state’s interest in adjudicating the dispute; (5) the most efficient judicial resolution of the controversy; (6) the importance of the forum to plaintiffs interest in convenient and effective relief; and (7) the exis- ten

2023Whether the exercise of jurisdiction comports with fair play and substantial jus- tice is a fact-specific inquiry which requires balancing the following seven factors: “ ‘(1) the extent of the defendant’s purposeful interjection; (2) the burden on the defendant in defending in the forum; (3) the extent of conflict with the sovereignty of the defen- dant’s state; (4) the forum state’s interest in adjudicating the dispute; (5) the most efficient judicial resolution of the controversy; (6) the importance of the forum to plaintiffs interest in convenient and effective relief; and (7) the exis- ten

22023–2023
State v. Paskar green
orctapp · 2015
2 sentences

2022Ultimately, “[w]hat distinguishes a seizure (either a stop or an arrest) from a constitutionally insignificant 184 State v. Alcaraz police-citizen encounter is the imposition, either by physical force or through some show of authority, of some restraint on the individual’s liberty.” State v. Paskar, 271 Or App 826, 833 , 352 P3d 1279 (2015) (internal quotation marks omit- ted).

2022Ultimately, “[w]hat distinguishes a seizure (either a stop or an arrest) from a constitutionally insignificant 184 State v. Alcaraz police-citizen encounter is the imposition, either by physical force or through some show of authority, of some restraint on the individual’s liberty.” State v. Paskar, 271 Or App 826, 833 , 352 P3d 1279 (2015) (internal quotation marks omit- ted).

22015–2022
State v. Hendon green
orctapp · 2008
2 sentences

2010State v. Hendon, 222 Or App 97, 103 , 194 P3d 149 (2008).

2010State v. Hendon, 222 Or App 97, 103 , 194 P3d 149 (2008).

22010–2010
State v. Kuehne green
orctapp · 2019
2 sentences

2026In determining whether a verbal encounter, such as the conversation between the police and defendant, rises to the level of a seizure, we look to factors such as “the con- tent of the questions, the manner of asking them, or other actions that the police take (along with the circumstances in which they take them)” and whether they would convey Cite as 347 Or App 216 (2026) 221 “to a reasonable person that the police are exercising their authority to coercively detain the citizen.” State v. Reyes- Herrera, 369 Or 54, 58 , 500 P3d 1 (2021) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[W]hether a person

2026In determining whether a verbal encounter, such as the conversation between the police and defendant, rises to the level of a seizure, we look to factors such as “the con- tent of the questions, the manner of asking them, or other actions that the police take (along with the circumstances in which they take them)” and whether they would convey Cite as 347 Or App 216 (2026) 221 “to a reasonable person that the police are exercising their authority to coercively detain the citizen.” State v. Reyes- Herrera, 369 Or 54, 58 , 500 P3d 1 (2021) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[W]hether a person

12026–2026
State v. Reyes-Herrera green
or · 2021
2 sentences

2026In determining whether a verbal encounter, such as the conversation between the police and defendant, rises to the level of a seizure, we look to factors such as “the con- tent of the questions, the manner of asking them, or other actions that the police take (along with the circumstances in which they take them)” and whether they would convey Cite as 347 Or App 216 (2026) 221 “to a reasonable person that the police are exercising their authority to coercively detain the citizen.” State v. Reyes- Herrera, 369 Or 54, 58 , 500 P3d 1 (2021) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[W]hether a person

2026In determining whether a verbal encounter, such as the conversation between the police and defendant, rises to the level of a seizure, we look to factors such as “the con- tent of the questions, the manner of asking them, or other actions that the police take (along with the circumstances in which they take them)” and whether they would convey Cite as 347 Or App 216 (2026) 221 “to a reasonable person that the police are exercising their authority to coercively detain the citizen.” State v. Reyes- Herrera, 369 Or 54, 58 , 500 P3d 1 (2021) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[W]hether a person

12026–2026
State v. Amaya green
or · 2004
2 sentences

2026In determining whether a verbal encounter, such as the conversation between the police and defendant, rises to the level of a seizure, we look to factors such as “the con- tent of the questions, the manner of asking them, or other actions that the police take (along with the circumstances in which they take them)” and whether they would convey Cite as 347 Or App 216 (2026) 221 “to a reasonable person that the police are exercising their authority to coercively detain the citizen.” State v. Reyes- Herrera, 369 Or 54, 58 , 500 P3d 1 (2021) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[W]hether a person

2026In determining whether a verbal encounter, such as the conversation between the police and defendant, rises to the level of a seizure, we look to factors such as “the con- tent of the questions, the manner of asking them, or other actions that the police take (along with the circumstances in which they take them)” and whether they would convey Cite as 347 Or App 216 (2026) 221 “to a reasonable person that the police are exercising their authority to coercively detain the citizen.” State v. Reyes- Herrera, 369 Or 54, 58 , 500 P3d 1 (2021) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[W]hether a person

12026–2026
State v. Acosta Parra neutral
orctapp · 2026
1 sentence

2026In determining whether a verbal encounter, such as the conversation between the police and defendant, rises to the level of a seizure, we look to factors such as “the con- tent of the questions, the manner of asking them, or other actions that the police take (along with the circumstances in which they take them)” and whether they would convey Cite as 347 Or App 216 (2026) 221 “to a reasonable person that the police are exercising their authority to coercively detain the citizen.” State v. Reyes- Herrera, 369 Or 54, 58 , 500 P3d 1 (2021) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[W]hether a person

12026–2026
State v. Pedersen neutral
orctapp · 2025
1 sentence

2025Rather, we must examine the Cite as 338 Or App 362 (2025) 373 nature of [defendant’s] arraignment before we can deter- mine whether it was a critical stage.

12025–2025
Personal Restraint Petition of Jose Luis Sanchez, Jr. green
washctapp · 2017
1 sentence

2025Applying that principle, the Washington Court of Appeals recognized in In re Sanchez, 197 Wash App 686, 701- 02, 391 P3d 517 (2017), that a fact-specific inquiry was nec- essary to decide whether the defendant’s arraignment was a critical stage in the criminal proceedings against him: “As illustrated by the * * * United States Supreme Court cases, the characterization of [defendant’s] hearing as an arraignment is not determinative of whether the hearing was a critical stage so that defense counsel’s absence was presumptively prejudicial.

12025–2025
In Re Knappenberger green
or · 2004
12024–2024
State v. Heater green
orctapp · 2015
12024–2024
Dept. of Human Services v. P. W. green
orctapp · 2020
12023–2023
Wecker v. Salem Clinic, P.C. neutral
orctapp · 2023
12023–2023
Dept. of Human Services v. F. J. M. green
or · 2022
12023–2023
State v. Graves green
orccwashington · 2016
12022–2022
State v. Henry green
orctapp · 2021
12021–2021
State v. Hebrard green
orctapp · 2011
12021–2021
Peeples v. Lampert green
or · 2008
12021–2021
State v. Blair green
or · 2017
12021–2021
State v. Parker green
orctapp · 2014
12021–2021
State v. Jarnagin green
or · 2012
12020–2020
Bloomfield v. Weakland green
orctapp · 2004
12016–2016
State v. Fredricks neutral
orctapp · 2010
12016–2016
State v. Mazzola green
orctapp · 2010
12016–2016
State v. Fuller green
orctapp · 1999
12016–2016
State v. Highley green
or · 2013
12014–2014
Helicopteros Nacionales De Colombia, S. A. v. Hall green
scotus · 1984
12013–2013
State v. Dahl green
or · 1996
12012–2012
State v. Thompkin green
or · 2006
12010–2010
State v. Puffenbarger green
orctapp · 2000
12008–2008
State v. Highley green
orctapp · 2008
12008–2008
House v. Hicks green
orctapp · 2008
12008–2008

Statutes the citing opinions construe

OR § Or. Rev. Stat. § 475.894 (16) OR § Or. Rev. Stat. § 131.605 (13) OR § Or. Rev. Stat. § 131.615 (12) OR § Or. Rev. Stat. § 810.410 (10) OR § Or. Rev. Stat. § 813.010 (8) OR § Or. Rev. Stat. § 133.693 (7) OR § Or. Rev. Stat. § 131.005 (6) OR § Or. Rev. Stat. § 133.005 (5) OR § Or. Rev. Stat. § 136.432 (5) OR § Or. Rev. Stat. § 811.540 (5) OR § Or. Rev. Stat. § 135.335 (4) OR § Or. Rev. Stat. § 166.270 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 117 (1994–2026) OR 106 (1991–2026) WA 79 (1992–2026) CA 74 (1995–2026) MI 68 (1999–2026) IL 63 (2002–2025) PA 60 (1993–2026) NY 59 (1995–2026) NJ 57 (1993–2026) CT 38 (1986–2025) NM 35 (1998–2025) TN 29 (1999–2024) NC 29 (2003–2025) LA 28 (1993–2022) ND 27 (2002–2021) VA 25 (2002–2026) AZ 25 (1992–2026) CO 25 (1989–2026) OH 24 (2003–2026) MA 22 (2002–2025) SC 21 (2000–2026) DC 20 (1991–2025) MD 20 (1995–2024) ME 20 (1997–2025) DE 16 (2015–2025) WI 15 (1994–2026) MO 14 (2001–2025) NV 14 (1991–2022) FL 13 (2005–2026) IA 13 (2000–2023) NH 12 (1990–2025) KS 11 (2000–2025) IN 9 (1998–2025) MN 9 (2001–2024) VT 9 (2000–2025) WV 8 (1984–2023) KY 8 (2008–2026) GA 8 (2014–2025) MT 7 (2006–2022) WY 6 (2010–2025) UT 6 (1997–2025) AL 6 (1998–2017) RI 5 (2004–2020) NE 5 (2016–2020) SD 5 (1998–2022) OK 5 (1998–2024) AK 4 (2009–2019) ID 4 (2013–2026)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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