substantive due process claim (Washington) · Go Syfert
← Washington issues

substantive due process claim in Washington

102 Washington opinions name it 2 courts 1987–2024 6 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Washington courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (23)

CaseFollowedCited
Bateson v. Geissegreen
ca9 · 1988 · cited in 4 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1989–1998
2 sentences

1998Second, the majority opinion cites Bateson v. Geisse, 857 F.2d 1300, 1303 (9th Cir. 1988), as support for the proposition that city council members who interfere with the proper issuance of permits “deprive the permit applicant of his property absent that process which is due.” Majority op. at 965.

1998Second, the majority opinion cites Bateson v. Geisse, 857 F.2d 1300, 1303 (9th Cir.1988), as support for the proposition that city council members who interfere with the proper issuance of permits "deprive the permit applicant of his property absent that process which is due." Majority op. at 258.

44
Christianson v. Snohomish Health Districtgreen
wash · 1997 · cited in 3 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1998–2010
2 sentences

2010“Clear authority provides that in a substantive due process challenge the person challenging the regulation has the burden of proof.” Christianson, 133 Wn.2d at 659, 661 (holding that a party challenging a county resolution as applied to his or her property has the burden of proving that the resolution violates substantive due process).

1998See generally id. at 667 (Talmadge, J., concurring); Orion Corp. v. State, 109 Wn.2d 621, 646 , 747 P.2d 1062 (noting, without approval, that “commentators have also pointed out that the regulatory takings doctrine and the longstanding substantive due process test seem analytically identical”), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1022 (1988).

33
Coniston Corporation v. Village of Hoffman Estatesgreen
ca7 · 1988 · cited in 3 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1992–1997
2 sentences

1997In Sintra v. City of Seattle, 119 Wn.2d 1, 23 , 829 P.2d 765 (1992), published the same day as Lutheran Day Care, we said, "Arbitrary, irrational action on the part of regulators is sufficient to sustain a substantive due process claim under § 1983,” citing Coniston Corp. v. Village of Hoffman Estates, 844 F.2d 461, 467 (7th Cir. 1988), but also said there must be either animus or a " 'deliberate flouting of the law that trammels significant personal or property rights,’ ” quoting Silverman v. Barry, 845 F.2d 1072, 1080 (D.C.

1997In Sintra v. City of Seattle, 119 Wash.2d 1, 23 , 829 P.2d 765 (1992), published the same day as Lutheran Day Care , we said, "Arbitrary, irrational action on the part of regulators is sufficient to sustain a substantive due process claim under § 1983," citing Coniston Corp. v. Village of Hoffman Estates, 844 F.2d 461, 467 (7th Cir.1988), but also said there must be either animus or a "`deliberate flouting of the law that trammels significant personal or property rights,'" quoting Silverman v. Barry, 845 F.2d 1072, 1080 (D.C.Cir.), cert denied, 488 U.S. 956 , 109 S.Ct. 394 , 102 L.Ed.2d 383 (1

33
County of Sacramento v. Lewisgreen
scotus · 1998 · cited in 8 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2000–2017
2 sentences

2006See, e.g., plurality at 26-27, 30. “ '[H]istory and tradition are the starting point but not in all cases the ending point of the substantive due process inquiry.’ ” Lawrence, 539 U.S. at 572 (alteration in original) (quoting County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 857 , 118 S. Ct. 1708 , 140 L.

2006See, e.g., plurality at 26-27, 30. “ '[H]istory and tradition are the starting point but not in all cases the ending point of the substantive due process inquiry.’ ” Lawrence, 539 U.S. at 572 (alteration in original) (quoting County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 857 , 118 S. Ct. 1708 , 140 L.

28
Margola Associates v. City of Seattlegreen
wash · 1993 · cited in 4 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1996–1997
2 sentences

1997See Margola Assocs. v. City of Seattle, 121 Wn.2d 625, 649 , 854 P.2d 23 (1993).

1997See Margola Assocs. v. City of Seattle, 121 Wn.2d 625, 649 , 854 P.2d 23 (1993).

24
Halverson v. Skagit Countygreen
ca9 · 1995 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2002–2016
2 sentences

2016Halverson v. Skagit County, 42 F.3d 1257, 1262 (9th Cir. 1994). ¶45 When all inferences are drawn in the Emersons’ favor, the county’s actions in reprocessing the Emersons’ application do not amount to a substantive due process violation.

2002Zinermon v. Burch, 494 U.S. 113, 126 , 110 S.Ct. 975 , 108 L.Ed.2d 100 (1990) (section 1983); Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 338 , 106 S.Ct. 677 , 88 L.Ed.2d 662 (1986) (Stevens, J., concurring) (same); Halverson v. Skagit County, 42 F.3d 1257, 1261 (9th Cir.1994) (same); see also Mission Springs, Inc. v. City of Spokane, 134 Wash.2d 947, 964-65 , 954 P.2d 250 (1998); Sintra, Inc. v. City of Seattle, 119 Wash.2d 1 , 21 n. 11, 829 P.2d 765 (1992) ("[A]n action for a violation of substantive due process is ripe immediately ... because the harm occurs at the time of the violation.").

22
Lawrence v. Texasgreen
scotus · 2003 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
2 sentences

2006See, e.g., plurality at 977-978, 979. "`[H]istory and tradition are the starting point but not in all cases the ending point of the substantive due process inquiry.'" Lawrence, 539 U.S. at 572 , 123 S.Ct. 2472 (alteration in original) (quoting County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 857 , 118 S.Ct. 1708 , 140 L.Ed.2d 1043 (1998) (Kennedy, J., concurring)).

2006See, e.g., plurality at 26-27, 30. “ '[H]istory and tradition are the starting point but not in all cases the ending point of the substantive due process inquiry.’ ” Lawrence, 539 U.S. at 572 (alteration in original) (quoting County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 857 , 118 S. Ct. 1708 , 140 L.

22
cluster 560582green
ca9 · 1991 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
22
Robert I. Silverman v. Marion Barry, Mayor of the District of Columbiagreen
cadc · 1988 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
22
Rri Realty Corp. v. Village Of Southamptongreen
ca2 · 1989 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
22
Amunrud v. Board of Appealsgreen
wash · 2006 · cited in 8 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2013–2019
2 sentences

2019See Amunrud , 158 Wash.2d at 222 , 143 P.3d 571 .

2015To survive rational basis review, the City’s action must be rationally related to a legitimate government interest.7 Amunrud, 158 Wn.2d at 222 . 7 We acknowledge that there appears to be some confusion over the proper test to apply to a substantive due process challenge of this nature.

18
Sintra, Inc. v. City of Seattlegreen
wash · 1992 · cited in 4 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1997–2003
2 sentences

1997In Sintra v. City of Seattle, 119 Wash.2d 1, 23 , 829 P.2d 765 (1992), published the same day as Lutheran Day Care , we said, "Arbitrary, irrational action on the part of regulators is sufficient to sustain a substantive due process claim under § 1983," citing Coniston Corp. v. Village of Hoffman Estates, 844 F.2d 461, 467 (7th Cir.1988), but also said there must be either animus or a "`deliberate flouting of the law that trammels significant personal or property rights,'" quoting Silverman v. Barry, 845 F.2d 1072, 1080 (D.C.Cir.), cert denied, 488 U.S. 956 , 109 S.Ct. 394 , 102 L.Ed.2d 383 (1

1997In Sintra v. City of Seattle, 119 Wash.2d 1, 23 , 829 P.2d 765 (1992), published the same day as Lutheran Day Care , we said, "Arbitrary, irrational action on the part of regulators is sufficient to sustain a substantive due process claim under § 1983," citing Coniston Corp. v. Village of Hoffman Estates, 844 F.2d 461, 467 (7th Cir.1988), but also said there must be either animus or a "`deliberate flouting of the law that trammels significant personal or property rights,'" quoting Silverman v. Barry, 845 F.2d 1072, 1080 (D.C.Cir.), cert denied, 488 U.S. 956 , 109 S.Ct. 394 , 102 L.Ed.2d 383 (1

14
State Of Washington v. Michael Christopher Sheltongreen
washctapp · 2016 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017This court held that the defendant's claim was not ripe until the State sought to 57 Shelton, 194 Wn.

2017This court held that the defendant's claim was not ripe until the State sought to enforce collection or sanctioned the defendant for failing to pay.40 This court also held the defendant lacked standing because he could not show harm until the State sought to enforce the fee.41 As in Shelton, nothing in the record here indicates that the State has attempted to collect either fee or that it has imposed sanctions for failure to pay.42 Thus, Abdi's as- applied substantive due process challenge is also not ripe for review. 2d 569 (2015), where the United States Supreme Court held that an increased

12
Eastern Enterprises v. Apfelgreen
scotus · 1998 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1998–2002
12
Guimont v. City of Seattlegreen
washctapp · 1995 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
12
Herrington v. County of Sonomagreen
ca9 · 1988 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
12
Kennedy v. City of Ridgefieldgreen
ca9 · 2006 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Amunrud v. Board of Appealsgreen
wash · 2006 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Shanks v. Dresselgreen
ca9 · 2008 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
Gray v. University of Colorado Hospital Authoritygreen
ca10 · 2012 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
State v. Blankgreen
wash · 1997 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
State v. Blankgreen
wash · 1997 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
United States v. Matthew Henry Webergreen
ca9 · 2006 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Washington. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (57)

CaseCitedYears
Presbytery of Seattle v. King County green
wash · 1990
2 sentences

2019King County, 114 Wn.2d 320, 337 , 787 P.2d 907 (1990) (court concluded exhaustion of administrative remedies was necessary to evaluate the challenge and the record must include all the facts needed to apply the three-prong test before a substantive due process claim is ripe).5 The Klineburgers request attorney fees and costs on appeal under RCW 4.84.370.

2019King County, 114 Wn.2d 320, 337 , 787 P.2d 907 (1990) (court concluded exhaustion of administrative remedies was necessary to evaluate the challenge and the record must include all the facts needed to apply the three-prong test before a substantive due process claim is ripe).5 The Klineburgers request attorney fees and costs on appeal under RCW 4.84.370.

161992–2019
Guimont v. Clarke green
wash · 1993
2 sentences

2018No taking has occurred. 25Guimont, 121 Wn.2d at 594-95 . 26Guimont, 121 Wn.2d at 595 . 27 Guimont, 121 Wn.2d at 595 . 28 See RCW 86.16.010; Maple Leaf Inv'rs, Inc. v. Dep't of Ecology, 88 Wn.2d 726, 730 , 565 P.2d 1162 (1977). -9- No. 76458-6-I! 10 Substantive Due Process We next consider the Klineburgers' substantive due process claim.

2018No taking has occurred. 25Guimont, 121 Wn.2d at 594-95 . 26Guimont, 121 Wn.2d at 595 . 27 Guimont, 121 Wn.2d at 595 . 28 See RCW 86.16.010; Maple Leaf Inv'rs, Inc. v. Dep't of Ecology, 88 Wn.2d 726, 730 , 565 P.2d 1162 (1977). -9- No. 76458-6-I! 10 Substantive Due Process We next consider the Klineburgers' substantive due process claim.

61995–2024
Matter of Personal Restraint of Young red
wash · 1993
2 sentences

2012In In re Personal Restraint of Young, 122 Wash.2d 1, 39 , 857 P.2d 989 (1993) ( Young I), we considered and rejected a substantive due process challenge to our SVP commitment scheme, holding that the procedural safeguards at the initial commitment hearing and the procedures for periodic review under former RCW 71.09.090 were sufficient to ensure that "the commitment is tailored to the nature and duration of the mental illness." See also In re Det. of Petersen, 138 Wash.2d 70, 81 , 980 P.2d 1204 (1999) (Petersen I) ("Our sexually violent predator statute unequivocally contemplates an indefinite

2012In In re Personal Restraint of Young, 122 Wash.2d 1, 39 , 857 P.2d 989 (1993) ( Young I), we considered and rejected a substantive due process challenge to our SVP commitment scheme, holding that the procedural safeguards at the initial commitment hearing and the procedures for periodic review under former RCW 71.09.090 were sufficient to ensure that "the commitment is tailored to the nature and duration of the mental illness." See also In re Det. of Petersen, 138 Wash.2d 70, 81 , 980 P.2d 1204 (1999) (Petersen I) ("Our sexually violent predator statute unequivocally contemplates an indefinite

52012–2016
Robinson v. City of Seattle green
wash · 1992
2 sentences

1997A plaintiff who makes a substantive due process claim must plead and prove that the challenged government action is "wholly arbitrary and capricious or irrational, or utterly fails to serve a legitimate purpose.” Robinson v. City of Seattle, 119 Wn.2d 34, 61 , 830 P.2d 318 , cert. denied, 506 U.S. 1028 (1992).

1997A plaintiff who makes a substantive due process claim must plead and prove that the challenged government action is "wholly arbitrary and capricious or irrational, or utterly fails to serve a legitimate purpose.” Robinson v. City of Seattle, 119 Wn.2d 34, 61 , 830 P.2d 318 , cert. denied, 506 U.S. 1028 (1992).

51992–1997
North Suburban Sanitary Sewer District v. Water Pollution Control Commission neutral
minn · 1968
2 sentences

1996We likewise find no guidance in North Suburban Sanitary Sewer Dist. v. Water Pollution Control Comm’n, 281 Minn. 524 , 162 N.W.2d 249 , A.L.R.3d 199 (1968), which does not involve a substantive due process challenge and makes no mention of the burden of proof.

1996We likewise find no guidance in North Suburban Sanitary Sewer Dist. v. Water Pollution Control Comm'n, 281 Minn. 524 , 162 N.W.2d 249 (1968), which does not involve a substantive due process challenge and makes no mention of the burden of proof.

41996–1997
North Suburban San. S. Dist. v. WATER POL. CON. COM'N neutral
minn · 1968
2 sentences

1996We likewise find no guidance in North Suburban Sanitary Sewer Dist. v. Water Pollution Control Comm’n, 281 Minn. 524 , 162 N.W.2d 249 , A.L.R.3d 199 (1968), which does not involve a substantive due process challenge and makes no mention of the burden of proof.

1996We likewise find no guidance in North Suburban Sanitary Sewer Dist. v. Water Pollution Control Comm'n, 281 Minn. 524 , 162 N.W.2d 249 (1968), which does not involve a substantive due process challenge and makes no mention of the burden of proof.

41996–1997
Daniels v. Williams green
scotus · 1986
2 sentences

2008The substantive component of the due process clause protects against certain government actions “regardless of the fairness of the procedures used to implement them.” Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 331 , 106 S. Ct. 662 , 88 L.

2008The substantive component of the due process clause protects against certain government actions “regardless of the fairness of the procedures used to implement them.” Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 331 , 106 S. Ct. 662 , 88 L.

32002–2008
Lochner v. New York red
scotus · 1905
2 sentences

2000“It is settled by various decisions of this court that state constitutions and state laws may regulate life in many ways which we as legislators might think as injudicious or if you like as tyrannical as this, and which equally with this interfere with the liberty to contract.” Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45, 75 , 25 S. Ct. 539 , 49 L.

2000“It is settled by various decisions of this court that state constitutions and state laws may regulate life in many ways which we as legislators might think as injudicious or if you like as tyrannical as this, and which equally with this interfere with the liberty to contract.” Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45, 75 , 25 S. Ct. 539 , 49 L.

31998–2000
Orion Corporation v. State green
wash · 1987
2 sentences

1998See generally id. at 667 (Talmadge, J., concurring); Orion Corp. v. State, 109 Wn.2d 621, 646 , 747 P.2d 1062 (noting, without approval, that “commentators have also pointed out that the regulatory takings doctrine and the longstanding substantive due process test seem analytically identical”), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1022 (1988).

1998See generally id. at 667 (Talmadge, J., concurring); Orion Corp. v. State, 109 Wn.2d 621, 646 , 747 P.2d 1062 (noting, without approval, that “commentators have also pointed out that the regulatory takings doctrine and the longstanding substantive due process test seem analytically identical”), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1022 (1988).

21998–2024
Mathews v. Eldridge green
scotus · 1976
2 sentences

2024Although 6 424 U.S. 319 , 96 S. Ct. 893 , 47 L.

2017Fields's complaint about the lack of an opportunity to present mitigating circumstances about her conviction and her subsequent rehabilitation goes to the substance of DEL's rule, which we have addressed as a substantive due process claim. 54 Mathews, 424 U.S. at 335 (quoting Armstrong v. Manzo, 380 U.S. 545, 552 , 85 S. Ct. 1187 , 14 L.

22017–2024
Nelson v. Colorado green
scotus · 2017
2 sentences

2024But Nelson performed a procedural due process analysis, so its reasoning does not support a substantive due process claim. 581 U.S. at 133-34 .

2024But Nelson v. Colorado performed a procedural due process analysis, so its reasoning does not support a substantive due process claim. 581 U.S. at 134-35 .

22024–2024
In re the Detention of Morgan green
wash · 2014
2 sentences

2016When the Washington Supreme Court “upheld the SVP civil commitment scheme against a substantive due process challenge,” it noted the legislature’s “‘honest recognition of the difficulties inherent in treating those afflicted with the mental abnormalities causing the sex predator condition.’” Morgan, 180 Wn.2d at 319 (quoting In re Pers.

2016RCW 71.09.050. ¶17 When the Washington Supreme Court “upheld the SVP civil commitment scheme against a substantive due process challenge,” it noted the legislature’s “ ‘honest recognition of the difficulties inherent in treating those afflicted with the mental abnormalities causing the sex predator condition.’ ” Morgan, 180 Wn.2d at 319 (quoting In re Pers.

22016–2016
State of Washington v. Gary Lyle Stoddard green
washctapp · 2016
2 sentences

2016E.g., State v. Stoddard, 192 Wn.

2016E.g., State v. Stoddard, 192 Wn.

22016–2016
Nielsen v. Department of Licensing green
washctapp · 2013
2 sentences

2016Nielsen v. Dep'to/Licensing, 177 Wn.

2016Nielsen v. Dep'to/Licensing, 177 Wn.

22016–2016
State v. Beaver green
washctapp · 2014
2 sentences

2016State v. Beaver, 184 Wn.

2016State v. Beaver, 184 Wn.

22016–2016
Smith v. Stillwell-Smith green
wash · 1998
2 sentences

2004The court held that the third party (a great-grandmother who had been residing with the child) was entitled to a hearing on her objection. 8 The trial court found the third party notification requirement unconstitutional, but the appellate court reversed, stating: Rather than contravening the traditional presumption that a fit parent will act in the best interests of the child, as did the statutes at issue in Troxel and [In re Custody ofi Smith, [ 137 Wn.2d 1, 20 , 969 P.2d 21 (1998), aff’d sub nom.

2004The court held that the third party (a great-grandmother who had been residing with the child) was entitled to a hearing on her objection. [8] The trial court found the third party *956 notification requirement unconstitutional, but the appellate court reversed, stating: Rather than contravening the traditional presumption that a fit parent will act in the best interests of the child, as did the statutes at issue in Troxel and [ In re Custody of ] Smith, [ 137 Wash.2d 1, 20 , 969 P.2d 21 (1998), aff'd sub nom Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57 , 120 S.Ct. 2054 , 147 L.Ed.2d 49 (2000)], the reloc

22004–2004
In Re Custody of Smith green
wash · 2000
2 sentences

2004The court held that the third party (a great-grandmother who had been residing with the child) was entitled to a hearing on her objection. 8 The trial court found the third party notification requirement unconstitutional, but the appellate court reversed, stating: Rather than contravening the traditional presumption that a fit parent will act in the best interests of the child, as did the statutes at issue in Troxel and [In re Custody ofi Smith, [ 137 Wn.2d 1, 20 , 969 P.2d 21 (1998), aff’d sub nom.

2004The court held that the third party (a great-grandmother who had been residing with the child) was entitled to a hearing on her objection. [8] The trial court found the third party *956 notification requirement unconstitutional, but the appellate court reversed, stating: Rather than contravening the traditional presumption that a fit parent will act in the best interests of the child, as did the statutes at issue in Troxel and [ In re Custody of ] Smith, [ 137 Wash.2d 1, 20 , 969 P.2d 21 (1998), aff'd sub nom Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57 , 120 S.Ct. 2054 , 147 L.Ed.2d 49 (2000)], the reloc

22004–2004
Youngberg v. Romeo Ex Rel. Romeo green
scotus · 1982
2 sentences

2004Youngberg v. Romeo, 457 U.S. 307, 320 , 102 S. Ct. 2452 , 73 L.

2004Youngberg v. Romeo, 457 U.S. 307, 320 , 102 S. Ct. 2452 , 73 L.

22004–2004
Washington v. Glucksberg green
scotus · 1997
2 sentences

2003Cf. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833 (death of a motorcycle passenger not a substantive due process violation under the circumstances); Glucksberg, 521 U.S. at 719-21 .

2003Cf. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833 (death of a motorcycle passenger not a substantive due process violation under the circumstances); Glucksberg, 521 U.S. at 719-21 .

22003–2003
Schall v. Martin green
scotus · 1984
2 sentences

2003Schall v. Martin, 467 U.S. 253, 268 , 104 S. Ct. 2403 , 81 L.

2003Schall v. Martin, 467 U.S. 253, 268 , 104 S. Ct. 2403 , 81 L.

22003–2003
Zinermon v. Burch green
scotus · 1990
22002–2002
cluster 712220 green
ca9 · 1996
21998–1998
cluster 527890 green
ca3 · 1989
21998–1998
Norquest/RCA-W Bitter Lake Partnership v. City of Seattle green
washctapp · 1994
21997–1997
Yale Auto Parts, Inc. v. Johnson green
ca2 · 1985
21997–1997
R/L ASSOCIATES, INC. v. City of Seattle green
wash · 1989
21992–1997
Moreland v. United States green
scotus · 1992
21997–1997
Bryson v. City of DeRidder green
scotus · 1988
21997–1997
RRI Realty Corp. v. Incorporated Village of Southampton green
scotus · 1989
21997–1997
Clyde v. Nevada green
scotus · 1989
21997–1997
Marker v. Rieschel green
scotus · 1989
21997–1997
MCI Communications Corp. v. United States green
scotus · 1990
21996–1996
Goldblatt v. Town of Hempstead green
scotus · 1962
21987–1994
Hass v. City of Kirkland green
wash · 1971
12024–2024
Johnson v. Department of Fish & Wildlife neutral
washctapp · 2013
12024–2024
Ingraham v. Wright green
scotus · 1977
12023–2023
Lambert v. California green
scotus · 1958
12021–2021
Lingle v. Chevron U. S. A. Inc. green
scotus · 2005
12019–2019
Durland v. San Juan County green
wash · 2014
12019–2019
Miller v. Alabama green
scotus · 2012
12018–2018

Statutes the citing opinions construe

USC § 42u.s.c.1983 (27) USC § 42u.s.c.1988 (14) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 2.06.040 (14) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 43.43.7541 (14) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 7.68.035 (13) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 64.40.020 (11) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 10.01.160 (10) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 36.70C.130 (9) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 82.02.020 (9) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 34.05.570 (8) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 36.18.020 (7) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 43.43.754 (7)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 114 (1981–2026) IL 110 (1980–2026) TX 110 (1987–2025) PA 103 (1973–2026) WA 102 (1987–2024) IA 60 (1983–2024) MI 57 (1986–2025) WI 49 (1989–2024) NY 43 (1975–2026) NJ 38 (1970–2025) FL 34 (1974–2025) CT 31 (1991–2020) MN 30 (1986–2024) OH 28 (1989–2025) MA 25 (1975–2025) AL 24 (1980–2025) RI 23 (1991–2020) CO 22 (1960–2026) MD 21 (1985–2024) ND 21 (1978–2025) ME 20 (1981–2022) MS 18 (1991–2022) AZ 18 (1991–2023) WV 18 (1977–2025) UT 16 (1989–2026) SC 15 (1993–2025) MO 14 (1989–2023) KS 14 (1968–2025) GA 13 (1983–2021) TN 13 (1993–2018) AK 13 (1995–2025) NM 12 (1989–2025) NC 12 (1976–2021) VA 11 (1989–2025) OK 11 (1984–2022) DC 10 (1987–2023) NH 10 (1993–2015) MT 9 (1981–2025) LA 9 (1997–2024) ID 9 (1986–2023) IN 8 (1994–2024) SD 8 (1996–2024) WY 8 (1989–2026) DE 8 (1989–2025) NV 8 (1980–2025) AR 7 (2004–2023) OR 6 (1974–2011) KY 3 (2003–2025) HI 3 (1992–2018) NE 3 (1994–2025) VI 2 (2011–2015)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

← Caselaw search · G Cite Topics · Brief Check