substantive due process claim (Maine) · Go Syfert
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substantive due process claim in Maine

20 Maine opinions name it 2 courts 1981–2022 3 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Maine courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (20)

CaseFollowedCited
County of Sacramento v. Lewisgreen
scotus · 1998 · cited in 4 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2017–2022
2 sentences

2019In addition, as the Fourth Circuit noted in Hawkins v. Freeman, 195 F.3d 732 , 743-45 (6th Cir. 1999), a waiver ofjurisdiction theory based on gross negligence is inconsistent with the Supreme Court's rulings that a substantive due process violation requires arbitrary and oppressive conduct which is so egregious that it "shocks the conscience." See County ofSacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 846-47 (1998); Collins v. City ofHarker Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 126 (1992).

2017County of Sacramento, 523 U.S. at 849 , 118 S.Ct. 1708 ; see also Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 331 , 106 S.Ct. 662 , 88 L.Ed.2d 662 (1986). [¶ 39] As the trial court found, the schedule changes implemented by Judge Nadeau were “[i]n large part .,. intended to get back at the County Commissioners who had rejected Judge Nadeau’s request for an increase in salary and court time.” Given Judge Nadeau’s conduct and-underlying motivation, the court did not rule out the possibility that his “actions met the high standard of outrageousness necessary for a substantive due process violation.” Nonet

24
Collins v. City of Harker Heightsgreen
scotus · 1992 · cited in 3 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2006–2021
2 sentences

2021Collins v. Harlier Heights, 503 U.S. 115 (1992) (held that plaintiffs Fourteenth Amendment substantive due process complaint was properly dismissed 23 as it did not allege conduct that could "properly be characterized as arbitrary, or conscience shocking, in a constitutional sense"); Valez v. Levy, 401 F.3d 75 (2d Cir. 2005) (for a substantive due process claim to survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, it must allege governmental conduct that is so egregious, so outrageous, that it may fairly be said to shock the contemporary conscience"). 17 Plaintiffs other claims are also insufficient to support a

2019In addition, as the Fourth Circuit noted in Hawkins v. Freeman, 195 F.3d 732 , 743-45 (6th Cir. 1999), a waiver ofjurisdiction theory based on gross negligence is inconsistent with the Supreme Court's rulings that a substantive due process violation requires arbitrary and oppressive conduct which is so egregious that it "shocks the conscience." See County ofSacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 846-47 (1998); Collins v. City ofHarker Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 126 (1992).

23
Fichter v. Board of Environmental Protectiongreen
me · 1992 · cited in 2 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2002–2016
2 sentences

2016Prat., 604 A.2d 433, 436 (Me. 1992). 4 Under the exclusivity doctrine, "when ... a municipality or agency's decision is r:eviewable pursuant to M.R.

2002Substantive Due Process A substantive due process claim is generally grounded in the property interest as a result of arbitrary and capricious state conduct that "shocks the conscience." Cruz-Erazo v. Rivera-Montanez, 212 F.3d 617, 622 (1st Cir. 2000); Licari v Ferruzzi, 22 F.3d 344, 347 (1st Cir. 1994) (substantive due process claim requires proof that state action was "in and of itself. . . egregiously unacceptable, outrageous, or conscience-shocking’) (citations omitted); Amsden v. Moran, 904 F.2d 748, 753-54 (1st Cir. 1990) (substantive due process ensures that state action is not arbitrar

22
No. 99-1675green
ca1 · 2000 · cited in 2 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
2 sentences

2002Super. 2002), (citing Central Maine Power Co. v. Waterville Urban Renewal Authority, 281 A.2d 233, 242 (Me.1971)). ® A substantive due process claim requires proof that the state action was “in and of itself... egregiously unacceptable, outrageous and conscious shocking.” Id (citing Cruz-Erazo v. Rivera-Montantez, 212 F.3d 617, 622 (1* Cir. 2000).

2002Substantive Due Process A substantive due process claim is generally grounded in the property interest as a result of arbitrary and capricious state conduct that "shocks the conscience." Cruz-Erazo v. Rivera-Montanez, 212 F.3d 617, 622 (1st Cir. 2000); Licari v Ferruzzi, 22 F.3d 344, 347 (1st Cir. 1994) (substantive due process claim requires proof that state action was "in and of itself. . . egregiously unacceptable, outrageous, or conscience-shocking’) (citations omitted); Amsden v. Moran, 904 F.2d 748, 753-54 (1st Cir. 1990) (substantive due process ensures that state action is not arbitrar

22
John Doe I v. Robert Williamsgreen
me · 2013 · cited in 3 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2016–2020
2 sentences

2016See Doe I v. Williams, 2013 ME 24, ¶¶ 65-66 , 61 A.3d 718 (“A substantive due process analysis turns on whether the challenged state action implicates a fundamental right....

2016See Doe I v. Williams, 2013 ME 24, ¶¶ 65-66 , 61 A.3d 718 (“A substantive due process analysis turns on whether the challenged state action implicates a fundamental right....

13
Rivera v. Rhode Islandgreen
ca1 · 2005 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021Rivera v. Rhode Island, 402 F.3d 27, 33-34 (1st Cir. 2005).

11
J.R. v. Gloriagreen
ca1 · 2010 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021"The burden to show governmental conduct that 'shocks the conscience' is extremely high, requiring 'stunning' evidence of 'arbitrariness and caprice' that extends beyond '[m]ere violations of state law, even violations resulting from 'bad faith' to 'something more egregious and more extreme."' J.R. v. Gloria, 593 F.3d 73, 80 (1st Cir. 2010); see also Velez v. Levy, 401 F.3d 75, 93 (2d Cir. 2005) ("[f]or a substantive due process claim to survive a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal motion, it must allege governmental conduct that is so egregious, so outrageous, that it may fairly be said to shock the con

11
Velez v. Levygreen
ca2 · 2005 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
2 sentences

2021"The burden to show governmental conduct that 'shocks the conscience' is extremely high, requiring 'stunning' evidence of 'arbitrariness and caprice' that extends beyond '[m]ere violations of state law, even violations resulting from 'bad faith' to 'something more egregious and more extreme."' J.R. v. Gloria, 593 F.3d 73, 80 (1st Cir. 2010); see also Velez v. Levy, 401 F.3d 75, 93 (2d Cir. 2005) ("[f]or a substantive due process claim to survive a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal motion, it must allege governmental conduct that is so egregious, so outrageous, that it may fairly be said to shock the con

2021Collins v. Harlier Heights, 503 U.S. 115 (1992) (held that plaintiffs Fourteenth Amendment substantive due process complaint was properly dismissed 23 as it did not allege conduct that could "properly be characterized as arbitrary, or conscience shocking, in a constitutional sense"); Valez v. Levy, 401 F.3d 75 (2d Cir. 2005) (for a substantive due process claim to survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, it must allege governmental conduct that is so egregious, so outrageous, that it may fairly be said to shock the contemporary conscience"). 17 Plaintiffs other claims are also insufficient to support a

11
Daniels v. Williamsgreen
scotus · 1986 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017County of Sacramento, 523 U.S. at 849 , 118 S.Ct. 1708 ; see also Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 331 , 106 S.Ct. 662 , 88 L.Ed.2d 662 (1986). [¶ 39] As the trial court found, the schedule changes implemented by Judge Nadeau were “[i]n large part .,. intended to get back at the County Commissioners who had rejected Judge Nadeau’s request for an increase in salary and court time.” Given Judge Nadeau’s conduct and-underlying motivation, the court did not rule out the possibility that his “actions met the high standard of outrageousness necessary for a substantive due process violation.” Nonet

2017County of Sacramento, 523 U.S. at 849 , 118 S.Ct. 1708 ; see also Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 331 , 106 S.Ct. 662 , 88 L.Ed.2d 662 (1986). [¶ 39] As the trial court found, the schedule changes implemented by Judge Nadeau were “[i]n large part .,. intended to get back at the County Commissioners who had rejected Judge Nadeau’s request for an increase in salary and court time.” Given Judge Nadeau’s conduct and-underlying motivation, the court did not rule out the possibility that his “actions met the high standard of outrageousness necessary for a substantive due process violation.” Nonet

11
Bowen v. Gilliardgreen
scotus · 1987 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016Courts applying the rational basis standard will not set aside even a discriminatory statutory scheme if "any state of facts reasonably may be conceived to justify it" Bowen v. Gilliard, 483 U.S. 587, 600-01 (198'7) (internal citation omitted).

11
John Doe v. James T. Mooregreen
ca11 · 2005 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
1 sentence

2006The court should "analyze a substantive due process claim by first crafting a careful description ofthe asserted right." Doe v. Moore, 410 F.3d 1337, 1343 (11th Cir. 2005) (quotations omitted).

11
Reno v. Floresgreen
scotus · 1993 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
1 sentence

2006"Second, [the court] must determine whether the asserted right is "one of those fundamental rights and liberties which are, objectively, deeply rooted in this Nation's history and tradition, and implicit in the concept of ordered liberty, such that neither liberty nor justice would exist if they were sacrificed."' !d. (quoting Williams v. Attorney Gen. ofAlabama, 378 F.3d 1232, 1239 (11th Cir. 2004), cert. denied, Williams v. Kin!{, [ 543 U.S. 1152 ] (2005)). '"Substantive due process' analysis must begin with a careful description ofthe asserted right, for 'the doctrine of judicial self-restr

11
Pfz Properties, Inc. v. Rene Alberto Rodriguez, Etc.green
ca1 · 1991 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
1 sentence

2006Rather, substantive due process prevents 'governmental power from being used for purposes of oppression,' or 'abuse of government power that shocks the conscience,' or 'action that is legally irrational in that it is not sufficiently keyed to any legitimate state interests."' PFZ Properties, Inc. v. Rodriguez, 928 F.2d 28, 31-32 (1st Cir. 1991) (quoting Committee of US.

11
Licari v. Ferruzzigreen
ca1 · 1994 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
1 sentence

2002Substantive Due Process A substantive due process claim is generally grounded in the property interest as a result of arbitrary and capricious state conduct that "shocks the conscience." Cruz-Erazo v. Rivera-Montanez, 212 F.3d 617, 622 (1st Cir. 2000); Licari v Ferruzzi, 22 F.3d 344, 347 (1st Cir. 1994) (substantive due process claim requires proof that state action was "in and of itself. . . egregiously unacceptable, outrageous, or conscience-shocking’) (citations omitted); Amsden v. Moran, 904 F.2d 748, 753-54 (1st Cir. 1990) (substantive due process ensures that state action is not arbitrar

11
Henry H. Amsden v. Thomas F. Moran, Etc.green
ca1 · 1990 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
1 sentence

2002Substantive Due Process A substantive due process claim is generally grounded in the property interest as a result of arbitrary and capricious state conduct that "shocks the conscience." Cruz-Erazo v. Rivera-Montanez, 212 F.3d 617, 622 (1st Cir. 2000); Licari v Ferruzzi, 22 F.3d 344, 347 (1st Cir. 1994) (substantive due process claim requires proof that state action was "in and of itself. . . egregiously unacceptable, outrageous, or conscience-shocking’) (citations omitted); Amsden v. Moran, 904 F.2d 748, 753-54 (1st Cir. 1990) (substantive due process ensures that state action is not arbitrar

11
Cline v. MAINE COAST NORDICgreen
me · 1999 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
2 sentences

2002Cline v. Maine Coast Nordic, 1999 ME 72 , 2 9, 728 A.2d 686, 688 (Collateral estoppel, or issue preclusion, prevents relitigation of identical issues already determined by prior final judgment, if party estopped had fair opportunity and incentive to litigate issues in prior 5Under M.R.

2002Cline v. Maine Coast Nordic, 1999 ME 72 , 2 9, 728 A.2d 686, 688 (Collateral estoppel, or issue preclusion, prevents relitigation of identical issues already determined by prior final judgment, if party estopped had fair opportunity and incentive to litigate issues in prior 5Under M.R.

11
Central Maine Power Co. v. Waterville Urban Renewal Authoritygreen
me · 1971 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
1 sentence

2002Super. 2002), (citing Central Maine Power Co. v. Waterville Urban Renewal Authority, 281 A.2d 233, 242 (Me.1971)). ® A substantive due process claim requires proof that the state action was “in and of itself... egregiously unacceptable, outrageous and conscious shocking.” Id (citing Cruz-Erazo v. Rivera-Montantez, 212 F.3d 617, 622 (1* Cir. 2000).

11
State v. Rushgreen
me · 1974 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
1 sentence

1998“A substantive due process analysis focuses on the rationality of the enactment, that is, on whether the regulation at issue is in the interest of the public welfare and whether the methods used bear a rational relationship to its intended goals.” Daley v. Commissioner, Dept. of Marine Resources, 1997 ME 183 , ¶ 7 n. 7, 698 A.2d 1053, 1056 ; see also Rush, 324 A2d at 752-54 (state action does not violate substantive due process where it is rationally related to a legitimate state interest).

11
National Hearing Aid Centers, Inc. v. Smithgreen
me · 1977 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
Connolly v. Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporationgreen
scotus · 1986 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Maine. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (14)

CaseCitedYears
Renee Legrand v. York County Judge of Probate green
me · 2017
2 sentences

2021A person's right to substantive due process is violated when the government engages in "conduct that shocks the conscience and violates the decencies of civilized conduct." LeGrand, 2017 :ME 167, ,r 12, 168 A.3d 783 . "[C]onduct intended to injure in some way unjustifiable by any government interest" would likely support a substantive due process claim." Id.

2021A person's right to substantive due process is violated when the government engages in "conduct that shocks the conscience and violates the decencies of civilized conduct." LeGrand, 2017 :ME 167, ,r 12, 168 A.3d 783 . "[C]onduct intended to injure in some way unjustifiable by any government interest" would likely support a substantive due process claim." Id.

42019–2022
Balian v. Board of Licensure in Medicine green
me · 1999
2 sentences

2019"In the context of executive action, only the most egregious official conduct can be said to be arbitrary in the constitutional sense"; for instance, conduct that is "intended to injure in some way unjustifiable by any government interest would likely support a substantive due process claim." Id. (quotation marks omitted). 3 Procedural due process "requires fundamental fairness, which involves consideration of three factors to assess whether the State has violated an individual's right to due process: First, the private interest that will be affected by the official action; second, the risk of

2019"In the context of executive action, only the most egregious official conduct can be said to be arbitrary in the constitutional sense"; for instance, conduct that is "intended to injure in some way unjustifiable by any government interest would likely support a substantive due process claim." Id. (quotation marks omitted). 3 Procedural due process "requires fundamental fairness, which involves consideration of three factors to assess whether the State has violated an individual's right to due process: First, the private interest that will be affected by the official action; second, the risk of

12019–2019
Irving Houston Hawkins v. Franklin Freeman green
ca4 · 1999
1 sentence

2019In addition, as the Fourth Circuit noted in Hawkins v. Freeman, 195 F.3d 732 , 743-45 (6th Cir. 1999), a waiver ofjurisdiction theory based on gross negligence is inconsistent with the Supreme Court's rulings that a substantive due process violation requires arbitrary and oppressive conduct which is so egregious that it "shocks the conscience." See County ofSacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 846-47 (1998); Collins v. City ofHarker Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 126 (1992).

12019–2019
In Re Kristy Y. green
me · 2000
2 sentences

2019"In the context of executive action, only the most egregious official conduct can be said to be arbitrary in the constitutional sense"; for instance, conduct that is "intended to injure in some way unjustifiable by any government interest would likely support a substantive due process claim." Id. (quotation marks omitted). 3 Procedural due process "requires fundamental fairness, which involves consideration of three factors to assess whether the State has violated an individual's right to due process: First, the private interest that will be affected by the official action; second, the risk of

2019"In the context of executive action, only the most egregious official conduct can be said to be arbitrary in the constitutional sense"; for instance, conduct that is "intended to injure in some way unjustifiable by any government interest would likely support a substantive due process claim." Id. (quotation marks omitted). 3 Procedural due process "requires fundamental fairness, which involves consideration of three factors to assess whether the State has violated an individual's right to due process: First, the private interest that will be affected by the official action; second, the risk of

12019–2019
Capodilupo v. Town of Bristol green
me · 1999
2 sentences

2017In the circumstances of this case, the court’s exercise of restraint was not an abuse of discretion, see Capodilupo, 1999 ME 96, ¶ 3 , 730 A.2d 1257 , making it unnecessary for the court — or us — to break new ground and determine if Judge Nadeau’s scheduling decisions violated the class members’ right of substantive due process. [ÍÍ 40] The Declaratory Judgment Act expressly provides that a court “may refuse to render or enter a declaratory judgment ... where such judgment ... would not terminate the uncertainty or controversy giving rise to the proceeding.” 14 M.R.S. § 5958 (2016).

2017In the circumstances of this case, the court’s exercise of restraint was not an abuse of discretion, see Capodilupo, 1999 ME 96, ¶ 3 , 730 A.2d 1257 , making it unnecessary for the court — or us — to break new ground and determine if Judge Nadeau’s scheduling decisions violated the class members’ right of substantive due process. [ÍÍ 40] The Declaratory Judgment Act expressly provides that a court “may refuse to render or enter a declaratory judgment ... where such judgment ... would not terminate the uncertainty or controversy giving rise to the proceeding.” 14 M.R.S. § 5958 (2016).

12017–2017
Nugent v. Town of Camden green
me · 1998
1 sentence

2016"A substantive due process analysis focuses on the rationality of the enactment, that is, on whether the regulation at issue is in the interest of the public welfare and whether the methods used bear a rational relationship to its intended goals." Nugent v. Toum efCamden, 710 A.2d 245, 249 (Me. 1998).

12016–2016
González-Droz v. González-Colón green
ca1 · 2011
1 sentence

2016Gonzalez-Droz v. Gonzalez-Colon, 660 F.3d 1, 16 , (1st Cir. 2011); see also Farris v. Poore, 841 Supp. 2d 436, 441-42 (D.

12016–2016
Sherri Williams v. Attorney General of Alabama green
ca11 · 2004
1 sentence

2006"Second, [the court] must determine whether the asserted right is "one of those fundamental rights and liberties which are, objectively, deeply rooted in this Nation's history and tradition, and implicit in the concept of ordered liberty, such that neither liberty nor justice would exist if they were sacrificed."' !d. (quoting Williams v. Attorney Gen. ofAlabama, 378 F.3d 1232, 1239 (11th Cir. 2004), cert. denied, Williams v. Kin!{, [ 543 U.S. 1152 ] (2005)). '"Substantive due process' analysis must begin with a careful description ofthe asserted right, for 'the doctrine of judicial self-restr

12006–2006
Chaplaincy of Full Gospel Churches v. England, Secretary of the Navy green
scotus · 2005
1 sentence

2006"Second, [the court] must determine whether the asserted right is "one of those fundamental rights and liberties which are, objectively, deeply rooted in this Nation's history and tradition, and implicit in the concept of ordered liberty, such that neither liberty nor justice would exist if they were sacrificed."' !d. (quoting Williams v. Attorney Gen. ofAlabama, 378 F.3d 1232, 1239 (11th Cir. 2004), cert. denied, Williams v. Kin!{, [ 543 U.S. 1152 ] (2005)). '"Substantive due process' analysis must begin with a careful description ofthe asserted right, for 'the doctrine of judicial self-restr

12006–2006
Rideout v. Riendeau green
me · 2000
2 sentences

2006Id. ¶ 34, 761 A.2d at 303 . [¶ 10] Justice Saufley’s plurality opinion upheld the Act as applied against the parents’ substantive due process challenge.

2006Id. ¶ 33, 761 A.2d at 303 .

12006–2006
Burr v. Town of Rangeley green
me · 1988
1 sentence

2004However, attorney’s fees were awarded to the defendant municipality when a developer’s substantive due process claim was filed reflexively; was a “naked and unsubstantiated allegation” and was “totally lacking in merit.” Burr v. Town of Rangeley, 549 A.2d at 735 .

12004–2004
Daley v. COM'R, DEPT. OF MARINE RESOURCES green
me · 1997
2 sentences

1998“A substantive due process analysis focuses on the rationality of the enactment, that is, on whether the regulation at issue is in the interest of the public welfare and whether the methods used bear a rational relationship to its intended goals.” Daley v. Commissioner, Dept. of Marine Resources, 1997 ME 183 , ¶ 7 n. 7, 698 A.2d 1053, 1056 ; see also Rush, 324 A2d at 752-54 (state action does not violate substantive due process where it is rationally related to a legitimate state interest).

1998“A substantive due process analysis focuses on the rationality of the enactment, that is, on whether the regulation at issue is in the interest of the public welfare and whether the methods used bear a rational relationship to its intended goals.” Daley v. Commissioner, Dept. of Marine Resources, 1997 ME 183 , ¶ 7 n. 7, 698 A.2d 1053, 1056 ; see also Rush, 324 A2d at 752-54 (state action does not violate substantive due process where it is rationally related to a legitimate state interest).

11998–1998
Concrete Pipe & Products of Cal., Inc. v. Construction Laborers Pension Trust for Southern Cal. green
scotus · 1993
11997–1997
Moore v. City of East Cleveland green
scotus · 1977
11981–1981

Statutes the citing opinions construe

USC § 42u.s.c.1983 (5)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 114 (1981–2026) IL 110 (1980–2026) TX 110 (1987–2025) PA 103 (1973–2026) WA 102 (1987–2024) IA 60 (1983–2024) MI 57 (1986–2025) WI 49 (1989–2024) NY 43 (1975–2026) NJ 38 (1970–2025) FL 34 (1974–2025) CT 31 (1991–2020) MN 30 (1986–2024) OH 28 (1989–2025) MA 25 (1975–2025) AL 24 (1980–2025) RI 23 (1991–2020) CO 22 (1960–2026) MD 21 (1985–2024) ND 21 (1978–2025) ME 20 (1981–2022) MS 18 (1991–2022) AZ 18 (1991–2023) WV 18 (1977–2025) UT 16 (1989–2026) SC 15 (1993–2025) MO 14 (1989–2023) KS 14 (1968–2025) GA 13 (1983–2021) TN 13 (1993–2018) AK 13 (1995–2025) NM 12 (1989–2025) NC 12 (1976–2021) VA 11 (1989–2025) OK 11 (1984–2022) DC 10 (1987–2023) NH 10 (1993–2015) MT 9 (1981–2025) LA 9 (1997–2024) ID 9 (1986–2023) IN 8 (1994–2024) SD 8 (1996–2024) WY 8 (1989–2026) DE 8 (1989–2025) NV 8 (1980–2025) AR 7 (2004–2023) OR 6 (1974–2011) KY 3 (2003–2025) HI 3 (1992–2018) NE 3 (1994–2025) VI 2 (2011–2015)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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