felony-murder rule (Wyoming) · Go Syfert
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felony-murder rule in Wyoming

14 Wyoming opinions name it 1 courts 1978–2025 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Wyoming courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (14)

CaseFollowedCited
People v. Jentrygreen
calctapp · 1977 · cited in 2 Wyoming opinions naming this issue, 1978–1995
2 sentences

1995In Cloman, 574 P.2d at 420 , we also quoted from People v. Jentry, 69 Cal.App.3d 615 ,138 CaLRptr. 250, 258 (1977), a ease involving facts similar to this case: “ * ⅜ * We have concluded, however, that the fact that the victim was dead does not render inapplicable the felony-murder doctrine when, as here, the blows causing the death and the maiming took place as part of one continuous transaction.” We have held the determination of the existence of a “continuous transaction” is a question for the jury.

1978A California case says: “ * * * We have concluded, however, that the fact that the victim was dead does not render inapplicable the felony-murder doctrine when, as here, the blows causing the death and the maiming took place as part of one continuous transaction.” People v. Jentry, 69 Cal.App.3d 615 , 138 Cal.Rptr. 250, 258 (1977).

12
State v. Cherrygreen
nc · 1979 · cited in 2 Wyoming opinions naming this issue, 1984–1991
2 sentences

1991The court held that “when a defendant is convicted of first degree murder under the felony murder rule, the trial judge shall not submit to the jury at the sentencing phase of the trial the aggravating circumstance concerning the underlying felony.” Id., at 568.

1991The court held that "when a defendant is convicted of first degree murder under the felony murder rule, the trial judge shall not submit to the jury at the sentencing phase of the trial the aggravating circumstance concerning the underlying felony." Id., at 568.

12
Mares v. Stategreen
wyo · 1997 · cited in 1 Wyoming opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014The judg ment in Bear Cloud I was vacated by the United States Supreme Court, and that "effectively wiped the slate clean." Id. [¶46] As we have recognized, "[the felony murder rule is the subject of much criticism for its potential harshness, for instance in the cireumstance where the killing is an independent act of a co-felon[.]" Mares v. State, 939 P.2d 724, 728 (Wyo.1997) (citing Wayne R.

11
Graham v. Floridagreen
scotus · 2010 · cited in 1 Wyoming opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
1 sentence

2012Graham, 130 S.Ct. at 2027 (emphasis added). [T59] However, the rationale behind the Felony-Murder Rule belies Bear Cloud's lesser-culpability argument: Wyoming is among those states which limit the imposition of the felony murder rule by listing specific underlying felonies.

11
Cook v. Stategreen
wyo · 1992 · cited in 1 Wyoming opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
1 sentence

1997Wyoming has narrowed the scope of the felony murder rule by limiting its application to “crimes of violence” which are enumerated in W.S. 6-2-101(a); Cook v. State, 841 P.2d 1345, 1351 (Wyo.1992).

11
Johnson v. Stategreen
wyo · 1899 · cited in 1 Wyoming opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
2 sentences

1992See also People v. Lee, 234 Cal.App.3d 1214 , 286 Cal.Rptr. 117, 121 (1991) (quoting People v. Phillips, 64 Cal.2d 574, 582 , 51 Cal.Rptr. 225 , 414 P.2d 353 (1966)) recognizing that "`[o]nly such felonies as are in themselves "inherently dangerous to human life" can support the application of the felony-murder rule.'" [8] Long before Sandstrom , this court also, in a murder case which reversed a conviction based on a presumptive instruction, stated in part: "Every person possessed of a sound mind is presumed to intend and contemplate the necessary, and even probable, consequences of his delib

1992See also People v. Lee, 234 Cal.App.3d 1214 , 286 Cal.Rptr. 117, 121 (1991) (quoting People v. Phillips, 64 Cal.2d 574, 582 , 51 Cal.Rptr. 225 , 414 P.2d 353 (1966)) recognizing that "`[o]nly such felonies as are in themselves "inherently dangerous to human life" can support the application of the felony-murder rule.'" [8] Long before Sandstrom , this court also, in a murder case which reversed a conviction based on a presumptive instruction, stated in part: "Every person possessed of a sound mind is presumed to intend and contemplate the necessary, and even probable, consequences of his delib

11
People v. Leegreen
calctapp · 1991 · cited in 1 Wyoming opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
2 sentences

1992See also People v. Lee, 234 Cal.App.3d 1214 , 286 Cal.Rptr. 117, 121 (1991) (quoting People v. Phillips, 64 Cal.2d 574, 582 , 51 Cal.Rptr. 225 , 414 P.2d 353 (1966)) recognizing that "`[o]nly such felonies as are in themselves "inherently dangerous to human life" can support the application of the felony-murder rule.'" [8] Long before Sandstrom , this court also, in a murder case which reversed a conviction based on a presumptive instruction, stated in part: "Every person possessed of a sound mind is presumed to intend and contemplate the necessary, and even probable, consequences of his delib

1992See also People v. Lee, 234 Cal.App.3d 1214 , 286 Cal.Rptr. 117, 121 (1991) (quoting People v. Phillips, 64 Cal.2d 574, 582 , 51 Cal.Rptr. 225 , 414 P.2d 353 (1966)) recognizing that "`[o]nly such felonies as are in themselves "inherently dangerous to human life" can support the application of the felony-murder rule.'" [8] Long before Sandstrom , this court also, in a murder case which reversed a conviction based on a presumptive instruction, stated in part: "Every person possessed of a sound mind is presumed to intend and contemplate the necessary, and even probable, consequences of his delib

11
People v. Phillipsgreen
cal · 1966 · cited in 1 Wyoming opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
2 sentences

1992See also People v. Lee, 234 Cal.App.3d 1214 , 286 Cal.Rptr. 117, 121 (1991) (quoting People v. Phillips, 64 Cal.2d 574, 582 , 51 Cal.Rptr. 225 , 414 P.2d 353 (1966)) recognizing that "`[o]nly such felonies as are in themselves "inherently dangerous to human life" can support the application of the felony-murder rule.'" [8] Long before Sandstrom , this court also, in a murder case which reversed a conviction based on a presumptive instruction, stated in part: "Every person possessed of a sound mind is presumed to intend and contemplate the necessary, and even probable, consequences of his delib

1992See also People v. Lee, 234 Cal.App.3d 1214 , 286 Cal.Rptr. 117, 121 (1991) (quoting People v. Phillips, 64 Cal.2d 574, 582 , 51 Cal.Rptr. 225 , 414 P.2d 353 (1966)) recognizing that "`[o]nly such felonies as are in themselves "inherently dangerous to human life" can support the application of the felony-murder rule.'" [8] Long before Sandstrom , this court also, in a murder case which reversed a conviction based on a presumptive instruction, stated in part: "Every person possessed of a sound mind is presumed to intend and contemplate the necessary, and even probable, consequences of his delib

11
State v. Wootengreen
nc · 1978 · cited in 1 Wyoming opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
2 sentences

1992Id. at 706.

1992Id. at 706.

11
Commonwealth v. Redlinegreen
pa · 1958 · cited in 1 Wyoming opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
2 sentences

1992Torcia, Wharton's Criminal Law § 149, at 221 (14th ed. 1978): "It is not the purpose of the felony-murder rule to foist authorship of a homicide upon a felon; the purpose is merely to clothe the felon's act of killing with malice." The Montana court then quoted from Commonwealth v. Redline, 391 Pa. 486 , 137 A.2d 472, 476 (1958): "In adjudging a felony-murder, it is to be remembered at all times that the thing which is imputed to a felon for a killing incidental to his felony is malice and not the act of killing.

1992Torcia, Wharton's Criminal Law § 149, at 221 (14th ed. 1978): "It is not the purpose of the felony-murder rule to foist authorship of a homicide upon a felon; the purpose is merely to clothe the felon's act of killing with malice." The Montana court then quoted from Commonwealth v. Redline, 391 Pa. 486 , 137 A.2d 472, 476 (1958): "In adjudging a felony-murder, it is to be remembered at all times that the thing which is imputed to a felon for a killing incidental to his felony is malice and not the act of killing.

11
People v. Smithgreen
cal · 1984 · cited in 1 Wyoming opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
2 sentences

1992We conclude that the same bootstrapping is involved in instructing a jury that the intent to assault makes the entry burglary and that the burglary raises the homicide resulting from the assault to first degree murder without proof of malice aforethought and premeditation." ( People v. Wilson (1969) 1 *532 Cal.3d 431, 441, 82 Cal.Rptr. 494 , 462 P.2d 22 .) We thus concluded that "a burglary based on intent to assault ... cannot support a felony-murder instruction." ( Ibid.; see also People v. Smith (1984) 35 Cal.3d 798, 804 , 201 Cal.Rptr. 311 , 678 P.2d 886 .) Although the instruction was err

1992We conclude that the same bootstrapping is involved in instructing a jury that the intent to assault makes the entry burglary and that the burglary raises the homicide resulting from the assault to first degree murder without proof of malice aforethought and premeditation." ( People v. Wilson (1969) 1 *532 Cal.3d 431, 441, 82 Cal.Rptr. 494 , 462 P.2d 22 .) We thus concluded that "a burglary based on intent to assault ... cannot support a felony-murder instruction." ( Ibid.; see also People v. Smith (1984) 35 Cal.3d 798, 804 , 201 Cal.Rptr. 311 , 678 P.2d 886 .) Although the instruction was err

11
State v. Suitgreen
njsuperctappdiv · 1974 · cited in 1 Wyoming opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
2 sentences

1992In commenting on the historical background of the felony-murder doctrine, the court in State v. Suit, 129 N.J.Super. 336 , 323 A.2d 541, 546 (1974), noted: "The doctrine arose and is premised upon a theory of transferred intent, that is, that one perpetrating or attempting to perpetrate an inherently dangerous felony possesses a malevolent state of mind which the law calls malice ....

1992In commenting on the historical background of the felony-murder doctrine, the court in State v. Suit, 129 N.J.Super. 336 , 323 A.2d 541, 546 (1974), noted: "The doctrine arose and is premised upon a theory of transferred intent, that is, that one perpetrating or attempting to perpetrate an inherently dangerous felony possesses a malevolent state of mind which the law calls malice ....

11
Bufford v. Stategreen
alacrimapp · 1980 · cited in 1 Wyoming opinions naming this issue, 1984–1984
11
Reed v. Stategreen
alacrimapp · 1980 · cited in 1 Wyoming opinions naming this issue, 1984–1984
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Wyoming. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (23)

CaseCitedYears
Bouwkamp v. State green
wyo · 1992
2 sentences

2017Subsequently, in Bouwkamp, 833 P.2d at 491 , we addressed the propriety of a jury instruction providing that “For the purposes of establishing the crime of felony murder, a killing which occurred in the perpetration of a robbery, the sequence of events is unimportant and the killing may precede, coincide with or follow the robbery and still be committed in its perpetration.” The defendant claimed that the instruction dictated that the jury apply the felony murder rule even where both the intent to commit the felony and the act itself followed the murder as a separate transaction.

2017Id. at 492 .

31995–2017
Richmond v. State green
wyo · 1976
2 sentences

1992The applicable statutory authority for this case would read: "Whoever ... in the perpetration of ... robbery ... kills any human being is guilty of murder in the first degree." The definitive interpretation of the felony murder rule was announced by this court in Richmond v. State, 554 P.2d 1217 (1976), reh'g denied 558 P.2d 509 (1977).

1992The applicable statutory authority for this case would read: “Whoever ... in the perpetration of ... robbery ... kills any human being is guilty of murder in the first degree.” The definitive interpretation of the felony murder rule was announced by this court in Richmond v. State, 554 P.2d 1217 (1976), reh’g denied 558 P.2d 509 (1977).

31992–2008
Wyatt L. Bear Cloud green
wyo · 2014
1 sentence

2025Bear Cloud III, ¶¶ 46- 47, 334 P.3d at 146 .

12025–2025
State v. Amado green
conn · 2000
1 sentence

2017(Internal citation omitted.) Similarly, in Amado, 756 A.2d at 284 , the court explained: [O]ur holding [that a defendant charged with felony murder may not rely on a claim of self-defense] is consistent with the purpose underlying felony murder, which is “to punish those whose conduct brought about an unintended death in the commission or attempted commission of a felony....

12017–2017
People v. Loustaunau green
calctapp · 1986
2 sentences

2017For example, in People v. Loustaunau, 181 Cal. App. 3d at 170 , 226 Cal.Rptr. at 219 , the court reasoned that: The purpose of the felony-murder rule is to deter even accidental killings in the commission of designated felonies by holding the felon strictly liable for murder.

2017For example, in People v. Loustaunau, 181 Cal. App. 3d at 170 , 226 Cal.Rptr. at 219 , the court reasoned that: The purpose of the felony-murder rule is to deter even accidental killings in the commission of designated felonies by holding the felon strictly liable for murder.

12017–2017
Jansen v. State green
wyo · 1995
1 sentence

2007We held a defendant is not entitled to such an instruction because "that approach has no place in the felony murder doctrine." Id.

12007–2007
Cloman v. State green
wyo · 1978
1 sentence

1995In Cloman, 574 P.2d at 420 , we also quoted from People v. Jentry, 69 Cal.App.3d 615 ,138 CaLRptr. 250, 258 (1977), a ease involving facts similar to this case: “ * ⅜ * We have concluded, however, that the fact that the victim was dead does not render inapplicable the felony-murder doctrine when, as here, the blows causing the death and the maiming took place as part of one continuous transaction.” We have held the determination of the existence of a “continuous transaction” is a question for the jury.

11995–1995
State v. Weinberger green
mont · 1983
2 sentences

1992Death must be a consequence of the felony ... and not merely coincidence.' (Citing authority.)" (Emphasis in original.) Weinberger, 671 P.2d at 569 .

1992Death must be a consequence of the felony ... and not merely coincidence.’ (Citing authority.)” (Emphasis in original.) Weinberger, 671 P.2d at 569 .

11992–1992
People v. Wilson red
cal · 1969
2 sentences

1992We conclude that the same bootstrapping is involved in instructing a jury that the intent to assault makes the entry burglary and that the burglary raises the homicide resulting from the assault to first degree murder without proof of malice aforethought and premeditation." ( People v. Wilson (1969) 1 *532 Cal.3d 431, 441, 82 Cal.Rptr. 494 , 462 P.2d 22 .) We thus concluded that "a burglary based on intent to assault ... cannot support a felony-murder instruction." ( Ibid.; see also People v. Smith (1984) 35 Cal.3d 798, 804 , 201 Cal.Rptr. 311 , 678 P.2d 886 .) Although the instruction was err

1992We conclude that the same bootstrapping is involved in instructing a jury that the intent to assault makes the entry burglary and that the burglary raises the homicide resulting from the assault to first degree murder without proof of malice aforethought and premeditation." ( People v. Wilson (1969) 1 *532 Cal.3d 431, 441, 82 Cal.Rptr. 494 , 462 P.2d 22 .) We thus concluded that "a burglary based on intent to assault ... cannot support a felony-murder instruction." ( Ibid.; see also People v. Smith (1984) 35 Cal.3d 798, 804 , 201 Cal.Rptr. 311 , 678 P.2d 886 .) Although the instruction was err

11992–1992
Richmond v. State green
wyo · 1977
2 sentences

1992The applicable statutory authority for this case would read: "Whoever ... in the perpetration of ... robbery ... kills any human being is guilty of murder in the first degree." The definitive interpretation of the felony murder rule was announced by this court in Richmond v. State, 554 P.2d 1217 (1976), reh'g denied 558 P.2d 509 (1977).

1992The applicable statutory authority for this case would read: “Whoever ... in the perpetration of ... robbery ... kills any human being is guilty of murder in the first degree.” The definitive interpretation of the felony murder rule was announced by this court in Richmond v. State, 554 P.2d 1217 (1976), reh’g denied 558 P.2d 509 (1977).

11992–1992
United States v. United States Gypsum Co. green
scotus · 1978
2 sentences

1991Despite the widespread criticism, the felony-murder rule persists in the vast majority of states. * * * The United *159 States thus remains virtually the only western country still recognizing a rule which makes it possible "that the most serious sanctions known to law might be imposed for accidental homicide." That article examines two constitutional concepts as challenging the Eighth Amendment and Due Process: a presumptive device in criminal conviction ( Sandstrom ), or a form of criminal strict liability ( Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782 , 102 S.Ct. 3368 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1140 (1982) and United

1991Despite the widespread criticism, the felony-murder rule persists in the vast majority of states. * * * The United *159 States thus remains virtually the only western country still recognizing a rule which makes it possible "that the most serious sanctions known to law might be imposed for accidental homicide." That article examines two constitutional concepts as challenging the Eighth Amendment and Due Process: a presumptive device in criminal conviction ( Sandstrom ), or a form of criminal strict liability ( Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782 , 102 S.Ct. 3368 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1140 (1982) and United

11991–1991
Bartanen v. Arizona green
scotus · 1979
2 sentences

1991Despite the widespread criticism, the felony-murder rule persists in the vast majority of states. * * * The United States thus remains virtually the only western country still recognizing a rule which makes it possible “that the most serious sanctions known to law might be imposed for accidental homicide.” That article examines two constitutional concepts as challenging the Eighth Amendment and Due Process: a presumptive device in criminal conviction (Sandstrom), or a form of criminal strict liability (Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782 , 102 S.Ct. 3368 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1140 (1982) and United States

1991Despite the widespread criticism, the felony-murder rule persists in the vast majority of states. * * * The United *159 States thus remains virtually the only western country still recognizing a rule which makes it possible "that the most serious sanctions known to law might be imposed for accidental homicide." That article examines two constitutional concepts as challenging the Eighth Amendment and Due Process: a presumptive device in criminal conviction ( Sandstrom ), or a form of criminal strict liability ( Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782 , 102 S.Ct. 3368 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1140 (1982) and United

11991–1991
United States Gypsum Co. v. United States green
scotus · 1979
11991–1991
Canadian Ace Brewing Co. v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc. green
scotus · 1979
2 sentences

1991Despite the widespread criticism, the felony-murder rule persists in the vast majority of states. * * * The United States thus remains virtually the only western country still recognizing a rule which makes it possible “that the most serious sanctions known to law might be imposed for accidental homicide.” That article examines two constitutional concepts as challenging the Eighth Amendment and Due Process: a presumptive device in criminal conviction (Sandstrom), or a form of criminal strict liability (Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782 , 102 S.Ct. 3368 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1140 (1982) and United States

1991Despite the widespread criticism, the felony-murder rule persists in the vast majority of states. * * * The United *159 States thus remains virtually the only western country still recognizing a rule which makes it possible "that the most serious sanctions known to law might be imposed for accidental homicide." That article examines two constitutional concepts as challenging the Eighth Amendment and Due Process: a presumptive device in criminal conviction ( Sandstrom ), or a form of criminal strict liability ( Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782 , 102 S.Ct. 3368 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1140 (1982) and United

11991–1991
Enmund v. Florida green
scotus · 1982
2 sentences

1991Despite the widespread criticism, the felony-murder rule persists in the vast majority of states. * * * The United *159 States thus remains virtually the only western country still recognizing a rule which makes it possible "that the most serious sanctions known to law might be imposed for accidental homicide." That article examines two constitutional concepts as challenging the Eighth Amendment and Due Process: a presumptive device in criminal conviction ( Sandstrom ), or a form of criminal strict liability ( Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782 , 102 S.Ct. 3368 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1140 (1982) and United

1991Despite the widespread criticism, the felony-murder rule persists in the vast majority of states. * * * The United *159 States thus remains virtually the only western country still recognizing a rule which makes it possible "that the most serious sanctions known to law might be imposed for accidental homicide." That article examines two constitutional concepts as challenging the Eighth Amendment and Due Process: a presumptive device in criminal conviction ( Sandstrom ), or a form of criminal strict liability ( Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782 , 102 S.Ct. 3368 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1140 (1982) and United

11991–1991
People v. Land green
illappct · 1988
2 sentences

1991Cf. People v. Land, 169 Ill.App.3d 342 , 119 Ill.Dec. 955 , 523 N.E.2d 711 (1988) (intent in the underlying felony); and Jones v. State, 523 N.E.2d 750 (Ind.1988).

1991Cf. People v. Land, 169 Ill.

11991–1991
Jones v. State green
ind · 1988
1 sentence

1991Cf. People v. Land, 169 Ill.App.3d 342 , 119 Ill.Dec. 955 , 523 N.E.2d 711 (1988) (intent in the underlying felony); and Jones v. State, 523 N.E.2d 750 (Ind.1988).

11991–1991
Erickson v. Alltech Associates, Inc. green
scotus · 1988
2 sentences

1991We distinguish Lowenfield v. Phelps, 484 U.S. 231, 246 , 108 S.Ct. 546 , 98 L.Ed.2d 568 , reh. denied 485 U.S. 944 , 108 S.Ct. 1126 , 99 L.Ed.2d 286 (1988), which involved the killing of three persons and a conviction of three counts of first degree murder in Louisiana.

1991We distinguish Lowenfield v. Phelps, 484 U.S. 231, 246 , 108 S.Ct. 546 , 98 L.Ed.2d 568 , reh. denied 485 U.S. 944 , 108 S.Ct. 1126 , 99 L.Ed.2d 286 (1988), which involved the killing of three persons and a conviction of three counts of first degree murder in Louisiana.

11991–1991
S. G. Adams Printing & Stationery Co. v. May Centers, Inc. green
scotus · 1988
11991–1991
Lowenfield v. Phelps green
scotus · 1988
2 sentences

1991We distinguish Lowenfield v. Phelps, 484 U.S. 231, 246 , 108 S.Ct. 546 , 98 L.Ed.2d 568 , reh. denied 485 U.S. 944 , 108 S.Ct. 1126 , 99 L.Ed.2d 286 (1988), which involved the killing of three persons and a conviction of three counts of first degree murder in Louisiana.

1991We distinguish Lowenfield v. Phelps, 484 U.S. 231, 246 , 108 S.Ct. 546 , 98 L.Ed.2d 568 , reh. denied 485 U.S. 944 , 108 S.Ct. 1126 , 99 L.Ed.2d 286 (1988), which involved the killing of three persons and a conviction of three counts of first degree murder in Louisiana.

11991–1991
State v. Silhan green
nc · 1981
11984–1984
State v. Oliver green
nc · 1981
11984–1984
Ex Parte Reed green
ala · 1981
11984–1984

Statutes the citing opinions construe

WY § Wyo. Stat. § 6-2-101 (12) WY § Wyo. Stat. § 6-1-201 (4) WY § Wyo. Stat. § 6-2-102 (4) WY § Wyo. Stat. § 6-2-104 (3) WY § Wyo. Stat. § 6-3-301 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 2762 (1951–2026) NC 247 (1973–2026) IL 148 (1965–2025) KS 107 (1967–2022) PA 89 (1955–2026) FL 86 (1966–2025) MA 85 (1965–2024) TX 77 (1977–2026) AL 74 (1978–2026) MD 65 (1970–2024) IA 62 (1975–2025) TN 61 (1975–2025) MO 53 (1964–2020) AZ 52 (1965–2022) MI 49 (1963–2026) WA 42 (1961–2026) NV 38 (1965–2019) OH 35 (1980–2024) VA 33 (1978–2026) NM 32 (1960–2025) MN 29 (1979–2024) WV 28 (1977–2021) GA 27 (1975–2025) LA 25 (1961–2023) OK 24 (1983–2024) MT 23 (1976–2024) NJ 23 (1969–2022) NY 20 (1960–2019) OR 14 (1969–2026) WY 14 (1978–2025) ID 13 (1976–2024) CO 12 (1966–2025) IN 11 (1973–2019) CT 11 (1975–2025) MS 10 (1977–2013) DC 8 (1976–2020) AR 7 (1976–2025) SC 7 (1975–2018) DE 5 (1968–2022) RI 5 (1980–2023) UT 4 (1992–2003) VT 3 (1983–2017) VI 3 (2008–2017) SD 3 (1980–2002) WI 2 (1988–1994) NE 2 (1991–2019) KY 2 (2000–2001) AK 2 (1995–2018)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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