protection privilege (Nebraska) · Go Syfert
← Nebraska issues

protection privilege in Nebraska

11 Nebraska opinions name it 2 courts 1899–2016 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Nebraska courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (4)

CaseFollowedCited
State v. LeDentgreen
neb · 1970 · cited in 1 Nebraska opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013The Court held that a state court’s affirmance of the convictions violated due process and that permitting the convictions to stand “would be to sanction the most indefensible sort of entrapment by the State—convicting 15 State v. LeDent, 185 Neb. 380, 383 , 176 N.W.2d 21, 23 (1970). 16 See, e.g., U.S. v. Hale, 685 F.3d 522 (5th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Bader, 678 F.3d 858 (10th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Theunick, 651 F.3d 578 (6th Cir. 2011); U.S. v. Schafer, 625 F.3d 629 (9th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Kieffer, 621 F.3d 825 (8th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Giffen, 473 F.3d 30 (2d Cir. 2006); U.S. v. Sousa, 468 F.3d 4

2013The Court held that a state court’s affirmance of the convictions violated due process and that permitting the convictions to stand “would be to sanction the most indefensible sort of entrapment by the State—convicting 15 State v. LeDent, 185 Neb. 380, 383 , 176 N.W.2d 21, 23 (1970). 16 See, e.g., U.S. v. Hale, 685 F.3d 522 (5th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Bader, 678 F.3d 858 (10th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Theunick, 651 F.3d 578 (6th Cir. 2011); U.S. v. Schafer, 625 F.3d 629 (9th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Kieffer, 621 F.3d 825 (8th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Giffen, 473 F.3d 30 (2d Cir. 2006); U.S. v. Sousa, 468 F.3d 4

11
State v. Veimangreen
neb · 1996 · cited in 1 Nebraska opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
2 sentences

1996See, also, State v. Veiman, 249 Neb. 875 , 546 N.W.2d 785 (1996).

1996See, also, State v. Veiman, 249 Neb. 875 , 546 N.W.2d 785 (1996).

11
United States v. Robert L. Herring, and Jerry D. Dormineygreen
ca5 · 1979 · cited in 1 Nebraska opinions naming this issue, 1982–1982
1 sentence

1982See, United States v. Herring, 602 F.2d 1220 (5th Cir. 1979); United States v. Moss, 562 F.2d 155 (2nd Cir. 1977), cert. denied 435 U.S. 914 , 98 S. Ct. 1467 , 55 L.

11
Oklahoma Press Publishing Co. v. Wallinggreen
scotus · 1946 · cited in 1 Nebraska opinions naming this issue, 1981–1981
1 sentence

1981Id. at 208.

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Nebraska. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (31)

CaseCitedYears
State v. Oldson green
neb · 2016
1 sentence

2016Supp. 2014), may - 720 - Nebraska A dvance Sheets 293 Nebraska R eports STATE v. OLDSON Cite as 293 Neb. 718 prevent the admission of other acts evidence for propensity purposes as a protection of the presumption of innocence, it does not follow that the State violates due process by adducing testimony that could result in the revelation of other acts if the defense chooses to pursue certain lines of questioning on cross-examination. 20.

12016–2016
United States v. Shanta A. Howell, and George T. Howell, III green
ca7 · 1994
1 sentence

2013The Court held that a state court’s affirmance of the convictions violated due process and that permitting the convictions to stand “would be to sanction the most indefensible sort of entrapment by the State—convicting 15 State v. LeDent, 185 Neb. 380, 383 , 176 N.W.2d 21, 23 (1970). 16 See, e.g., U.S. v. Hale, 685 F.3d 522 (5th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Bader, 678 F.3d 858 (10th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Theunick, 651 F.3d 578 (6th Cir. 2011); U.S. v. Schafer, 625 F.3d 629 (9th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Kieffer, 621 F.3d 825 (8th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Giffen, 473 F.3d 30 (2d Cir. 2006); U.S. v. Sousa, 468 F.3d 4

12013–2013
United States v. Kieffer green
ca8 · 2010
1 sentence

2013The Court held that a state court’s affirmance of the convictions violated due process and that permitting the convictions to stand “would be to sanction the most indefensible sort of entrapment by the State—convicting 15 State v. LeDent, 185 Neb. 380, 383 , 176 N.W.2d 21, 23 (1970). 16 See, e.g., U.S. v. Hale, 685 F.3d 522 (5th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Bader, 678 F.3d 858 (10th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Theunick, 651 F.3d 578 (6th Cir. 2011); U.S. v. Schafer, 625 F.3d 629 (9th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Kieffer, 621 F.3d 825 (8th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Giffen, 473 F.3d 30 (2d Cir. 2006); U.S. v. Sousa, 468 F.3d 4

12013–2013
United States v. Schafer green
ca9 · 2010
1 sentence

2013The Court held that a state court’s affirmance of the convictions violated due process and that permitting the convictions to stand “would be to sanction the most indefensible sort of entrapment by the State—convicting 15 State v. LeDent, 185 Neb. 380, 383 , 176 N.W.2d 21, 23 (1970). 16 See, e.g., U.S. v. Hale, 685 F.3d 522 (5th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Bader, 678 F.3d 858 (10th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Theunick, 651 F.3d 578 (6th Cir. 2011); U.S. v. Schafer, 625 F.3d 629 (9th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Kieffer, 621 F.3d 825 (8th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Giffen, 473 F.3d 30 (2d Cir. 2006); U.S. v. Sousa, 468 F.3d 4

12013–2013
United States v. Sousa green
ca1 · 2006
1 sentence

2013The Court held that a state court’s affirmance of the convictions violated due process and that permitting the convictions to stand “would be to sanction the most indefensible sort of entrapment by the State—convicting 15 State v. LeDent, 185 Neb. 380, 383 , 176 N.W.2d 21, 23 (1970). 16 See, e.g., U.S. v. Hale, 685 F.3d 522 (5th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Bader, 678 F.3d 858 (10th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Theunick, 651 F.3d 578 (6th Cir. 2011); U.S. v. Schafer, 625 F.3d 629 (9th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Kieffer, 621 F.3d 825 (8th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Giffen, 473 F.3d 30 (2d Cir. 2006); U.S. v. Sousa, 468 F.3d 4

12013–2013
United States v. Theunick green
ca6 · 2011
1 sentence

2013The Court held that a state court’s affirmance of the convictions violated due process and that permitting the convictions to stand “would be to sanction the most indefensible sort of entrapment by the State—convicting 15 State v. LeDent, 185 Neb. 380, 383 , 176 N.W.2d 21, 23 (1970). 16 See, e.g., U.S. v. Hale, 685 F.3d 522 (5th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Bader, 678 F.3d 858 (10th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Theunick, 651 F.3d 578 (6th Cir. 2011); U.S. v. Schafer, 625 F.3d 629 (9th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Kieffer, 621 F.3d 825 (8th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Giffen, 473 F.3d 30 (2d Cir. 2006); U.S. v. Sousa, 468 F.3d 4

12013–2013
United States v. Anthony L. Austin green
ca8 · 1990
1 sentence

2013The Court held that a state court’s affirmance of the convictions violated due process and that permitting the convictions to stand “would be to sanction the most indefensible sort of entrapment by the State—convicting 15 State v. LeDent, 185 Neb. 380, 383 , 176 N.W.2d 21, 23 (1970). 16 See, e.g., U.S. v. Hale, 685 F.3d 522 (5th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Bader, 678 F.3d 858 (10th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Theunick, 651 F.3d 578 (6th Cir. 2011); U.S. v. Schafer, 625 F.3d 629 (9th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Kieffer, 621 F.3d 825 (8th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Giffen, 473 F.3d 30 (2d Cir. 2006); U.S. v. Sousa, 468 F.3d 4

12013–2013
United States v. Levin green
ca6 · 1992
1 sentence

2013The Court held that a state court’s affirmance of the convictions violated due process and that permitting the convictions to stand “would be to sanction the most indefensible sort of entrapment by the State—convicting 15 State v. LeDent, 185 Neb. 380, 383 , 176 N.W.2d 21, 23 (1970). 16 See, e.g., U.S. v. Hale, 685 F.3d 522 (5th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Bader, 678 F.3d 858 (10th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Theunick, 651 F.3d 578 (6th Cir. 2011); U.S. v. Schafer, 625 F.3d 629 (9th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Kieffer, 621 F.3d 825 (8th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Giffen, 473 F.3d 30 (2d Cir. 2006); U.S. v. Sousa, 468 F.3d 4

12013–2013
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Elton Lee FUNCHES, Defendant-Appellant green
ca11 · 1998
1 sentence

2013The Court held that a state court’s affirmance of the convictions violated due process and that permitting the convictions to stand “would be to sanction the most indefensible sort of entrapment by the State—convicting 15 State v. LeDent, 185 Neb. 380, 383 , 176 N.W.2d 21, 23 (1970). 16 See, e.g., U.S. v. Hale, 685 F.3d 522 (5th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Bader, 678 F.3d 858 (10th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Theunick, 651 F.3d 578 (6th Cir. 2011); U.S. v. Schafer, 625 F.3d 629 (9th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Kieffer, 621 F.3d 825 (8th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Giffen, 473 F.3d 30 (2d Cir. 2006); U.S. v. Sousa, 468 F.3d 4

12013–2013
United States v. Richard Lynn Pitt, in No. 98-7383 United States of America v. William Michael Strube, Also Known as Mike Strube, in No. 98-7497 green
ca3 · 1999
1 sentence

2013The Court held that a state court’s affirmance of the convictions violated due process and that permitting the convictions to stand “would be to sanction the most indefensible sort of entrapment by the State—convicting 15 State v. LeDent, 185 Neb. 380, 383 , 176 N.W.2d 21, 23 (1970). 16 See, e.g., U.S. v. Hale, 685 F.3d 522 (5th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Bader, 678 F.3d 858 (10th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Theunick, 651 F.3d 578 (6th Cir. 2011); U.S. v. Schafer, 625 F.3d 629 (9th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Kieffer, 621 F.3d 825 (8th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Giffen, 473 F.3d 30 (2d Cir. 2006); U.S. v. Sousa, 468 F.3d 4

12013–2013
State v. Barr green
ncctapp · 2012
1 sentence

2013The Court held that a state court’s affirmance of the convictions violated due process and that permitting the convictions to stand “would be to sanction the most indefensible sort of entrapment by the State—convicting 15 State v. LeDent, 185 Neb. 380, 383 , 176 N.W.2d 21, 23 (1970). 16 See, e.g., U.S. v. Hale, 685 F.3d 522 (5th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Bader, 678 F.3d 858 (10th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Theunick, 651 F.3d 578 (6th Cir. 2011); U.S. v. Schafer, 625 F.3d 629 (9th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Kieffer, 621 F.3d 825 (8th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Giffen, 473 F.3d 30 (2d Cir. 2006); U.S. v. Sousa, 468 F.3d 4

12013–2013
cluster 782290 green
ca4 · 2003
1 sentence

2013The Court held that a state court’s affirmance of the convictions violated due process and that permitting the convictions to stand “would be to sanction the most indefensible sort of entrapment by the State—convicting 15 State v. LeDent, 185 Neb. 380, 383 , 176 N.W.2d 21, 23 (1970). 16 See, e.g., U.S. v. Hale, 685 F.3d 522 (5th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Bader, 678 F.3d 858 (10th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Theunick, 651 F.3d 578 (6th Cir. 2011); U.S. v. Schafer, 625 F.3d 629 (9th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Kieffer, 621 F.3d 825 (8th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Giffen, 473 F.3d 30 (2d Cir. 2006); U.S. v. Sousa, 468 F.3d 4

12013–2013
People v. Bradley green
calctapp · 2012
2 sentences

2013The Court held that a state court’s affirmance of the convictions violated due process and that permitting the convictions to stand “would be to sanction the most indefensible sort of entrapment by the State—convicting 15 State v. LeDent, 185 Neb. 380, 383 , 176 N.W.2d 21, 23 (1970). 16 See, e.g., U.S. v. Hale, 685 F.3d 522 (5th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Bader, 678 F.3d 858 (10th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Theunick, 651 F.3d 578 (6th Cir. 2011); U.S. v. Schafer, 625 F.3d 629 (9th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Kieffer, 621 F.3d 825 (8th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Giffen, 473 F.3d 30 (2d Cir. 2006); U.S. v. Sousa, 468 F.3d 4

2013The Court held that a state court’s affirmance of the convictions violated due process and that permitting the convictions to stand “would be to sanction the most indefensible sort of entrapment by the State—convicting 15 State v. LeDent, 185 Neb. 380, 383 , 176 N.W.2d 21, 23 (1970). 16 See, e.g., U.S. v. Hale, 685 F.3d 522 (5th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Bader, 678 F.3d 858 (10th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Theunick, 651 F.3d 578 (6th Cir. 2011); U.S. v. Schafer, 625 F.3d 629 (9th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Kieffer, 621 F.3d 825 (8th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Giffen, 473 F.3d 30 (2d Cir. 2006); U.S. v. Sousa, 468 F.3d 4

12013–2013
United States v. James H. Giffen green
ca2 · 2006
1 sentence

2013The Court held that a state court’s affirmance of the convictions violated due process and that permitting the convictions to stand “would be to sanction the most indefensible sort of entrapment by the State—convicting 15 State v. LeDent, 185 Neb. 380, 383 , 176 N.W.2d 21, 23 (1970). 16 See, e.g., U.S. v. Hale, 685 F.3d 522 (5th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Bader, 678 F.3d 858 (10th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Theunick, 651 F.3d 578 (6th Cir. 2011); U.S. v. Schafer, 625 F.3d 629 (9th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Kieffer, 621 F.3d 825 (8th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Giffen, 473 F.3d 30 (2d Cir. 2006); U.S. v. Sousa, 468 F.3d 4

12013–2013
United States v. Bader green
ca10 · 2012
1 sentence

2013The Court held that a state court’s affirmance of the convictions violated due process and that permitting the convictions to stand “would be to sanction the most indefensible sort of entrapment by the State—convicting 15 State v. LeDent, 185 Neb. 380, 383 , 176 N.W.2d 21, 23 (1970). 16 See, e.g., U.S. v. Hale, 685 F.3d 522 (5th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Bader, 678 F.3d 858 (10th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Theunick, 651 F.3d 578 (6th Cir. 2011); U.S. v. Schafer, 625 F.3d 629 (9th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Kieffer, 621 F.3d 825 (8th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Giffen, 473 F.3d 30 (2d Cir. 2006); U.S. v. Sousa, 468 F.3d 4

12013–2013
United States v. Orlando Hale green
ca5 · 2012
1 sentence

2013The Court held that a state court’s affirmance of the convictions violated due process and that permitting the convictions to stand “would be to sanction the most indefensible sort of entrapment by the State—convicting 15 State v. LeDent, 185 Neb. 380, 383 , 176 N.W.2d 21, 23 (1970). 16 See, e.g., U.S. v. Hale, 685 F.3d 522 (5th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Bader, 678 F.3d 858 (10th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Theunick, 651 F.3d 578 (6th Cir. 2011); U.S. v. Schafer, 625 F.3d 629 (9th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Kieffer, 621 F.3d 825 (8th Cir. 2010); U.S. v. Giffen, 473 F.3d 30 (2d Cir. 2006); U.S. v. Sousa, 468 F.3d 4

12013–2013
United States v. George Moss and American Identification Products green
ca2 · 1977
1 sentence

1982See, United States v. Herring, 602 F.2d 1220 (5th Cir. 1979); United States v. Moss, 562 F.2d 155 (2nd Cir. 1977), cert. denied 435 U.S. 914 , 98 S. Ct. 1467 , 55 L.

11982–1982
Wegner v. United States green
scotus · 1978
1 sentence

1982See, United States v. Herring, 602 F.2d 1220 (5th Cir. 1979); United States v. Moss, 562 F.2d 155 (2nd Cir. 1977), cert. denied 435 U.S. 914 , 98 S. Ct. 1467 , 55 L.

11982–1982
Moss v. United States green
scotus · 1978
1 sentence

1982See, United States v. Herring, 602 F.2d 1220 (5th Cir. 1979); United States v. Moss, 562 F.2d 155 (2nd Cir. 1977), cert. denied 435 U.S. 914 , 98 S. Ct. 1467 , 55 L.

11982–1982
Boyd v. United States red
scotus · 1886
1 sentence

1972Boyd v. United States, 116 U. S. 616 .

11972–1972
Ritter v. Drainage District No. 1 neutral
neb · 1940
2 sentences

1958In Ritter v. Drainage District, 137 Neb. 866 , 291 N. W. 718 , this court held: “Where contractual and vested rights are created pursuant to statute, they cannot be *483 destroyed by a subsequent act of the legislature.” The court also said: “ ‘It has become the established law that a legislative enactment, in the ordinary form of a statute, may contain provisions which, when accepted as the basis of action by individuals or corporations, become contracts between them and the state within the protection of the clause of the federal Constitution forbidding impairment of contractual obligations.

1958In Ritter v. Drainage District, 137 Neb. 866 , 291 N. W. 718 , this court held: “Where contractual and vested rights are created pursuant to statute, they cannot be *483 destroyed by a subsequent act of the legislature.” The court also said: “ ‘It has become the established law that a legislative enactment, in the ordinary form of a statute, may contain provisions which, when accepted as the basis of action by individuals or corporations, become contracts between them and the state within the protection of the clause of the federal Constitution forbidding impairment of contractual obligations.

11958–1958
McCarter v. Cover green
neb · 1932
2 sentences

1939Miller v. Banner County, 127 Neb. 690 , 256 N. W. 639 ; American Surety Co. v. First Trust Co., 124 Neb. 874 , 248 N. W. 697 ; McCarter v. Cover, 122 Neb. 691 , 241 N. W. 525 ; Hartford v. Pinnie, 128 Neb. 771 , 260 N. W. 371 .

1939Miller v. Banner County, 127 Neb. 690 , 256 N. W. 639 ; American Surety Co. v. First Trust Co., 124 Neb. 874 , 248 N. W. 697 ; McCarter v. Cover, 122 Neb. 691 , 241 N. W. 525 ; Hartford v. Pinnie, 128 Neb. 771 , 260 N. W. 371 .

11939–1939
American Surety Co. v. First Trust Co. neutral
neb · 1933
2 sentences

1939Miller v. Banner County, 127 Neb. 690 , 256 N. W. 639 ; American Surety Co. v. First Trust Co., 124 Neb. 874 , 248 N. W. 697 ; McCarter v. Cover, 122 Neb. 691 , 241 N. W. 525 ; Hartford v. Pinnie, 128 Neb. 771 , 260 N. W. 371 .

1939Miller v. Banner County, 127 Neb. 690 , 256 N. W. 639 ; American Surety Co. v. First Trust Co., 124 Neb. 874 , 248 N. W. 697 ; McCarter v. Cover, 122 Neb. 691 , 241 N. W. 525 ; Hartford v. Pinnie, 128 Neb. 771 , 260 N. W. 371 .

11939–1939
Hartford v. Pinnie neutral
neb · 1935
2 sentences

1939Miller v. Banner County, 127 Neb. 690 , 256 N. W. 639 ; American Surety Co. v. First Trust Co., 124 Neb. 874 , 248 N. W. 697 ; McCarter v. Cover, 122 Neb. 691 , 241 N. W. 525 ; Hartford v. Pinnie, 128 Neb. 771 , 260 N. W. 371 .

1939Miller v. Banner County, 127 Neb. 690 , 256 N. W. 639 ; American Surety Co. v. First Trust Co., 124 Neb. 874 , 248 N. W. 697 ; McCarter v. Cover, 122 Neb. 691 , 241 N. W. 525 ; Hartford v. Pinnie, 128 Neb. 771 , 260 N. W. 371 .

11939–1939
Miller v. Banner County green
neb · 1934
2 sentences

1939Miller v. Banner County, 127 Neb. 690 , 256 N. W. 639 ; American Surety Co. v. First Trust Co., 124 Neb. 874 , 248 N. W. 697 ; McCarter v. Cover, 122 Neb. 691 , 241 N. W. 525 ; Hartford v. Pinnie, 128 Neb. 771 , 260 N. W. 371 .

1939Miller v. Banner County, 127 Neb. 690 , 256 N. W. 639 ; American Surety Co. v. First Trust Co., 124 Neb. 874 , 248 N. W. 697 ; McCarter v. Cover, 122 Neb. 691 , 241 N. W. 525 ; Hartford v. Pinnie, 128 Neb. 771 , 260 N. W. 371 .

11939–1939
Eddy v. City of Omaha green
neb · 1904
1 sentence

1910The plaintiff, in support of his appeal, argues that since the defendant, subsequent to the levy of the taxes in dispute, conveyed the land by a deed which excepted those taxes, and thereafter received title to the real estate by a deed which also excepted all taxes, he is within the rule announced in Eddy v. City of Omaha, 72 Neb. 550 .

11910–1910
Agnew v. City of Pawnee City green
neb · 1907
11910–1910
State v. Several Parcels of Land green
neb · 1907
11910–1910
Betts v. Sims neutral
· 1892
11899–1899
Matteson v. Thomas green
ill · 1866
11899–1899
Jones v. French neutral
ind · 1883
11899–1899

Where else courts name it

CA 107 (1881–2026) NY 99 (1840–2026) PA 60 (1853–2026) IL 52 (1873–2024) TX 48 (1885–2025) AL 44 (1866–2018) NJ 40 (1830–2026) IN 37 (1872–2024) CT 34 (1920–2023) MD 32 (1878–2014) NC 29 (1891–2025) VA 28 (1919–2024) WA 27 (1912–2026) FL 26 (1917–2020) WI 26 (1888–2018) MO 25 (1889–2024) MA 21 (1869–2025) MN 21 (1925–2025) DC 20 (1972–2025) OH 19 (1907–2024) OR 18 (1875–2020) LA 17 (1940–2008) KS 16 (1913–2005) AZ 15 (1965–2017) KY 15 (1916–2021) MI 15 (1963–2022) DE 14 (1952–2022) NM 14 (1964–2023) SD 13 (1972–2015) GA 13 (1884–2019) CO 13 (1927–2025) AK 12 (1972–2025) OK 12 (1912–2016) IA 12 (1922–2022) NE 11 (1899–2016) SC 11 (1884–2025) ND 11 (1897–2023) WV 10 (1875–2019) MS 9 (1970–2017) AR 9 (1882–2012) ME 9 (1984–2017) TN 8 (1953–2024) WY 8 (1923–2021) ID 7 (1971–2020) RI 6 (1962–2007) VT 5 (1920–1996) NH 5 (1981–2021) HI 5 (1947–2008) NV 4 (1923–2020) UT 4 (1922–2020) MT 4 (1977–1999) PR 3 (1953–1969)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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