protection privilege (Texas) · Go Syfert
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protection privilege in Texas

48 Texas opinions name it 4 courts 1885–2025 5 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (29)

CaseFollowedCited
Minnesota v. Murphygreen
scotus · 1984 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–2015
2 sentences

2015Only the witness knows whether the apparently innocent disclosure sought may incriminate him, and the burden appropriately lies with him to make a timely assertion of the privilege.”); Roberts v. United States, 445 U.S. 552, 559 (1980) (“[P]etitioner did not assert his privilege or in any manner suggest that he withheld his testimony because there was any ground for fear of self-incrimination.”); Minnesota v. Murphy, 465 U.S. 420, 428 (1984) (“[N]othing in our prior cases suggests that the incriminating nature of a question, by itself, excuses a timely assertion of the privilege.”); Johnson v.

2015Only the witness knows whether the apparently innocent disclosure sought may incriminate him, and the burden appropriately lies with him to make a timely assertion of the privilege.”); Roberts v. United States, 445 U.S. 552, 559 (1980) (“[P]etitioner did not assert his privilege or in any manner suggest that he withheld his testimony because there was any ground for fear of self-incrimination.”); Minnesota v. Murphy, 465 U.S. 420, 428 (1984) (“[N]othing in our prior cases suggests that the incriminating nature of a question, by itself, excuses a timely assertion of the privilege.”); Johnson v.

24
Texas Department of Public Safety Officers Ass'n v. Dentongreen
tex · 1995 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013See Denton, 897 S.W.2d at 760–61. 9 Likewise, in Gordon v. Federal Deposit Insurance Corp., the federal Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit analyzed the application of the privilege against self-incrimination to requests for admission in a civil suit in light of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 36(b), which, like the parallel Texas rule, Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 198.3, provides that a response to a request for admission “cannot be used against the party in any other proceeding.” 427 F.2d 578, 581 (D.C.

2013See Denton, 897 S.W.2d at 760-61 .

23
MCI Sales and Service, Inc. v. Hintongreen
tex · 2010 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024A federal safety regulation still serves as a minimum standard even if a jury disagrees with the promulgating agency and finds it inadequate to protect the public.27 And by complying with the applicable minimum standard, a manufacturer acquires the protection of a presumption that imposes an additional hurdle before liability will attach while still bearing any resulting tort liability “as a cost of doing business.”28 27 See MCI Sales & Serv., Inc. v. Hinton, 329 S.W.3d 475, 495 (Tex. 2010) (“[W]e must be mindful that Congress generally intended the federal safety standards to set a minimum st

2024A federal safety regulation still serves as a minimum standard even if a jury disagrees with the promulgating agency and finds it inadequate to protect the public.27 And by complying with the applicable minimum standard, a manufacturer acquires the protection of a presumption that imposes an additional hurdle before liability will attach while still bearing any resulting tort liability “as a cost of doing business.”28 27 See MCI Sales & Serv., Inc. v. Hinton, 329 S.W.3d 475, 495 (Tex. 2010) (“[W]e must be mindful that Congress generally intended the federal safety standards to set a minimum st

22
Hyundai Motor Co. v. Alvaradogreen
tex · 1998 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024A federal safety regulation still serves as a minimum standard even if a jury disagrees with the promulgating agency and finds it inadequate to protect the public.27 And by complying with the applicable minimum standard, a manufacturer acquires the protection of a presumption that imposes an additional hurdle before liability will attach while still bearing any resulting tort liability “as a cost of doing business.”28 27 See MCI Sales & Serv., Inc. v. Hinton, 329 S.W.3d 475, 495 (Tex. 2010) (“[W]e must be mindful that Congress generally intended the federal safety standards to set a minimum st

2024A federal safety regulation still serves as a minimum standard even if a jury disagrees with the promulgating agency and finds it inadequate to protect the public.27 And by complying with the applicable minimum standard, a manufacturer acquires the protection of a presumption that imposes an additional hurdle before liability will attach while still bearing any resulting tort liability “as a cost of doing business.”28 27 See MCI Sales & Serv., Inc. v. Hinton, 329 S.W.3d 475, 495 (Tex. 2010) (“[W]e must be mindful that Congress generally intended the federal safety standards to set a minimum st

22
Garner v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1976 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015If, therefore, he desires the protection of the privilege, he must claim it or he will not be considered to have been ‘compelled’ within the 47 meaning of the Amendment.”); Garner v. United States, 424 U.S. 648, 655 (1976) (“Unless a witness objects, a government ordinarily may assume that its compulsory processes are not eliciting testimony that he deems to be incriminating.

2015If, therefore, he desires the protection of the privilege, he must claim it or he will not be considered to have been ‘compelled’ within the 47 meaning of the Amendment.”); Garner v. United States, 424 U.S. 648, 655 (1976) (“Unless a witness objects, a government ordinarily may assume that its compulsory processes are not eliciting testimony that he deems to be incriminating.

22
Johnson, Charles Michaelgreen
texcrimapp · 2012 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015Only the witness knows whether the apparently innocent disclosure sought may incriminate him, and the burden appropriately lies with him to make a timely assertion of the privilege.”); Roberts v. United States, 445 U.S. 552, 559 (1980) (“[P]etitioner did not assert his privilege or in any manner suggest that he withheld his testimony because there was any ground for fear of self-incrimination.”); Minnesota v. Murphy, 465 U.S. 420, 428 (1984) (“[N]othing in our prior cases suggests that the incriminating nature of a question, by itself, excuses a timely assertion of the privilege.”); Johnson v.

2015Only the witness knows whether the apparently innocent disclosure sought may incriminate him, and the burden appropriately lies with him to make a timely assertion of the privilege.”); Roberts v. United States, 445 U.S. 552, 559 (1980) (“[P]etitioner did not assert his privilege or in any manner suggest that he withheld his testimony because there was any ground for fear of self-incrimination.”); Minnesota v. Murphy, 465 U.S. 420, 428 (1984) (“[N]othing in our prior cases suggests that the incriminating nature of a question, by itself, excuses a timely assertion of the privilege.”); Johnson v.

22
Roberts v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1980 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015Only the witness knows whether the apparently innocent disclosure sought may incriminate him, and the burden appropriately lies with him to make a timely assertion of the privilege.”); Roberts v. United States, 445 U.S. 552, 559 (1980) (“[P]etitioner did not assert his privilege or in any manner suggest that he withheld his testimony because there was any ground for fear of self-incrimination.”); Minnesota v. Murphy, 465 U.S. 420, 428 (1984) (“[N]othing in our prior cases suggests that the incriminating nature of a question, by itself, excuses a timely assertion of the privilege.”); Johnson v.

2015Only the witness knows whether the apparently innocent disclosure sought may incriminate him, and the burden appropriately lies with him to make a timely assertion of the privilege.”); Roberts v. United States, 445 U.S. 552, 559 (1980) (“[P]etitioner did not assert his privilege or in any manner suggest that he withheld his testimony because there was any ground for fear of self-incrimination.”); Minnesota v. Murphy, 465 U.S. 420, 428 (1984) (“[N]othing in our prior cases suggests that the incriminating nature of a question, by itself, excuses a timely assertion of the privilege.”); Johnson v.

22
United States v. Moniagreen
scotus · 1943 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–2015
2 sentences

2015Murphy, 465 U. S., at 427 (quoting Monia, 317 U. S., at 427, 63 S. Ct. 409 , 87 L.

2015Murphy, 465 U. S., at 427 (quoting Monia, 317 U. S., at 427, 63 S. Ct. 409 , 87 L.

12
Salinas v. Texasgreen
scotus · 2013 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025In Salinas v. Texas, however, the Court held that a defendant does not enjoy the protection of his privilege against self-incrimination if he does not “expressly invoke the privilege[.]” 570 U.S. 178, 181 (2013) (“It has long been settled that the privilege ‘generally is not self-executing’” and that “‘petitioner was required to assert the privilege in order to benefit from it.’”).

11
Oursbourn v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2008 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025Miranda, however, guards only against “‘government coercion leading [defendants] to surrender rights protected by the Fifth Amendment[.]’” Oursbourn 9 v. State, 259 S.W.3d 159, 170 (Tex. Crim.

11
Bezerra v. Stategreen
texapp · 2016 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018See Bezerra, 485 S.W.3d at 140 (“[A]ppellant does not identify how an objection under Texas Rule of Evidence 403, such as was asserted by appellant, fails to remedy [the] danger [of admitting propensity evidence.]”).

11
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Cancholagreen
texapp · 2002 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016In Barth v. Hoffman-La Roche, the Dallas court held that, since the TCHRA is patterned after Title VII, and the verification requirement for a federal discrimination charge is not jurisdictional, Barth’s failure to verify her complaint to the Commission “did not deprive the trial court of subject matter jurisdiction.” Barth v Hoffman-La Roche, Inc., No. 05-01-00302-CV, 2002 WL 1225684 , at *6 (Tex.App.-Dallas June 6, 2002, no pet.) (not designated for publication). 9 In Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Canchola, the Corpus Christi Court of Appeals rejected Wal-Mart’s argument that Canchola’s unverifie

11
Shapolsky v. Brewtongreen
texapp · 2001 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015S.W.2d 228, 231 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1996); Texas Capital Securities Management, Inc., 80 S.W.3d at 268.

11
Seaman v. Seamangreen
tex · 1968 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015Seaman v. Seamon, 425 S.W.2d 339, 342 (Tex. 1968) (applying former Dead Man’s Statute). 2 Jewel does not provide record references for the testimony elicited on cross-examination that she claims created the waiver. 18 A waiver does not occur, however, when the opposite party merely cross-examines the witness at trial about matters brought out over his objection on direct examination.

11
Commonwealth v. Edmundsgreen
pa · 1991 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015Rather, we use history to assist in an protection analysis because it involved "outmoded" understanding of the generalities and ambiguities national stereotypes of the roles of men and women sometimes present in a constitution. which were no longer applicable in Oregon. [53] See, e.g.,Commonwealth v. Edmunds, 526 Pa. 374 , [48] As one former president observed: 586 A.2d 887, 895 (1991) (federal precedent may be cited, but it is not binding on the state court).

2015Rather, we use history to assist in an protection analysis because it involved "outmoded" understanding of the generalities and ambiguities national stereotypes of the roles of men and women sometimes present in a constitution. which were no longer applicable in Oregon. [53] See, e.g.,Commonwealth v. Edmunds, 526 Pa. 374 , [48] As one former president observed: 586 A.2d 887, 895 (1991) (federal precedent may be cited, but it is not binding on the state court).

11
City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.green
scotus · 1985 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015In Chambers v. Mis- prove the hazard in the sense in which a sissippi, 410 U.S. 284, 302 , 93 S.Ct. 1038 , claim is usually required to be established in 1949, 85 L.Ed.2d 297, 312 (1978), the Su- court, he would be compelled to surrender preme Court aaid, in the course of a discus- the very protection which the privilege is sion of due proceBS: "Few rights are more designed to guarantee." Hoffman, 341 U.S. fundamental than that of an accused to at 486, 71 S.Ct. at 818, 95 L.Ed. at 1124. present witnesses in his own defense." Thus a practice has developed whereby, out- [4] The District Court's

11
In Re Marketing Investors Corp.green
texapp · 1998 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Milton Gordon v. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporationgreen
cadc · 1970 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
Ex Parte Pruittgreen
tex · 1977 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
Ladner v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1989 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
11
Dewitt and Rearick v. Fergusongreen
texapp · 1985 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989
11
Cubley v. Barbeegreen
· 1934 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1977–1977
11
Covington v. Eskridgegreen
texapp · 1968 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1976–1976
11
McGough v. Massey-Ferguson, Inc.green
texapp · 1964 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1976–1976
11
Teal v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1957 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1976–1976
11
Billings v. Atkinsongreen
tex · 1973 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1975–1975
11
Cameron v. Bakergreen
texapp · 1929 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1973–1973
11
Kuehne v. Densongreen
tex · 1949 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1969–1969
11
H. & T. C. R'y Co. v. Marcellesgreen
tex · 1883 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1885–1885
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (37)

CaseCitedYears
Isaacs v. Plains Transport Company green
tex · 1963
2 sentences

1997Although we have found no Texas ease specifically holding that evidence of the servant’s negligence must be admissible against the master in order to sustain a judgment against the master, we believe that the unspoken principle was necessarily followed in Isaacs v. Plains Transport Co., 367 S.W.2d 152 (Tex.1963) and Waggoner v. Snody, 98 Tex. 512 , 85 S.W. 1134 (Tex.1905).

1973Although we have found no Texas case specifically holding that evidence of the servant’s negligence must be admissible against the master in order to sustain a judgment against the master, we believe that the unspoken principle was necessarily followed in Isaacs v. Plains Transport Co., 367 S. W.2d 152 (Tex.1963) and Waggoner v. Snody, 98 Tex. 512 , 85 S.W. 1134 (Tex. 1905).

21973–1997
Waggoner v. Snody green
· 1905
2 sentences

1997Although we have found no Texas ease specifically holding that evidence of the servant’s negligence must be admissible against the master in order to sustain a judgment against the master, we believe that the unspoken principle was necessarily followed in Isaacs v. Plains Transport Co., 367 S.W.2d 152 (Tex.1963) and Waggoner v. Snody, 98 Tex. 512 , 85 S.W. 1134 (Tex.1905).

1997Although we have found no Texas ease specifically holding that evidence of the servant’s negligence must be admissible against the master in order to sustain a judgment against the master, we believe that the unspoken principle was necessarily followed in Isaacs v. Plains Transport Co., 367 S.W.2d 152 (Tex.1963) and Waggoner v. Snody, 98 Tex. 512 , 85 S.W. 1134 (Tex.1905).

21973–1997
McKisson v. Sales Affiliates, Inc. green
tex · 1967
2 sentences

1975Even if it be assumed that the doctrine of products liability extends to the sale of electricity, it was incumbent on plaintiffs, if they seek the protection of the doctrine embodied in Section 402A of the Restatement, and approved by the Supreme Court of Texas in McKisson v. Sales Affiliates, Inc., 416 S.W.2d 787 (1967), to show a defect in the electricity.

1974Even if it be assumed that the doctrine of products liability extends to the sale of electricity, it was incumbent on plaintiffs, if they seek the protection of the doctrine embodied in Section 402A of the *356 Restatement, and approved by the Supreme Court of Texas in McKisson v. Sales Affiliates, Inc., 416 S.W.2d 787 (1967), to show a defect in the electricity.

21974–1975
In Re Segall green
ill · 1987
1 sentence

2024Segall, 509 N.E.2d at 990 .

12024–2024
Poole v. H. & T. C. R'y Co. green
tex · 1882
2 sentences

2021The attorneys asserted immunity, but we held that immunity did not apply because an “attorney who repeats his client’s allegations to the media or the public for publicity purposes is not acting in the unique, lawyerly capacity to which Texas law affords the strong protection of immunity.” Id. at —.

2021Although the attorneys were acting on their client’s behalf when they issued and posted their client’s allegations, we confirmed that immunity applies only when the attorney’s actions involve “the uniquely lawyerly capacity of one who possesses ‘the office, professional training, skill, and authority of an attorney.’” Id. at — (quoting Cantey Hanger, 467 S.W.3d at 482 ).

12021–2021
Cantey Hanger, Llp v. Philip Gregory Byrd, Lucy Leasing Co., L.L.C., and Pgb Air, Inc. green
tex · 2015
1 sentence

2021Although the attorneys were acting on their client’s behalf when they issued and posted their client’s allegations, we confirmed that immunity applies only when the attorney’s actions involve “the uniquely lawyerly capacity of one who possesses ‘the office, professional training, skill, and authority of an attorney.’” Id. at — (quoting Cantey Hanger, 467 S.W.3d at 482 ).

12021–2021
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Canchola green
tex · 2003
1 sentence

2016In Barth v. Hoffman-La Roche, the Dallas court held that, since the TCHRA is patterned after Title VII, and the verification requirement for a federal discrimination charge is not jurisdictional, Barth’s failure to verify her complaint to the Commission “did not deprive the trial court of subject matter jurisdiction.” Barth v Hoffman-La Roche, Inc., No. 05-01-00302-CV, 2002 WL 1225684 , at *6 (Tex.App.-Dallas June 6, 2002, no pet.) (not designated for publication). 9 In Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Canchola, the Corpus Christi Court of Appeals rejected Wal-Mart’s argument that Canchola’s unverifie

12016–2016
Chapman v. State green
texcrimapp · 2003
1 sentence

2016Id.

12016–2016
Kathleen Buck v. The Hampton Township School District Lawrence C. Korchnak, Dr green
ca3 · 2006
1 sentence

2016The United States Third Circuit Court of Appeals explained that, since “the verification requirement is concerned only with protecting an employer from responding to an unverified charge[, w]hen an employer files a re *149 sponse on the merits, he foregoes the protection that the requirement affords.” Buck, 452 F.3d at 263 . 8 Similarly, the-Dallas and Corpus Christi Courts of Appeals have held that the failure to verify a complaint under the TCHRA is not a jurisdictional defect'.

12016–2016
Wadewitz v. Montgomery green
tex · 1997
2 sentences

2015CR 41. 5 Even if Ms. Marisol asserted that the Trooper was negligent in the manner he conducted the traffic stop, the Supreme Court has held that findings of negligence or violations of law do not bar an individual from invoking the protection of the doctrine of “official immunity.” Wadewitz v. Montgomery, 951 S.W.2d 464 , 467 n.1 (Tex. 1997).

2015The Texas courts have held that findings of negligence or violations of law do not bar an individual from invoking the protection of the doctrine of “official immunity.” Wadewitz v. Montgomery, 951 S.W.2d 464 , 467 n.1 (Tex. 1997).

12015–2015
Richards v. Jain green
wawd · 2001
1 sentence

2015In determining when to exercise its discretion to disqualify counsel in those cases involving the loss of the protection of privilege, “the Court should resolve any doubts in favor of disqualification.” Richards, 168 F. Supp. 2d at 1209 .

12015–2015
United States v. Joaquin Gloria, Jr. green
ca5 · 1974
1 sentence

2015U. S. v. Gloria, 494 F.2d 477 be incriminated by answering a given ques- (CA5), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 995 , 96 S.Ct. tion.

12015–2015
Chambers v. Mississippi green
scotus · 1973
12015–2015
Pennywell v. California green
scotus · 1974
1 sentence

2015U. S. v. Gloria, 494 F.2d 477 be incriminated by answering a given ques- (CA5), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 995 , 96 S.Ct. tion.

12015–2015
County of San Mateo v. Southern Pacific R. green
· 1882
2 sentences

2015Nor does the intervention of this artificial Page 23 13 F. 722, *758 ; 1882 U.S. App. LEXIS 2045, **72 ; 8 Sawy. 238 being between the real beneficial owners and the state, corporations are the parties to the record.

2015Nor does the intervention of this artificial Page 23 13 F. 722, *758 ; 1882 U.S. App. LEXIS 2045, **72 ; 8 Sawy. 238 being between the real beneficial owners and the state, corporations are the parties to the record.

12015–2015
Ronald Skipworth v. United States green
ca3 · 1975
11994–1994
Ginsberg v. Fifth Court of Appeals green
tex · 1985
11989–1989
Billy Joe Battie v. W. J. Estelle, Jr., Director, Texas Department of Corrections green
ca5 · 1981
11987–1987
Hansen v. Owens green
utah · 1980
11986–1986
Sanchez v. State green
texcrimapp · 1986
11986–1986
State v. Neville green
sd · 1984
11986–1986
Swilley v. McCain green
tex · 1964
11977–1977
Cavanaugh v. Davis green
tex · 1951
11977–1977
Bradstreet Co. v. Gill green
tex · 1888
11969–1969
Rains v. Simpson green
tex · 1878
11964–1964
Donat v. Dillon green
cal · 1923
11938–1938
Clark v. Fotheringham neutral
wash · 1918
11938–1938
Walker v. Whitehead neutral
ga · 1871
11934–1934
Bronson v. Kinzie green
scotus · 1843
11934–1934
Thomson Bros. v. Hubbard neutral
· 1899
11910–1910
Chancey v. State green
· 1892
11910–1910
Hall v. White neutral
tex · 1901
11910–1910
Evans v. Templeton green
tex · 1887
11909–1909
Pouncey v. May neutral
tex · 1890
11909–1909
Tillman v. Heller green
tex · 1890
11909–1909
H. & T. C. R'y Co. v. McNamara green
· 1883
11885–1885
T. & St. L. R'y Co. v. Vallie neutral
tex · 1883
11885–1885

Statutes the citing opinions construe

USC § 12u.s.c.1841 (4) USC § 15u.s.c.80b-1 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 107 (1881–2026) NY 99 (1840–2026) PA 60 (1853–2026) IL 52 (1873–2024) TX 48 (1885–2025) AL 44 (1866–2018) NJ 40 (1830–2026) IN 37 (1872–2024) CT 34 (1920–2023) MD 32 (1878–2014) NC 29 (1891–2025) VA 28 (1919–2024) WA 27 (1912–2026) FL 26 (1917–2020) WI 26 (1888–2018) MO 25 (1889–2024) MA 21 (1869–2025) MN 21 (1925–2025) DC 20 (1972–2025) OH 19 (1907–2024) OR 18 (1875–2020) LA 17 (1940–2008) KS 16 (1913–2005) AZ 15 (1965–2017) KY 15 (1916–2021) MI 15 (1963–2022) DE 14 (1952–2022) NM 14 (1964–2023) SD 13 (1972–2015) GA 13 (1884–2019) CO 13 (1927–2025) AK 12 (1972–2025) OK 12 (1912–2016) IA 12 (1922–2022) NE 11 (1899–2016) SC 11 (1884–2025) ND 11 (1897–2023) WV 10 (1875–2019) MS 9 (1970–2017) AR 9 (1882–2012) ME 9 (1984–2017) TN 8 (1953–2024) WY 8 (1923–2021) ID 7 (1971–2020) RI 6 (1962–2007) VT 5 (1920–1996) NH 5 (1981–2021) HI 5 (1947–2008) NV 4 (1923–2020) UT 4 (1922–2020) MT 4 (1977–1999) PR 3 (1953–1969)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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