rigid rule (Texas) · Go Syfert
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rigid rule in Texas

64 Texas opinions name it 4 courts 1887–2022 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (21)

CaseFollowedCited
Stadt v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2005 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008In assessing the State's interest, recognition may be given to the less rigid claim that as long as at least potential life is involved, the State may assert interests beyond the protection of the pregnant woman alone."). [20] Flores v. State, 215 S.W.3d 520 (Tex.App.-Beaumont 2007)(citing Stadt v. State, 182 S.W.3d 360, 364 (Tex.Crim.App.2005)). [21] Rousseau v. State, 855 S.W.2d 666, 672 (Tex.Crim.App. 1993)(citing Royster v. State, 622 S.W.2d 442 (Tex.Crim.App. 1981)(opinion on rehearing)). [22] Rousseau, 855 S.W.2d at 672 (citing Royster, 622 S.W.2d 442 ). [23] Hall v. State, 225 S.W.3d 52

2008In assessing the State’s interest, recognition may be given to the less rigid claim that as long as at least potential life is involved, the State may assert interests beyond the protection of the pregnant woman alone.”). 20 Flores v. State, 215 S.W.3d 520 (Tex. App. - Beaumont 2007)(citing Stadt v. State, 182 S.W.3d 360, 364 (Tex. Crim.

33
In re CVR Energy, Inc.green
texapp · 2016 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016See id.

2016See id.

22
Morris v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2011 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013See Morris v. State , 361 S.W.3d 649, 654-55 (Tex. Crim.

2013See Morris v. State, 361 S.W.3d 649, 654-55 (Tex. Crim.

22
Rousseau v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1993 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008In assessing the State's interest, recognition may be given to the less rigid claim that as long as at least potential life is involved, the State may assert interests beyond the protection of the pregnant woman alone."). [20] Flores v. State, 215 S.W.3d 520 (Tex.App.-Beaumont 2007)(citing Stadt v. State, 182 S.W.3d 360, 364 (Tex.Crim.App.2005)). [21] Rousseau v. State, 855 S.W.2d 666, 672 (Tex.Crim.App. 1993)(citing Royster v. State, 622 S.W.2d 442 (Tex.Crim.App. 1981)(opinion on rehearing)). [22] Rousseau, 855 S.W.2d at 672 (citing Royster, 622 S.W.2d 442 ). [23] Hall v. State, 225 S.W.3d 52

2008In assessing the State's interest, recognition may be given to the less rigid claim that as long as at least potential life is involved, the State may assert interests beyond the protection of the pregnant woman alone."). [20] Flores v. State, 215 S.W.3d 520 (Tex.App.-Beaumont 2007)(citing Stadt v. State, 182 S.W.3d 360, 364 (Tex.Crim.App.2005)). [21] Rousseau v. State, 855 S.W.2d 666, 672 (Tex.Crim.App. 1993)(citing Royster v. State, 622 S.W.2d 442 (Tex.Crim.App. 1981)(opinion on rehearing)). [22] Rousseau, 855 S.W.2d at 672 (citing Royster, 622 S.W.2d 442 ). [23] Hall v. State, 225 S.W.3d 52

22
Lemmerman v. Fealkgreen
michctapp · 1993 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
2 sentences

1996See Lemmerman v. Fealk, 201 Mich.App. 544 , 507 N.W.2d 226, 230 (1993) (“Adults who have repressed child sexual abuse bring to the courts unusual circumstances and injuries not readily conforming to the ordinary constructs on which periods of limitations are imposed.”) (citing Petersen v. Bruen, 106 Nev. 271 , 792 P.2d 18, 24 (1990)).

1996See Lemmerman v. Fealk, 201 Mich.App. 544 , 507 N.W.2d 226, 230 (1993) (“Adults who have repressed child sexual abuse bring to the courts unusual circumstances and injuries not readily conforming to the ordinary constructs on which periods of limitations are imposed.”) (citing Petersen v. Bruen, 106 Nev. 271 , 792 P.2d 18, 24 (1990)).

22
Petersen v. Bruengreen
nev · 1990 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
2 sentences

1996See Lemmerman v. Fealk, 201 Mich.App. 544 , 507 N.W.2d 226, 230 (1993) (“Adults who have repressed child sexual abuse bring to the courts unusual circumstances and injuries not readily conforming to the ordinary constructs on which periods of limitations are imposed.”) (citing Petersen v. Bruen, 106 Nev. 271 , 792 P.2d 18, 24 (1990)).

1996See Lemmerman v. Fealk, 201 Mich.App. 544 , 507 N.W.2d 226, 230 (1993) (“Adults who have repressed child sexual abuse bring to the courts unusual circumstances and injuries not readily conforming to the ordinary constructs on which periods of limitations are imposed.”) (citing Petersen v. Bruen, 106 Nev. 271 , 792 P.2d 18, 24 (1990)).

22
Rowland v. City of Tylergreen
texcommnapp · 1928 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1940–1969
2 sentences

1969In Rowland v. City of Tyler, supra, the court said: “The courts have frequently, and we think properly, condemned the action of boards of equalization in taking any one particular element as a rigid standard by which values of real estate shall be determined.

1968For the benefit of the parties in the event of a new trial, we call attention to the case of Rowland v. City of Tyler, 5 S.W.2d 756 (Tex.Com.App.1928), wherein the court states: “The courts have frequently, and we think properly, condemned the action of boards of equalization in taking any one particular element as a rigid standard by which values of real estate shall be determined.

13
Hanson v. Dencklagreen
scotus · 1958 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1973–1979
2 sentences

1979“But it is a mistake to assume that this trend [minimal contacts] heralds the eventual demise of all restrictions on the personal jurisdiction of state courts.” Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 251 , 78 S.Ct. 1228, 1238 (1958). 4 .

1979“But it is a mistake to assume that this trend [minimal contacts] heralds the eventual demise of all restrictions on the personal jurisdiction of state courts.” Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 251 , 78 S.Ct. 1228, 1238 (1958). 4 .

12
Pierce v. Reynoldsgreen
tex · 1959 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022It is a rigid rule, but that is why it is useful.”); Lehmann v. Har-Con Corp., 39 S.W.3d 191, 206 (Tex. 2001) (if order’s language is clear and unequivocal, “it must be given effect despite any other indications that one or more parties did not intend for the judgment to be final;” “express adjudication of all parties and claims in a case is not interlocutory merely because the record does not afford a legal basis for the adjudication,” and such orders “must be appealed and reversed”); Pierce v. Reynolds, 329 S.W.2d 76, 78 (Tex. 1959) (“No matter how erroneous its conclusion and action may hav

11
Lehmann v. Har-Con Corp.red
tex · 2001 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022It is a rigid rule, but that is why it is useful.”); Lehmann v. Har-Con Corp., 39 S.W.3d 191, 206 (Tex. 2001) (if order’s language is clear and unequivocal, “it must be given effect despite any other indications that one or more parties did not intend for the judgment to be final;” “express adjudication of all parties and claims in a case is not interlocutory merely because the record does not afford a legal basis for the adjudication,” and such orders “must be appealed and reversed”); Pierce v. Reynolds, 329 S.W.2d 76, 78 (Tex. 1959) (“No matter how erroneous its conclusion and action may hav

11
Vasquez v. Hillerygreen
scotus · 1986 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015See, e.g., Vasquez v. Hillery, 474 U.S. 254, 263 , 106 S.Ct. 617 , 88 Held: L.Ed.2d 598.

2015See, e.g., Vasquez v. Hillery, 474 U.S. 254, 263 , 106 S.Ct. 617 , 88 Held: L.Ed.2d 598.

11
United States v. Commodities Trading Corp.green
scotus · 1950 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
1 sentence

2013United States v. Commodities Trading Corp., 339 U.S. 121, 123 (1950).

11
Guzman v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2006 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Hall v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Thomas v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1985 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Jackson v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1999 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
American Mutual Liability Insurance v. Parkergreen
tex · 1945 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
Jones v. Killingsworthgreen
tex · 1965 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
11
Silver v. Silvergreen
scotus · 1929 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
11
Dickey v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1983 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
11
Wilmeth v. Wilmethgreen
texapp · 1958 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1972–1972
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (59)

CaseCitedYears
Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno green
scotus · 1982
2 sentences

2015The United States Supreme Court has refused to “lay down a rigid rule to govern discretion,” noting that “[e]ach case turns on its facts.” Reyno, 454 U.S. at 249 ; 102 S. Ct. at 263 .

2015The United States Supreme Court has refused to “lay down a rigid rule to govern discretion,” noting that “[e]ach case turns on its facts.” Reyno, 454 U.S. at 249 ; 102 S. Ct. at 263 .

72010–2015
Wilson v. Arkansas green
scotus · 1995
2 sentences

2003Id.

2003Id.

52003–2003
Honea, by Next Friend v. Coca Cola Bot. Co. green
tex · 1944
2 sentences

2021“The possibility of other causes for the accident besides the defendant’s negligence does not have to be eliminated, but the likelihood of other causes must be so reduced that the jury can reasonably find that the negligence, if any, was committed by the defendant.” Id. (citing Bell, 517 S.W.2d at 251 ). “[T]he ‘control’ requirement is not a rigid rule that the instrumentality must have always been in the defendant’s possession or even that it must have been in the defendant’s control at the time of the injury.” Bell, 517 S.W.2d at 251 (citing Honea v. Coca Cola Bottling Co., 183 S.W.2d 968 (T

1979Honea v. Coca Cola Bottling Co., 143 Tex. 272 , 183 S.W.2d 968 (1944).

31974–2021
Pennoyer v. Neff red
· 1878
2 sentences

2014In response to these changes, the requirements for personal jurisdiction over nonresidents have evolved from the rigid rule of Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714 , to the flexible standard of International Shoe Co. v. State of Washington, 326 U.S. 310 .

1979In response to these changes, the requirements for personal jurisdiction over nonresidents have evolved from the rigid rule of Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714 , 24 L.Ed. 565 , to the flexible standard of International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310 , 66 S.Ct. 154 , 90 L.Ed. 95 , 161 A.L.R. 1057 . 3 .

31973–2014
International Shoe Co. v. Washington green
scotus · 1945
2 sentences

2014In response to these changes, the requirements for personal jurisdiction over nonresidents have evolved from the rigid rule of Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714 , to the flexible standard of International Shoe Co. v. State of Washington, 326 U.S. 310 .

1979In response to these changes, the requirements for personal jurisdiction over nonresidents have evolved from the rigid rule of Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714 , 24 L.Ed. 565 , to the flexible standard of International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310 , 66 S.Ct. 154 , 90 L.Ed. 95 , 161 A.L.R. 1057 . 3 .

31973–2014
Quixtar Inc. v. Signature Management Team, LLC green
tex · 2010
2 sentences

2013The Quixtar court emphasized the United States Supreme Court’s purposeful refusal to 9 “lay down a rigid rule to govern [a trial court’s] discretion” in these cases because “[e]ach case turns on its facts.” 315 S.W.3d at 34 (quoting Piper Aircraft, 454 U.S. at 249 , 102 S. Ct. at 263 ).

2011The Quixtar court further emphasized that the United States Supreme Court purposefully refused to “lay down a rigid rule to govern discretion” in these cases because “[e]ach case turns on its facts.” Id. at 34 (quoting Piper Aircraft , 454 U.S. at 249 , 102 S. Ct. at 263 ).

32010–2013
Flores v. State green
texapp · 2007
2 sentences

2008In assessing the State's interest, recognition may be given to the less rigid claim that as long as at least potential life is involved, the State may assert interests beyond the protection of the pregnant woman alone."). [20] Flores v. State, 215 S.W.3d 520 (Tex.App.-Beaumont 2007)(citing Stadt v. State, 182 S.W.3d 360, 364 (Tex.Crim.App.2005)). [21] Rousseau v. State, 855 S.W.2d 666, 672 (Tex.Crim.App. 1993)(citing Royster v. State, 622 S.W.2d 442 (Tex.Crim.App. 1981)(opinion on rehearing)). [22] Rousseau, 855 S.W.2d at 672 (citing Royster, 622 S.W.2d 442 ). [23] Hall v. State, 225 S.W.3d 52

2008In assessing the State’s interest, recognition may be given to the less rigid claim that as long as at least potential life is involved, the State may assert interests beyond the protection of the pregnant woman alone.”). 20 Flores v. State, 215 S.W.3d 520 (Tex. App. - Beaumont 2007)(citing Stadt v. State, 182 S.W.3d 360, 364 (Tex. Crim.

32008–2008
Brownson v. Reynolds green
tex · 1890
2 sentences

1972“In Brownson v. Reynolds, 77 Tex. 254 , 13 S.W. 986, 987 , Judge Gaines, speaking for the Supreme Court, said: ‘It is a rigid rule that courts of equity will not grant a party to a judgment a new trial when the failure to have a full and fair presentment of his case has resulted from the negligence or mistakes of his counsel.

1941In Brownson v. Reynolds, 77 Tex. 254 , 13 S.W. 986, 987 , Judge Gaines, speaking for the Supreme Court, said: “It is a rigid rule that courts of equity will not grant a party to a judgment a new trial when the failure to have a full and fair presentment of his case has resulted from the negligence or mistakes of his counsel.

31932–1972
Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Kendzora green
tex · 1890
2 sentences

1972“In Brownson v. Reynolds, 77 Tex. 254 , 13 S.W. 986, 987 , Judge Gaines, speaking for the Supreme Court, said: ‘It is a rigid rule that courts of equity will not grant a party to a judgment a new trial when the failure to have a full and fair presentment of his case has resulted from the negligence or mistakes of his counsel.

1941In Brownson v. Reynolds, 77 Tex. 254 , 13 S.W. 986, 987 , Judge Gaines, speaking for the Supreme Court, said: “It is a rigid rule that courts of equity will not grant a party to a judgment a new trial when the failure to have a full and fair presentment of his case has resulted from the negligence or mistakes of his counsel.

31932–1972
Marathon Oil Co. v. Sterner green
tex · 1982
2 sentences

2021“The possibility of other causes for the accident besides the defendant’s negligence does not have to be eliminated, but the likelihood of other causes must be so reduced that the jury can reasonably find that the negligence, if any, was committed by the defendant.” Id. (citing Bell, 517 S.W.2d at 251 ). “[T]he ‘control’ requirement is not a rigid rule that the instrumentality must have always been in the defendant’s possession or even that it must have been in the defendant’s control at the time of the injury.” Bell, 517 S.W.2d at 251 (citing Honea v. Coca Cola Bottling Co., 183 S.W.2d 968 (T

2021“It is sufficient that the defendant be in control of the instrumentality at the time that the negligence inferable from the accident probably occurred.” Marathon Oil Co., 632 S.W.2d at 574 .4 4 When the doctrine applies, it allows the factfinder to infer negligence provided the character of the accident is such that it would not ordinarily occur in the absence of negligence and the evidence shows that the instrument causing the injury was under the management and control of the defendant.

12021–2021
Mobil Chemical Company v. Bell green
tex · 1974
2 sentences

2021“The possibility of other causes for the accident besides the defendant’s negligence does not have to be eliminated, but the likelihood of other causes must be so reduced that the jury can reasonably find that the negligence, if any, was committed by the defendant.” Id. (citing Bell, 517 S.W.2d at 251 ). “[T]he ‘control’ requirement is not a rigid rule that the instrumentality must have always been in the defendant’s possession or even that it must have been in the defendant’s control at the time of the injury.” Bell, 517 S.W.2d at 251 (citing Honea v. Coca Cola Bottling Co., 183 S.W.2d 968 (T

2021“The possibility of other causes for the accident besides the defendant’s negligence does not have to be eliminated, but the likelihood of other causes must be so reduced that the jury can reasonably find that the negligence, if any, was committed by the defendant.” Id. (citing Bell, 517 S.W.2d at 251 ). “[T]he ‘control’ requirement is not a rigid rule that the instrumentality must have always been in the defendant’s possession or even that it must have been in the defendant’s control at the time of the injury.” Bell, 517 S.W.2d at 251 (citing Honea v. Coca Cola Bottling Co., 183 S.W.2d 968 (T

12021–2021
State v. Claborn green
oklacrimapp · 1994
1 sentence

2015The State counters that Carson should not be the standard and urges a less rigid test for determining whether a court cost is valid, such as the one given by the court in State v. Claborn, 870 P.2d 169 (Okla.Crim.App.1994).

12015–2015
Tiller v. Fields green
texapp · 1957
1 sentence

2015Unitization can should be upheld, although the grant of power is in be said to be advantageous to both lessors and lessees. general terms, because it is subject to implied terms We think these facts lead to the conclusion that in the that will prevent arbitrary and unfair dealing, will absence of clear language to the contrary, pooling require compliance with the implied covenants in the clauses should not be construed in a narrow or limited lease for the benefit of the lessor and will impose a sense.’ rigid standard of good faith on the part of the lessee.’ And in Tiller v. Fields, 301 S.W.2d

12015–2015
Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway green
tex · 2004
2 sentences

2015PROC. 179, 231 (1996) (remarks of James A. Henderson, Reporter, introducing RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF TORTS: PRODUCTS LIABILITY § 3 (Tentative Draft No. 2, 1995)) (″Section 3 is derived quite faithfully from § 328D of the Restatement, Second, of Torts.″). 5 RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 328D (1965). 6 See infra note 3. 7 Haddock v. Arnspiger, 793 S.W.2d 948, 950 , 33 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 591 (Tex. 1990) (″Res ipsa loquitur is applicable only when two factors are present: (1) the character of the accident is such that it would not ordinarily occur in the absence of negligence; and (2) the Jamie Grah

2015PROC. 179, 231 (1996) (remarks of James A. Henderson, Reporter, introducing RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF TORTS: PRODUCTS LIABILITY § 3 (Tentative Draft No. 2, 1995)) (″Section 3 is derived quite faithfully from § 328D of the Restatement, Second, of Torts.″). 5 RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 328D (1965). 6 See infra note 3. 7 Haddock v. Arnspiger, 793 S.W.2d 948, 950 , 33 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 591 (Tex. 1990) (″Res ipsa loquitur is applicable only when two factors are present: (1) the character of the accident is such that it would not ordinarily occur in the absence of negligence; and (2) the Jamie Grah

12015–2015
Haddock v. Arnspiger green
tex · 1990
1 sentence

2015PROC. 179, 231 (1996) (remarks of James A. Henderson, Reporter, introducing RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF TORTS: PRODUCTS LIABILITY § 3 (Tentative Draft No. 2, 1995)) (″Section 3 is derived quite faithfully from § 328D of the Restatement, Second, of Torts.″). 5 RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 328D (1965). 6 See infra note 3. 7 Haddock v. Arnspiger, 793 S.W.2d 948, 950 , 33 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 591 (Tex. 1990) (″Res ipsa loquitur is applicable only when two factors are present: (1) the character of the accident is such that it would not ordinarily occur in the absence of negligence; and (2) the Jamie Grah

12015–2015
Glover v. United States green
scotus · 2001
1 sentence

2015Applying cing, see, e.g., Glover v. United States, 531 U.S. Strickland, it found that counsel had provided defi- 198, 203-204, 121 S.Ct. 696 , I 48 L.Ed.2d 604 . cient perfonnance by advising respondent of an in- This Court has not followed a rigid rule that an oth- corre~t legal rule, and that respondent suffered pre- erwise fair trial remedies errors not occurring at tri- judice because he lost the opportunity to take the al, but has instead inquired whether the trial cured more favorable sentence offered in the plea. the particular error at issue.

12015–2015
Katherine Elizabeth Williams v. State green
texapp · 2013
2 sentences

2014With regard to Caffe Ribs’s contention that Dominy’s logic is not supported by market data, adjustments are not “deemed unreliable or invalid if they have not previously been subject to peer review because the very nature of appraisal adjustments calls for a less rigid test of reliability and can hinge on an expert’s experience.” Williams, 406 S.W.3d at 291 .

2014Adjustments are not “deemed unreliable or invalid if they have hot previously been subject to' peer review because the very nature of appraisal adjustments calls for a less rigid test of reliability and can hinge on an expert’s experience.” Williams, 406 S.W.3d at 291 .

12014–2014
Henson, Kevin Ray green
texcrimapp · 2013
1 sentence

2014The majority opinion cites a line of cases, including Henson v. State, 407 S.W.3d 764 (Tex. Crim.

12014–2014
Williams v. Green Bay & Western Railroad green
scotus · 1946
12010–2010
Royster v. State green
texcrimapp · 1981
12008–2008
Human v. State green
texcrimapp · 1988
12002–2002
Ratcliffe v. Mahres green
texapp · 1938
12001–2001
Moore v. New York Cotton Exchange green
scotus · 1926
11998–1998
Illinois v. Gates green
scotus · 1983
11996–1996
Bergeron v. Session green
texapp · 1977
11995–1995
Amoco Production Co. v. Alexander green
tex · 1981
11995–1995
Plessinger v. State green
texcrimapp · 1976
11988–1988
Rhode Island v. Innis green
scotus · 1980
11986–1986
Fare v. Michael C. green
scotus · 1979
11986–1986
Messenger v. State green
texcrimapp · 1982
11983–1983
In Re Marriage of Brown green
cal · 1976
11976–1976
French v. French red
cal · 1941
11976–1976
State v. Whittenburg green
tex · 1954
11969–1969
Colorado v. United States green
scotus · 1926
11947–1947
Dailey v. Preferred Masonic Mutual Accident Ass'n of America green
mich · 1894
11945–1945
Schwindermann v. Great Eastern Casualty Co. neutral
nd · 1917
11945–1945
Smith v. Ferrell green
texcommnapp · 1932
11941–1941
Kost v. Rose neutral
texapp · 1937
11941–1941
Forest Oil Co. v. Wilson green
texapp · 1915
11941–1941
Goss v. McClaren green
tex · 1856
11941–1941

Statutes the citing opinions construe

TX § Tex. Penal Code § 7.02 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 107 (1881–2026) NY 88 (1862–2023) IL 78 (1868–2024) PA 73 (1846–2025) TX 64 (1887–2022) NJ 62 (1880–2022) TN 54 (1879–2026) OH 47 (1884–2024) MD 41 (1949–2023) FL 38 (1885–2018) MA 36 (1936–2023) MI 31 (1863–2021) WI 30 (1909–2023) WA 29 (1903–2020) MO 27 (1882–2017) MN 26 (1890–2024) GA 25 (1895–2020) DC 25 (1973–2024) WV 23 (1888–2020) AR 21 (1954–2020) OK 21 (1906–2016) OR 21 (1898–2019) LA 20 (1944–2012) ID 18 (1899–2024) CO 18 (1890–2025) IN 17 (1878–2015) NC 17 (1895–2019) UT 16 (1951–2022) AZ 15 (1923–2024) MT 15 (1933–2026) AK 13 (1974–2018) NE 13 (1902–2022) MS 13 (1929–2012) KS 13 (1872–2018) VA 13 (1837–2009) SD 12 (1956–2022) DE 12 (1958–2024) KY 12 (1925–2020) CT 12 (1959–2025) ND 11 (1898–2010) IA 11 (1951–2016) VT 10 (1848–2025) AL 10 (1893–2007) RI 10 (1996–2023) NM 9 (1962–2012) NH 9 (1979–2019) ME 8 (1936–2025) NV 7 (1909–2016) SC 7 (1966–2015) WY 5 (1966–2025) HI 5 (1960–2024)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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