bench bar (Kentucky) · Go Syfert
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bench bar in Kentucky

38 Kentucky opinions name it 3 courts 1876–2026 10 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Kentucky courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (19)

CaseFollowedCited
Matheny v. Commonwealthgreen
ky · 2001 · cited in 2 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2004–2010
2 sentences

2010Johnstone, writing for this Court in Matheny v. Commonwealth, 37 S.W.3d 756, 759 (Ky.2001): For guidance to the bench and bar, we set forth the preferred procedure a trial court should follow when accepting a guilty plea that is made pursuant to a plea agreement.

2004Matheny v. Commonwealth, Ky., 37 S.W.3d 756, 759 (2001) (quoting Misher, 576 S.W.2d at 241) ("For guidance to the bench and bar, we set forth the preferred procedure a trial court should follow when accepting a guilty plea that is made pursuant to a plea agreement .... 'The sentencing court should merely accept the plea, note the recommendation or agreement concerning sentence, and set a day certain for sentencing.

22
Misher v. Commonwealthgreen
kyctapp · 1978 · cited in 3 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2001–2010
2 sentences

2010As stated by the Court of Appeals in Misher v. Commonwealth, [ 576 S.W.2d 238 (Ky.App.1978) ], “The sentencing court should merely accept the plea, note the recommendation or agreement concerning sentence, and set a day certain for sentencing.

2004No sentencing at all should be carried out until KRS 532.050 has been complied with.’ "); Misher v. Commonwealth, Ky.App., 576 S.W.2d 238, 241 (1978) ("The sentencing function of our courts on pleas of guilty is carried out by the judge.

13
Harp v. Commonwealthgreen
ky · 2008 · cited in 2 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025Harp v. Commonwealth, 266 S.W.3d 813, 818 (Ky. 2008).

2025Id. at 818 .

12
Kentucky State Bar Ass'n v. Vincentgreen
ky · 1976 · cited in 2 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 1978–2007
2 sentences

2007See Kentucky State Bar Ass’n v. Vincent, 537 S.W.2d 171, 173 (Ky.1976) ("It is beyond cavil that an attorney who is convicted of an offense involving moral turpitude, or who is convicted of an intentional and serious misdemeanor, or who is convicted of a felony, is guilty of such conduct as is calculated to bring the bench and bar into disrepute.

1978In Kentucky Bar Association v. Vincent, Ky., 537 S.W.2d 171 (1976), this court held that the conviction of an attorney for the wrongful use of a client’s money in and of itself constituted unethical and unprofessional conduct calculated to bring the bench and bar into disrepute.

12
Wright v. Ecolab, Inc.green
ky · 2015 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026Wright v. Ecolab, Inc., 461 S.W.3d 753, 758 (Ky. 2015). -7- contains just one reference to the written record.

11
Jackson v. Commonwealthgreen
ky · 2012 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025In fact, this Court has in the past equated the firearm enhancement with other statutory enhancements that elevate the classification of an offense, even at the charging level.” 7 438 S.W.3d 333 -34 (quoting Jackson v. Commonwealth, 363 S.W.3d 11, 23-24 (Ky. 2012)).

11
Dickerson v. Commonwealthgreen
ky · 2009 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024Such careful preservation should eliminate uncertainty, which would inure to the benefit of everyone involved.” Dickerson v. Commonwealth, 278 S.W.3d 145, 149 (Ky. 2009).

11
Kentucky Bar Ass'n v. Hardestygreen
ky · 1989 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022See also Ky. Bar Ass'n v. Hardesty, 775 S.W.2d 87 (Ky. 1989) (holding “it [is] appropriate for the Bar Association to proceed against the individual in his capacity as a lawyer, as provided for in SCR Rule 3, regardless of the action taken by the [JCC].”). 4 Hardesty, 775 S.W.2d at 87. 5 Id. 6 Id. 8 nothing more than a public censure by the JCC for his alleged misconduct,7 though the KBA sought a one-year suspension.8 In the second case, Kentucky Bar Ass’n v. Wilson, this Court adopted the Board of Governor’s recommendation that former judge Billy Wilson be suspended from the practice of law f

11
Montgomery v. Commonwealthgreen
ky · 1991 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
1 sentence

2007This has come to be referred to in the vernacular as the `magic question ."' Montgomery v. Commonwealth , 819 S.W.2d 713, 717 (Ky. 1991). !d. at 718. a particular juror is disqualified by bias or prejudice, from whatever source . . . .' ' Thus, we cautioned the bench and bar of the Commonwealth that a truly biased juror could not, by virtue of the purportedly magic question, be magically rehabilitated.$ We again strongly caution the bench and bar of the Commonwealth to remove the term "magic question" from their lexicon.

11
Commonwealth v. Kindnessgreen
pasuperct · 1977 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004Until it does so, however, local prosecutors retain the common law nolle prosequi power.”); State v. Jackson, 420 So.2d 320, 322 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1982) ("In the absence of statute, the common law continues to be in force in most of the states of this country.”); Pryor v. Thomas, Ky., 361 S.W.2d 279, 280 (1962) ("it has long been accepted by the bench and bar that the common law prevails unless changed by our constitution or statutes.”); Commonwealth v. Kindness, 247 Pa.Super. 99 , 371 A.2d 1346, 1349 (1977) ("The authorities are virtually unanimous that the historical power to 'nol pros' belon

2004Until it does so, however, local prosecutors retain the common law nolle prosequi power.”); State v. Jackson, 420 So.2d 320, 322 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1982) ("In the absence of statute, the common law continues to be in force in most of the states of this country.”); Pryor v. Thomas, Ky., 361 S.W.2d 279, 280 (1962) ("it has long been accepted by the bench and bar that the common law prevails unless changed by our constitution or statutes.”); Commonwealth v. Kindness, 247 Pa.Super. 99 , 371 A.2d 1346, 1349 (1977) ("The authorities are virtually unanimous that the historical power to 'nol pros' belon

11
State v. Jacksongreen
fladistctapp · 1982 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004Until it does so, however, local prosecutors retain the common law nolle prosequi power."); State v. Jackson, 420 So.2d 320, 322 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1982) ("In the absence of statute, the common law continues to be in force in most of the states of this country."); Pryor v. Thomas, Ky., 361 S.W.2d 279, 280 (1962) ("it has long been accepted by the bench and bar that the common law prevails unless changed by our constitution or statutes."); Commonwealth v. Kindness, 247 Pa.Super. 99 , 371 A.2d 1346, 1349 (1977) ("The authorities are virtually unanimous that the historical power to `nol pros' belon

2004Until it does so, however, local prosecutors retain the common law nolle prosequi power.”); State v. Jackson, 420 So.2d 320, 322 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1982) ("In the absence of statute, the common law continues to be in force in most of the states of this country.”); Pryor v. Thomas, Ky., 361 S.W.2d 279, 280 (1962) ("it has long been accepted by the bench and bar that the common law prevails unless changed by our constitution or statutes.”); Commonwealth v. Kindness, 247 Pa.Super. 99 , 371 A.2d 1346, 1349 (1977) ("The authorities are virtually unanimous that the historical power to 'nol pros' belon

11
Pryor v. Thomasgreen
kyctapphigh · 1962 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004Until it does so, however, local prosecutors retain the common law nolle prosequi power."); State v. Jackson, 420 So.2d 320, 322 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1982) ("In the absence of statute, the common law continues to be in force in most of the states of this country."); Pryor v. Thomas, Ky., 361 S.W.2d 279, 280 (1962) ("it has long been accepted by the bench and bar that the common law prevails unless changed by our constitution or statutes."); Commonwealth v. Kindness, 247 Pa.Super. 99 , 371 A.2d 1346, 1349 (1977) ("The authorities are virtually unanimous that the historical power to `nol pros' belon

2004Until it does so, however, local prosecutors retain the common law nolle prosequi power.”); State v. Jackson, 420 So.2d 320, 322 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1982) ("In the absence of statute, the common law continues to be in force in most of the states of this country.”); Pryor v. Thomas, Ky., 361 S.W.2d 279, 280 (1962) ("it has long been accepted by the bench and bar that the common law prevails unless changed by our constitution or statutes.”); Commonwealth v. Kindness, 247 Pa.Super. 99 , 371 A.2d 1346, 1349 (1977) ("The authorities are virtually unanimous that the historical power to 'nol pros' belon

11
State v. Andersongreen
· 1930 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004Until it does so, however, local prosecutors retain the common law nolle prosequi power.”); State v. Jackson, 420 So.2d 320, 322 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1982) ("In the absence of statute, the common law continues to be in force in most of the states of this country.”); Pryor v. Thomas, Ky., 361 S.W.2d 279, 280 (1962) ("it has long been accepted by the bench and bar that the common law prevails unless changed by our constitution or statutes.”); Commonwealth v. Kindness, 247 Pa.Super. 99 , 371 A.2d 1346, 1349 (1977) ("The authorities are virtually unanimous that the historical power to 'nol pros' belon

2004Until it does so, however, local prosecutors retain the common law nolle prosequi power.”); State v. Jackson, 420 So.2d 320, 322 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1982) ("In the absence of statute, the common law continues to be in force in most of the states of this country.”); Pryor v. Thomas, Ky., 361 S.W.2d 279, 280 (1962) ("it has long been accepted by the bench and bar that the common law prevails unless changed by our constitution or statutes.”); Commonwealth v. Kindness, 247 Pa.Super. 99 , 371 A.2d 1346, 1349 (1977) ("The authorities are virtually unanimous that the historical power to 'nol pros' belon

11
Ex Parte Auditor of Public Accountsgreen
ky · 1980 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
2 sentences

2001Indeed, we affirmed the basic proposition that the Court has authority over admission to and discipline of members of the bar in Ex Parte Auditor of Public Accounts, Ky., 609 S.W.2d 682, 683-84 (1980), when we stated, “There can be no doubt that this constitutional amendment completely removed the subject from any legislative authority and rendered obsolete and ineffective statutes pertaining to it.” Furthermore, Appellant points out that this Court has declared unconstitutional the General Assembly’s attempts to legislate aspects of legal practice, procedure, admission or discipline. 1 Howeve

2001Indeed, we affirmed the basic proposition that the Court has authority over admission to and discipline of members of the bar in Ex Parte Auditor of Public Accounts, Ky., 609 S.W.2d 682, 683-84 (1980), when we stated, "There can be no doubt that this constitutional amendment completely removed the subject from any legislative authority and rendered obsolete and ineffective statutes pertaining to it." Furthermore, Appellant points out that this Court has declared unconstitutional the General Assembly's attempts to legislate aspects of legal practice, procedure, admission or discipline. [1] Howe

11
Kentucky Bar Ass'n v. Rankingreen
ky · 1993 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
1 sentence

1998After oral argument, by a majority vote, the Board of Governors found the Respondent herein not guilty of Count I, guilty of Count II, and recommended a six-month suspension, probated for two years under the following conditions: (1) that the Respondent abstain from the consumption of alcoholic beverages; (2) that the Respondent continue attending Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meetings; (3) that the Respondent submit to supervision by an attorney as approved by the Executive Director of the Kentucky Bar Association, the terms of said supervision to be equivalent to those set out in Kentucky Bar As

11
In Re Raggiogreen
nev · 1971 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 1980–1980
2 sentences

1980“Nor does free speech give a lawyer the right to openly denigrate the court in the eyes of the public.” In re Raggio, 87 Nev. 369, 371 , 487 P.2d 499, 500 (1971).

1980“Nor does free speech give a lawyer the right to openly denigrate the court in the eyes of the public.” In re Raggio, 87 Nev. 369, 371 , 487 P.2d 499, 500 (1971).

11
Matter of Frerichsgreen
iowa · 1976 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 1980–1980
2 sentences

1980“Our system of justice rests upon the mutual regard of the bench and bar.” Matter of Frerichs, supra at 766. “[I]n the case of a lawyer an abuse of the right of free speech may be some index of his character or fitness to be a lawyer.” In re Lacey, S.D., 283 N.W.2d 250, 252 (1979) quoting In re Gorsuch, 76 S.D. 191 , 75 N.W.2d 644 , 57 A.L.R.2d 1355 (1956).

1980“Our system of justice rests upon the mutual regard of the bench and bar.” Matter of Frerichs, supra at 766. “[I]n the case of a lawyer an abuse of the right of free speech may be some index of his character or fitness to be a lawyer.” In re Lacey, S.D., 283 N.W.2d 250, 252 (1979) quoting In re Gorsuch, 76 S.D. 191 , 75 N.W.2d 644 , 57 A.L.R.2d 1355 (1956).

11
In Re the Discipline of Laceygreen
sd · 1979 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 1980–1980
2 sentences

1980“Our system of justice rests upon the mutual regard of the bench and bar.” Matter of Frerichs, supra at 766. “[I]n the case of a lawyer an abuse of the right of free speech may be some index of his character or fitness to be a lawyer.” In re Lacey, S.D., 283 N.W.2d 250, 252 (1979) quoting In re Gorsuch, 76 S.D. 191 , 75 N.W.2d 644 , 57 A.L.R.2d 1355 (1956).

1980“Our system of justice rests upon the mutual regard of the bench and bar.” Matter of Frerichs, supra at 766. “[I]n the case of a lawyer an abuse of the right of free speech may be some index of his character or fitness to be a lawyer.” In re Lacey, S.D., 283 N.W.2d 250, 252 (1979) quoting In re Gorsuch, 76 S.D. 191 , 75 N.W.2d 644 , 57 A.L.R.2d 1355 (1956).

11
Gulf Interstate Gas Company v. Garvingreen
kyctapphigh · 1963 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 1967–1967
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Kentucky. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (30)

CaseCitedYears
Commonwealth v. Claycomb green
moctapp · 2018
2 sentences

2022The members of the class, however, briefed the statute of limitations issue and “request[ed] guidance for the bench and bar regarding the applicability of the saving statute and/or equitable tolling principles for MRP claims filed with the Cabinet that should now proceed to court.” On November 15, 2018, this Court issued its opinion in Commonwealth v. Claycomb, 566 S.W.3d 202 (Ky. 2018), in which we held that the MRPA was unconstitutional.

2020The members of the class, however, briefed the statute of limitations issue and “request[ed] guidance for the bench and bar regarding the applicability of the 4 saving statute and/or equitable tolling principles for MRP claims filed with the Cabinet that should now proceed to court.” On November 15, 2018, this Court issued its opinion in Commonwealth v. Claycomb, 566 S.W.3d 202 (Ky. 2018), in which we held that the MRPA was unconstitutional.

22020–2022
Baptist Healthcare Systems, Inc. v. Miller green
ky · 2005
2 sentences

2010If the court determines within its discretion that an expert is needed, it should give the plaintiff a reasonable amount of time to identify an expert as outlined by this Court in Baptist Healthcare, supra. However, if the need for an expert is never disputed and if it would be unreasonable for the plaintiff to argue that an expert is not needed, (and most particularly if the plaintiff requests an extension for the express purpose of securing more time to identify his experts), there is no reason for a trial court first to enter a separate ruling informing the plaintiff that his ease requires

2010If the court determines within its discretion that an expert is needed, it should give the plaintiff a reasonable amount of time to identify an expert as outlined by this Court in Baptist Healthcare, supra. Id. at 672-73.

22010–2010
Conley v. Hall green
kyctapphigh · 1965
2 sentences

1967Cf. Conley v. Hall, Ky., 395 S. W.2d 575 (1965).

1967Cf. Conley v. Hall, Ky., 395 S.W.2d 575 (1965).

21967–1967
Stephen Marchese v. Allison Aebersold green
ky · 2017
1 sentence

2025The Court added the following “for further guidance of the bench and bar [to] address the merits of the evidentiary issue presented.” Id. at 446 .

12025–2025
Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine green
scotus · 1981
2 sentences

2025Judge Bertelsman, -27- former federal judge of the Eastern District of Kentucky, helpfully and practically, explained this process.10 Bench and bar are well-advised to study it. 10 Judge Bertelsman said the following in a “restatement of the law reflected by Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248 , 101 S. Ct. 1089 , 67 L.

2025Judge Bertelsman, -27- former federal judge of the Eastern District of Kentucky, helpfully and practically, explained this process.10 Bench and bar are well-advised to study it. 10 Judge Bertelsman said the following in a “restatement of the law reflected by Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248 , 101 S. Ct. 1089 , 67 L.

12025–2025
Colyer v. Coyote Ridge Farm, LLC green
kyctapp · 2018
1 sentence

2025Colyer cautions “the bench and bar in Kentucky to not cite Dukes or Baker as authority for the erroneous proposition that easements appurtenant can never be extinguished by acts of the parties.” Colyer, 565 S.W.3d at 663 .

12025–2025
Mayo v. Commonwealth green
ky · 2010
1 sentence

2024We can certainly say that it would have been “[b]etter practice . . . for any discussion regarding an objection (including the grounds for the objection, any response thereto, and the trial court’s ruling) to have occurred at the bench outside the hearing of the jury.” Mayo v. Commonwealth, 322 S.W.3d 41 , 52 n.13 (Ky. 2010).

12024–2024
Butts v. Commonwealth green
ky · 1997
2 sentences

2012Going forward, this Court emphasizes to the bench and bar that while such an independent instruction is not required, Butts, 953 S.W.2d at 946 , it is available upon request if supported by the evidence, Sherroan, 142 S.W.3d at 23 .

2012The bench and bar is admonished only to be careful and that any “instruction on reasonable doubt as to the degree of the offense ... be given correctly.” Butts, 953 S.W.2d at 946 .

12012–2012
Bracy v. Gramley green
scotus · 1997
2 sentences

2012Instead, these questions are, in most cases, answered by common law, statute, or the professional standards of the bench and bar.” Bracy v. Gramley, 520 U.S. 899, 904 , 117 S.Ct. 1793 , 138 L.Ed.2d 97 (1997) (citations omitted).

2012Instead, these questions are, in most cases, answered by common law, statute, or the professional standards of the bench and bar.” Bracy v. Gramley, 520 U.S. 899, 904 , 117 S.Ct. 1793 , 138 L.Ed.2d 97 (1997) (citations omitted).

12012–2012
Sherroan v. Commonwealth green
ky · 2004
1 sentence

2012Going forward, this Court emphasizes to the bench and bar that while such an independent instruction is not required, Butts, 953 S.W.2d at 946 , it is available upon request if supported by the evidence, Sherroan, 142 S.W.3d at 23 .

12012–2012
Lawson v. Commonwealth green
ky · 2002
2 sentences

2003First, although KRS 520.095(l)(b)(2) also embraces “serious physical injury or death to ... any ... property," see Lawson v. Commonwealth, Ky., 85 S.W.3d 571 , 576 n. 9 (2002) (describing KRS 520.095(l)(b)(2) as a "curious phrasing” and observing that commentators have found it “largely incoherent in light of the KRS 500.080(15) definition of 'serious physical injury.’ "), the indictment in this case alleged only that Appellant’s act of fleeing and eluding had "created a substantial danger of death or serious injury to other [sic] person.” (Emphasis added).

2003First, although KRS 520.095(1)(b)(2) also embraces "serious physical injury or death to... any... property," see Lawson v. Commonwealth, Ky., 85 S.W.3d 571 , 576 n. 9 (2002) (describing KRS 520.095(1)(b)(2) as a "curious phrasing" and observing that commentators have found it "largely incoherent in light of the KRS 500.080(15) definition of `serious physical injury.'"), the indictment in this case alleged only that Appellant's act of fleeing and eluding had "created a substantial danger of death or serious injury to other [sic] person. " (Emphasis added).

12003–2003
Nix v. Jordan green
kyctapphigh · 1975
2 sentences

1986The Concurring Opinion in this case urges us "to overrule Nix v. Jordan, Ky., 532 S.W.2d 762 (1975)," which rejected extending the rule of apportioning of liability to a defendant's claim over against a third party defendant, for good and sufficient reasons.

1986The Concurring Opinion in this case urges us “to overrule Nix v. Jordan, Ky., 532 S.W.2d 762 (1975),” which rejected extending the rule of apportioning of liability to a defendant’s claim over against a third party defendant, for good and sufficient reasons.

11986–1986
In Re Gorsuch green
sd · 1956
11980–1980
Kentucky Bar Ass'n v. Clem neutral
ky · 1977
11977–1977
Gilbert v. Union College green
kyctapphigh · 1961
11975–1975
Orr v. Coleman green
kyctapphigh · 1970
11975–1975
Smith v. Campbell green
kyctapphigh · 1955
11973–1973
Mooser v. Mason green
kyctapp · 1967
11967–1967
Nider v. Commonwealth green
kyctapp · 1910
11962–1962
Commonwealth v. Duvall green
kyctapphigh · 1927
11929–1929
Runyon v. Commonwealth green
kyctapphigh · 1926
11929–1929
Runyon v. Commonwealth neutral
kyctapphigh · 1926
11929–1929
Commonwealth v. Kelley green
kyctapp · 1907
11929–1929
Roland v. Commonwealth neutral
kyctapp · 1909
11929–1929
Dunavant v. Commonwealth neutral
kyctapp · 1911
11929–1929
Commonwealth v. Holliday neutral
kyctapp · 1915
11929–1929
Commonwealth v. Weddle green
· 1917
11929–1929
Spalding v. Alexander neutral
kyctapp · 1869
11908–1908
Schnabel v. Waggener neutral
kyctapp · 1904
11907–1907
Wood v. Jackson ex dem. Genet neutral
nysupct · 1837
11876–1876

Statutes the citing opinions construe

KY § Ky. Rev. Stat. § 421.500 (3) KY § Ky. Rev. Stat. § 532.050 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 232 (1876–2026) MI 145 (1920–2024) CA 104 (1866–2026) MS 99 (1954–2025) GA 93 (1905–2025) PA 91 (1830–2026) FL 83 (1912–2019) TN 73 (1903–2026) AL 65 (1868–2026) IL 56 (1879–2025) SC 52 (1914–2026) IA 41 (1915–2026) ID 40 (1979–2022) KS 40 (1871–2024) IN 39 (1872–2020) WI 38 (1881–2026) KY 38 (1876–2026) OK 37 (1897–2025) OR 34 (1955–2025) OH 34 (1907–2026) AR 29 (1929–2023) NJ 29 (1954–2021) WV 28 (1960–2022) MD 26 (1895–2019) NY 25 (1888–2022) LA 24 (1946–2024) MO 24 (1890–2018) SD 21 (1910–2022) NC 19 (1898–2020) WA 19 (1962–2025) UT 18 (1930–2020) MT 17 (1920–2022) CT 15 (1939–2026) NV 15 (1943–2021) VA 14 (1907–2026) MN 13 (1890–2010) AZ 13 (1935–2020) WY 12 (1975–2021) DC 9 (1972–2011) AK 8 (1964–2015) NE 8 (1898–2025) ME 7 (1972–2024) CO 7 (1915–2005) NM 7 (1937–2011) RI 7 (1986–2016) ND 5 (1911–1998) VT 3 (1875–1996) PR 3 (1955–1963) MA 3 (1823–1991) NH 2 (1985–1998) DE 2 (1936–1997) HI 2 (1902–2016)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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