bench bar in Virginia

14 Virginia opinions name it 2 courts 1907–2026 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Virginia courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (9)

Case	Followed	Cited
Burton & Conquest v. Commonwealthgreen va · 1908 · cited in 1 Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026 1 sentence 2026As we explained in Burton v. Commonwealth, 108 Va. 892, 899 (1908), the reasonable hypothesis formulation “does not leave the jury at liberty to guess, and where a fact is equally susceptible of two interpretations, one of which is consistent with the innocence of the accused, they cannot 6 An excellent example of the confusion sown by the reasonable hypothesis of innocence principle can be found in the en banc decision of the Court of Appeals in Fary v. Commonwealth, 77 Va. App. 331 (2023) (en banc), aff’d, 303 Va. 1 (2024).	1	1
Oak Knolls Realty Corp. v. Thomasgreen va · 1971 · cited in 1 Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011 2 sentences 2011Rather, the majority holds a trial court does not err by applying the reliability test, but "the balancing test ought to be the preferred test." Appellate courts make decisions in part "as a guide for the trial courts." Oak Knolls Realty Corp. v. Thomas, 212 Va. 396, 397 , 184 S.E.2d 809, 810 (1971); see also Smith v. Commonwealth, 56 Va.App. 351, 367 , 693 S.E.2d 765, 773 (2010) (Petty, J., dissenting) ("Fortunately, the Supreme Court . . . expressly defined the term [jurisdiction] so as to guide both the bench and bar. . . ."). 2011Rather, the majority holds a trial court does not err by applying the reliability test, but "the balancing test ought to be the preferred test." Appellate courts make decisions in part "as a guide for the trial courts." Oak Knolls Realty Corp. v. Thomas, 212 Va. 396, 397 , 184 S.E.2d 809, 810 (1971); see also Smith v. Commonwealth, 56 Va.App. 351, 367 , 693 S.E.2d 765, 773 (2010) (Petty, J., dissenting) ("Fortunately, the Supreme Court . . . expressly defined the term [jurisdiction] so as to guide both the bench and bar. . . .").	1	1
Smith v. Commonwealthgreen vactapp · 2010 · cited in 1 Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011 2 sentences 2011Rather, the majority holds a trial court does not err by applying the reliability test, but "the balancing test ought to be the preferred test." Appellate courts make decisions in part "as a guide for the trial courts." Oak Knolls Realty Corp. v. Thomas, 212 Va. 396, 397 , 184 S.E.2d 809, 810 (1971); see also Smith v. Commonwealth, 56 Va.App. 351, 367 , 693 S.E.2d 765, 773 (2010) (Petty, J., dissenting) ("Fortunately, the Supreme Court . . . expressly defined the term [jurisdiction] so as to guide both the bench and bar. . . ."). 2011Rather, the majority holds a trial court does not err by applying the reliability test, but "the balancing test ought to be the preferred test." Appellate courts make decisions in part "as a guide for the trial courts." Oak Knolls Realty Corp. v. Thomas, 212 Va. 396, 397 , 184 S.E.2d 809, 810 (1971); see also Smith v. Commonwealth, 56 Va.App. 351, 367 , 693 S.E.2d 765, 773 (2010) (Petty, J., dissenting) ("Fortunately, the Supreme Court . . . expressly defined the term [jurisdiction] so as to guide both the bench and bar. . . .").	1	1
Comptroller Ex Rel. Virginia Military Institute v. Kinggreen va · 1977 · cited in 1 Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010 2 sentences 2010Shipman, 267 Va. at 502-03 , 593 S.E.2d at 323 ; Virginia Military Inst. v. King, 217 Va. 751, 759 , 232 S.E.2d 895, 900 (1977). 2010Shipman, 267 Va. at 502-03 , 593 S.E.2d at 323 ; Virginia Military Inst. v. King, 217 Va. 751, 759 , 232 S.E.2d 895, 900 (1977).	1	1
Farant Investment Corp. v. Francisgreen va · 1924 · cited in 1 Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010 2 sentences 2010Corp. v. Francis, 138 Va. 417, 427-28 , 122 S.E. 141, 144 (1924)); accord Ghameshlouy, 279 Va. at 389 , 689 S.E.2d at 703 (referring to each type of jurisdiction listed above as an element of a court’s “ ‘active jurisdiction’ ” (quoting Bd. of Supervisors v. Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 271 Va. 336, 343-44 , 626 S.E.2d 374, 379 (2006))). 2010Corp. v. Francis, 138 Va. 417, 427-28 , 122 S.E. 141, 144 (1924)); accord Ghameshlouy, 279 Va. at 389 , 689 S.E.2d at 703 (referring to each type of jurisdiction listed above as an element of a court’s “ ‘active jurisdiction’ ” (quoting Bd. of Supervisors v. Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 271 Va. 336, 343-44 , 626 S.E.2d 374, 379 (2006))).	1	1
Ghameshlouy v. Com.green va · 2010 · cited in 1 Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010 2 sentences 2010Corp. v. Francis, 138 Va. 417, 427-28 , 122 S.E. 141, 144 (1924)); accord Ghameshlouy, 279 Va. at 389 , 689 S.E.2d at 703 (referring to each type of jurisdiction listed above as an element of a court’s “ ‘active jurisdiction’ ” (quoting Bd. of Supervisors v. Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 271 Va. 336, 343-44 , 626 S.E.2d 374, 379 (2006))). 2010Corp. v. Francis, 138 Va. 417, 427-28 , 122 S.E. 141, 144 (1924)); accord Ghameshlouy, 279 Va. at 389 , 689 S.E.2d at 703 (referring to each type of jurisdiction listed above as an element of a court’s “ ‘active jurisdiction’ ” (quoting Bd. of Supervisors v. Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 271 Va. 336, 343-44 , 626 S.E.2d 374, 379 (2006))).	1	1
Board of Supervisors v. BOARD OF ZONINGgreen va · 2006 · cited in 1 Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010 2 sentences 2010Corp. v. Francis, 138 Va. 417, 427-28 , 122 S.E. 141, 144 (1924)); accord Ghameshlouy, 279 Va. at 389 , 689 S.E.2d at 703 (referring to each type of jurisdiction listed above as an element of a court’s “ ‘active jurisdiction’ ” (quoting Bd. of Supervisors v. Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 271 Va. 336, 343-44 , 626 S.E.2d 374, 379 (2006))). 2010Corp. v. Francis, 138 Va. 417, 427-28 , 122 S.E. 141, 144 (1924)); accord Ghameshlouy, 279 Va. at 389 , 689 S.E.2d at 703 (referring to each type of jurisdiction listed above as an element of a court’s “ ‘active jurisdiction’ ” (quoting Bd. of Supervisors v. Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 271 Va. 336, 343-44 , 626 S.E.2d 374, 379 (2006))).	1	1
Federal Trade Commission v. Cement Institutegreen scotus · 1948 · cited in 1 Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006 2 sentences 2006Instead, these questions are, in most cases, answered by common law, statute, or the professional standards of the bench and bar. 347 Bracy v. Gramley, 520 U.S. 899, 904 , 117 S.Ct. 1793, 1797 , 138 L.Ed.2d 97 (1997) (citation omitted); see also FTC v. Cement Institute, 333 U.S. 683, 702 , 68 S.Ct. 793, 804 , 92 L.Ed. 1010 (1948) (noting that "most matters relating to judicial disqualification [do] not rise to a constitutional level"). 2006Instead, these questions are, in most cases, answered by common law, statute, or the professional standards of the bench and bar. 347 Bracy v. Gramley, 520 U.S. 899, 904 , 117 S.Ct. 1793, 1797 , 138 L.Ed.2d 97 (1997) (citation omitted); see also FTC v. Cement Institute, 333 U.S. 683, 702 , 68 S.Ct. 793, 804 , 92 L.Ed. 1010 (1948) (noting that "most matters relating to judicial disqualification [do] not rise to a constitutional level").	1	1
Rexrode v. Rexrodegreen vactapp · 1986 · cited in 1 Virginia opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987 1 sentence 1987Rexrode v. Rexrode, 1 Va. *23 App. 385, 393, 339 S.E.2d 544, 549 (1986). 1 Perhaps it is unfortunate that this relatively new statute has come to be commonly referred to as an “equitable distribution” statute; the use of the term “distribution” in connection with this statute has caused considerable confusion and misapplication of the statute among the bench and bar.	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Virginia. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (18)

Case	Cited	Years
Van Dam v. Gay green va · 2010 2 sentences 2018This time-honored [accrual] rule may produce inequities by triggering a statute of limitations when the injury or damage is unknown or difficult or even incapable of discovery, but we have long concluded that it is the role of the General Assembly, not the courts, to change a rule of law that has been relied upon by the bench and bar for many years. 280 Va. at 463 , 699 S.E.2d 480 . 2018This time-honored [accrual] rule may produce inequities by triggering a statute of limitations when the injury or damage is unknown or difficult or even incapable of discovery, but we have long concluded that it is the role of the General Assembly, not the courts, to change a rule of law that has been relied upon by the bench and bar for many years. 280 Va. at 463 , 699 S.E.2d 480 .	3	2016–2018
Jackson v. Washington green va · 2005 2 sentences 2015The Supreme Court added that it had not previously considered a case assessing “the impact upon a criminal trial of an accused being compelled to stand trial before a jury in jail or prison clothes,” which “suggested] the sensitivity and respect by the bench and bar of this Commonwealth for an accused’s right to a fair trial” and caused the Supreme Court to infer that “the incidence of such occurrence is rightfully rare.” Id. at 279 , 619 S.E.2d at 97 . 2015The Supreme Court added that it had not previously considered a case assessing “the impact upon a criminal trial of an accused being compelled to stand trial before a jury in jail or prison clothes,” which “suggested] the sensitivity and respect by the bench and bar of this Commonwealth for an accused’s right to a fair trial” and caused the Supreme Court to infer that “the incidence of such occurrence is rightfully rare.” Id. at 279 , 619 S.E.2d at 97 .	1	2015–2015
Shipman v. Kruck green va · 2004 2 sentences 2010Shipman, 267 Va. at 502-03 , 593 S.E.2d at 323 ; Virginia Military Inst. v. King, 217 Va. 751, 759 , 232 S.E.2d 895, 900 (1977). 2010Shipman, 267 Va. at 502-03 , 593 S.E.2d at 323 ; Virginia Military Inst. v. King, 217 Va. 751, 759 , 232 S.E.2d 895, 900 (1977).	1	2010–2010
Porter v. Com. green va · 2008 2 sentences 2010Fortunately, the Supreme Court did not end its discussion with such a defeated tone, but rather expressly defined the term so as to guide both the bench and bar toward a greater understanding of such a confusing concept: The term jurisdiction embraces several concepts including subject matter jurisdiction, which is the authority granted through constitution or statute to adjudicate a class of cases or controversies; territorial jurisdiction, that is, authority over persons, things, or occurrences located in a defined geographic area; notice jurisdiction, or effective notice to a party or if th 2010Fortunately, the Supreme Court did not end its discussion with such a defeated tone, but rather expressly defined the term so as to guide both the bench and bar toward a greater understanding of such a confusing concept: The term jurisdiction embraces several concepts including subject matter jurisdiction, which is the authority granted through constitution or statute to adjudicate a class of cases or controversies; territorial jurisdiction, that is, authority over persons, things, or occurrences located in a defined geographic area; notice jurisdiction, or effective notice to a party or if th	1	2010–2010
Bracy v. Gramley green scotus · 1997 2 sentences 2006Instead, these questions are, in most cases, answered by common law, statute, or the professional standards of the bench and bar. 347 Bracy v. Gramley, 520 U.S. 899, 904 , 117 S.Ct. 1793, 1797 , 138 L.Ed.2d 97 (1997) (citation omitted); see also FTC v. Cement Institute, 333 U.S. 683, 702 , 68 S.Ct. 793, 804 , 92 L.Ed. 1010 (1948) (noting that "most matters relating to judicial disqualification [do] not rise to a constitutional level"). 2006Instead, these questions are, in most cases, answered by common law, statute, or the professional standards of the bench and bar. 347 Bracy v. Gramley, 520 U.S. 899, 904 , 117 S.Ct. 1793, 1797 , 138 L.Ed.2d 97 (1997) (citation omitted); see also FTC v. Cement Institute, 333 U.S. 683, 702 , 68 S.Ct. 793, 804 , 92 L.Ed. 1010 (1948) (noting that "most matters relating to judicial disqualification [do] not rise to a constitutional level").	1	2006–2006
JWJ v. State of Georgia green gactapp · 1976 2 sentences 1992Eaton v. City of Tulsa, 415 U.S. 697 , 94 S.Ct. 1228 , 39 L.Ed.2d 693 (1974); Lewis v. City of New Orleans, 415 U.S. 130 , 94 S.Ct. 970 , 39 L.Ed.2d 214 (1974); Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe, 402 U.S. 415 , 91 S.Ct. 1575 , 29 L.Ed.2d 1 (1971); Diehl v. State, 294 Md. 466 , 451 A.2d 115 , cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1098 , 103 S.Ct. 1798 , 76 L.Ed.2d 363 (1982); Rozier v. State, 140 Ga. App. 356 , 231 S.E.2d 131 (1976); Ware v. City and County of Denver, 182 Colo. 177 , 511 P.2d 475 (1973). [2] We do not hold that there must be a certain minimum distance between the parties in order to s 1992Eaton v. City of Tulsa, 415 U.S. 697 (1974); Lewis v. City of New Orleans, 415 U.S. 130 (1974); Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe, 402 U.S. 415 (1971); Ware v. City & County of Denver, 182 Colo. 177 , 511 P.2d 475 (1973); Rozier v. State, 140 Ga. App. 356 , 231 S.E.2d 131 (1976); Diehl v. State, 294 Md. 466 , 451 A.2d 115 (1982), cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1098 (1983).	1	1992–1992
Rozier v. State green gactapp · 1976 2 sentences 1992Eaton v. City of Tulsa, 415 U.S. 697 , 94 S.Ct. 1228 , 39 L.Ed.2d 693 (1974); Lewis v. City of New Orleans, 415 U.S. 130 , 94 S.Ct. 970 , 39 L.Ed.2d 214 (1974); Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe, 402 U.S. 415 , 91 S.Ct. 1575 , 29 L.Ed.2d 1 (1971); Diehl v. State, 294 Md. 466 , 451 A.2d 115 , cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1098 , 103 S.Ct. 1798 , 76 L.Ed.2d 363 (1982); Rozier v. State, 140 Ga. App. 356 , 231 S.E.2d 131 (1976); Ware v. City and County of Denver, 182 Colo. 177 , 511 P.2d 475 (1973). [2] We do not hold that there must be a certain minimum distance between the parties in order to s 1992Eaton v. City of Tulsa, 415 U.S. 697 (1974); Lewis v. City of New Orleans, 415 U.S. 130 (1974); Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe, 402 U.S. 415 (1971); Ware v. City & County of Denver, 182 Colo. 177 , 511 P.2d 475 (1973); Rozier v. State, 140 Ga. App. 356 , 231 S.E.2d 131 (1976); Diehl v. State, 294 Md. 466 , 451 A.2d 115 (1982), cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1098 (1983).	1	1992–1992
Ware v. City and County of Denver green colo · 1973 2 sentences 1992Eaton v. City of Tulsa, 415 U.S. 697 , 94 S.Ct. 1228 , 39 L.Ed.2d 693 (1974); Lewis v. City of New Orleans, 415 U.S. 130 , 94 S.Ct. 970 , 39 L.Ed.2d 214 (1974); Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe, 402 U.S. 415 , 91 S.Ct. 1575 , 29 L.Ed.2d 1 (1971); Diehl v. State, 294 Md. 466 , 451 A.2d 115 , cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1098 , 103 S.Ct. 1798 , 76 L.Ed.2d 363 (1982); Rozier v. State, 140 Ga. App. 356 , 231 S.E.2d 131 (1976); Ware v. City and County of Denver, 182 Colo. 177 , 511 P.2d 475 (1973). [2] We do not hold that there must be a certain minimum distance between the parties in order to s 1992Eaton v. City of Tulsa, 415 U.S. 697 , 94 S.Ct. 1228 , 39 L.Ed.2d 693 (1974); Lewis v. City of New Orleans, 415 U.S. 130 , 94 S.Ct. 970 , 39 L.Ed.2d 214 (1974); Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe, 402 U.S. 415 , 91 S.Ct. 1575 , 29 L.Ed.2d 1 (1971); Diehl v. State, 294 Md. 466 , 451 A.2d 115 , cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1098 , 103 S.Ct. 1798 , 76 L.Ed.2d 363 (1982); Rozier v. State, 140 Ga. App. 356 , 231 S.E.2d 131 (1976); Ware v. City and County of Denver, 182 Colo. 177 , 511 P.2d 475 (1973). [2] We do not hold that there must be a certain minimum distance between the parties in order to s	1	1992–1992
Eaton v. City of Tulsa green scotus · 1974 2 sentences 1992Eaton v. City of Tulsa, 415 U.S. 697 , 94 S.Ct. 1228 , 39 L.Ed.2d 693 (1974); Lewis v. City of New Orleans, 415 U.S. 130 , 94 S.Ct. 970 , 39 L.Ed.2d 214 (1974); Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe, 402 U.S. 415 , 91 S.Ct. 1575 , 29 L.Ed.2d 1 (1971); Diehl v. State, 294 Md. 466 , 451 A.2d 115 , cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1098 , 103 S.Ct. 1798 , 76 L.Ed.2d 363 (1982); Rozier v. State, 140 Ga. App. 356 , 231 S.E.2d 131 (1976); Ware v. City and County of Denver, 182 Colo. 177 , 511 P.2d 475 (1973). [2] We do not hold that there must be a certain minimum distance between the parties in order to s 1992Eaton v. City of Tulsa, 415 U.S. 697 , 94 S.Ct. 1228 , 39 L.Ed.2d 693 (1974); Lewis v. City of New Orleans, 415 U.S. 130 , 94 S.Ct. 970 , 39 L.Ed.2d 214 (1974); Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe, 402 U.S. 415 , 91 S.Ct. 1575 , 29 L.Ed.2d 1 (1971); Diehl v. State, 294 Md. 466 , 451 A.2d 115 , cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1098 , 103 S.Ct. 1798 , 76 L.Ed.2d 363 (1982); Rozier v. State, 140 Ga. App. 356 , 231 S.E.2d 131 (1976); Ware v. City and County of Denver, 182 Colo. 177 , 511 P.2d 475 (1973). [2] We do not hold that there must be a certain minimum distance between the parties in order to s	1	1992–1992
Lewis v. City of New Orleans green scotus · 1974 2 sentences 1992Eaton v. City of Tulsa, 415 U.S. 697 , 94 S.Ct. 1228 , 39 L.Ed.2d 693 (1974); Lewis v. City of New Orleans, 415 U.S. 130 , 94 S.Ct. 970 , 39 L.Ed.2d 214 (1974); Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe, 402 U.S. 415 , 91 S.Ct. 1575 , 29 L.Ed.2d 1 (1971); Diehl v. State, 294 Md. 466 , 451 A.2d 115 , cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1098 , 103 S.Ct. 1798 , 76 L.Ed.2d 363 (1982); Rozier v. State, 140 Ga. App. 356 , 231 S.E.2d 131 (1976); Ware v. City and County of Denver, 182 Colo. 177 , 511 P.2d 475 (1973). [2] We do not hold that there must be a certain minimum distance between the parties in order to s 1992Eaton v. City of Tulsa, 415 U.S. 697 , 94 S.Ct. 1228 , 39 L.Ed.2d 693 (1974); Lewis v. City of New Orleans, 415 U.S. 130 , 94 S.Ct. 970 , 39 L.Ed.2d 214 (1974); Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe, 402 U.S. 415 , 91 S.Ct. 1575 , 29 L.Ed.2d 1 (1971); Diehl v. State, 294 Md. 466 , 451 A.2d 115 , cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1098 , 103 S.Ct. 1798 , 76 L.Ed.2d 363 (1982); Rozier v. State, 140 Ga. App. 356 , 231 S.E.2d 131 (1976); Ware v. City and County of Denver, 182 Colo. 177 , 511 P.2d 475 (1973). [2] We do not hold that there must be a certain minimum distance between the parties in order to s	1	1992–1992
Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe green scotus · 1971 2 sentences 1992Eaton v. City of Tulsa, 415 U.S. 697 , 94 S.Ct. 1228 , 39 L.Ed.2d 693 (1974); Lewis v. City of New Orleans, 415 U.S. 130 , 94 S.Ct. 970 , 39 L.Ed.2d 214 (1974); Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe, 402 U.S. 415 , 91 S.Ct. 1575 , 29 L.Ed.2d 1 (1971); Diehl v. State, 294 Md. 466 , 451 A.2d 115 , cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1098 , 103 S.Ct. 1798 , 76 L.Ed.2d 363 (1982); Rozier v. State, 140 Ga. App. 356 , 231 S.E.2d 131 (1976); Ware v. City and County of Denver, 182 Colo. 177 , 511 P.2d 475 (1973). [2] We do not hold that there must be a certain minimum distance between the parties in order to s 1992Eaton v. City of Tulsa, 415 U.S. 697 , 94 S.Ct. 1228 , 39 L.Ed.2d 693 (1974); Lewis v. City of New Orleans, 415 U.S. 130 , 94 S.Ct. 970 , 39 L.Ed.2d 214 (1974); Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe, 402 U.S. 415 , 91 S.Ct. 1575 , 29 L.Ed.2d 1 (1971); Diehl v. State, 294 Md. 466 , 451 A.2d 115 , cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1098 , 103 S.Ct. 1798 , 76 L.Ed.2d 363 (1982); Rozier v. State, 140 Ga. App. 356 , 231 S.E.2d 131 (1976); Ware v. City and County of Denver, 182 Colo. 177 , 511 P.2d 475 (1973). [2] We do not hold that there must be a certain minimum distance between the parties in order to s	1	1992–1992
Diehl v. State green md · 1982 2 sentences 1992Eaton v. City of Tulsa, 415 U.S. 697 , 94 S.Ct. 1228 , 39 L.Ed.2d 693 (1974); Lewis v. City of New Orleans, 415 U.S. 130 , 94 S.Ct. 970 , 39 L.Ed.2d 214 (1974); Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe, 402 U.S. 415 , 91 S.Ct. 1575 , 29 L.Ed.2d 1 (1971); Diehl v. State, 294 Md. 466 , 451 A.2d 115 , cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1098 , 103 S.Ct. 1798 , 76 L.Ed.2d 363 (1982); Rozier v. State, 140 Ga. App. 356 , 231 S.E.2d 131 (1976); Ware v. City and County of Denver, 182 Colo. 177 , 511 P.2d 475 (1973). [2] We do not hold that there must be a certain minimum distance between the parties in order to s 1992Eaton v. City of Tulsa, 415 U.S. 697 , 94 S.Ct. 1228 , 39 L.Ed.2d 693 (1974); Lewis v. City of New Orleans, 415 U.S. 130 , 94 S.Ct. 970 , 39 L.Ed.2d 214 (1974); Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe, 402 U.S. 415 , 91 S.Ct. 1575 , 29 L.Ed.2d 1 (1971); Diehl v. State, 294 Md. 466 , 451 A.2d 115 , cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1098 , 103 S.Ct. 1798 , 76 L.Ed.2d 363 (1982); Rozier v. State, 140 Ga. App. 356 , 231 S.E.2d 131 (1976); Ware v. City and County of Denver, 182 Colo. 177 , 511 P.2d 475 (1973). [2] We do not hold that there must be a certain minimum distance between the parties in order to s	1	1992–1992
Meachum Et Al. v. Longval green scotus · 1983 2 sentences 1992Eaton v. City of Tulsa, 415 U.S. 697 , 94 S.Ct. 1228 , 39 L.Ed.2d 693 (1974); Lewis v. City of New Orleans, 415 U.S. 130 , 94 S.Ct. 970 , 39 L.Ed.2d 214 (1974); Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe, 402 U.S. 415 , 91 S.Ct. 1575 , 29 L.Ed.2d 1 (1971); Diehl v. State, 294 Md. 466 , 451 A.2d 115 , cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1098 , 103 S.Ct. 1798 , 76 L.Ed.2d 363 (1982); Rozier v. State, 140 Ga. App. 356 , 231 S.E.2d 131 (1976); Ware v. City and County of Denver, 182 Colo. 177 , 511 P.2d 475 (1973). [2] We do not hold that there must be a certain minimum distance between the parties in order to s 1992Eaton v. City of Tulsa, 415 U.S. 697 (1974); Lewis v. City of New Orleans, 415 U.S. 130 (1974); Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe, 402 U.S. 415 (1971); Ware v. City & County of Denver, 182 Colo. 177 , 511 P.2d 475 (1973); Rozier v. State, 140 Ga. App. 356 , 231 S.E.2d 131 (1976); Diehl v. State, 294 Md. 466 , 451 A.2d 115 (1982), cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1098 (1983).	1	1992–1992
Marshall v. Fowler green scotus · 1983 1 sentence 1992Eaton v. City of Tulsa, 415 U.S. 697 , 94 S.Ct. 1228 , 39 L.Ed.2d 693 (1974); Lewis v. City of New Orleans, 415 U.S. 130 , 94 S.Ct. 970 , 39 L.Ed.2d 214 (1974); Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe, 402 U.S. 415 , 91 S.Ct. 1575 , 29 L.Ed.2d 1 (1971); Diehl v. State, 294 Md. 466 , 451 A.2d 115 , cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1098 , 103 S.Ct. 1798 , 76 L.Ed.2d 363 (1982); Rozier v. State, 140 Ga. App. 356 , 231 S.E.2d 131 (1976); Ware v. City and County of Denver, 182 Colo. 177 , 511 P.2d 475 (1973). [2] We do not hold that there must be a certain minimum distance between the parties in order to s	1	1992–1992
Balkcom v. Goodwin green scotus · 1983 1 sentence 1992Eaton v. City of Tulsa, 415 U.S. 697 , 94 S.Ct. 1228 , 39 L.Ed.2d 693 (1974); Lewis v. City of New Orleans, 415 U.S. 130 , 94 S.Ct. 970 , 39 L.Ed.2d 214 (1974); Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe, 402 U.S. 415 , 91 S.Ct. 1575 , 29 L.Ed.2d 1 (1971); Diehl v. State, 294 Md. 466 , 451 A.2d 115 , cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1098 , 103 S.Ct. 1798 , 76 L.Ed.2d 363 (1982); Rozier v. State, 140 Ga. App. 356 , 231 S.E.2d 131 (1976); Ware v. City and County of Denver, 182 Colo. 177 , 511 P.2d 475 (1973). [2] We do not hold that there must be a certain minimum distance between the parties in order to s	1	1992–1992
State v. Richardson green wash · 1938 2 sentences 1962The courts of several of our sister states have cited the case, with approval, in dealing with the question of the admissibility of similar evidence: In State Richardson, 197 Wash. 157 , 84 P.2d 699 , evidence of prior offenses, ranging far beyond that admitted in the case before us, was held to be competent to show motive for the killing. 1962The courts of several of our sister states have cited the case, with approval, in dealing with the question of the admissibility of similar evidence: In State Richardson, 197 Wash. 157 , 84 P.2d 699 , evidence of prior offenses, ranging far beyond that admitted in the case before us, was held to be competent to show motive for the killing.	1	1962–1962
Bukva v. Matthews neutral vactapp · 1927 2 sentences 1931Judge Crump, sitting as the president of the spe'cial court in the case of Bukva v. Matthews, 149 Va. 500 , 140 S. E. 674, 677 , stated that “section 5898 of the Code allows any trial judge in Virginia to preside over the court of any other judge in the State upon the mere request or procurement of the latter, without any designation by the Governor.” The above construction is in accord with the view long held by both the bench and the bar of this State. 1931Judge Crump, sitting as the president of the spe'cial court in the case of Bukva v. Matthews, 149 Va. 500 , 140 S. E. 674, 677 , stated that “section 5898 of the Code allows any trial judge in Virginia to preside over the court of any other judge in the State upon the mere request or procurement of the latter, without any designation by the Governor.” The above construction is in accord with the view long held by both the bench and the bar of this State.	1	1931–1931
Healy v. Rowan neutral va · 1849 1 sentence 1907The only other Virginia case which has been found, bearing on this subject, is Healy v. Rowan, 5 Gratt. 414 , 52 Am.	1	1907–1907

Statutes the citing opinions construe

VA § Va. Code Ann. § 8.01-230 (3) VA § Va. Code Ann. § 8.01-246 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 232 (1876–2026) MI 145 (1920–2024) CA 104 (1866–2026) MS 99 (1954–2025) GA 93 (1905–2025) PA 91 (1830–2026) FL 83 (1912–2019) TN 73 (1903–2026) AL 65 (1868–2026) IL 56 (1879–2025) SC 52 (1914–2026) IA 41 (1915–2026) ID 40 (1979–2022) KS 40 (1871–2024) IN 39 (1872–2020) WI 38 (1881–2026) KY 38 (1876–2026) OK 37 (1897–2025) OR 34 (1955–2025) OH 34 (1907–2026) AR 29 (1929–2023) NJ 29 (1954–2021) WV 28 (1960–2022) MD 26 (1895–2019) NY 25 (1888–2022) LA 24 (1946–2024) MO 24 (1890–2018) SD 21 (1910–2022) NC 19 (1898–2020) WA 19 (1962–2025) UT 18 (1930–2020) MT 17 (1920–2022) CT 15 (1939–2026) NV 15 (1943–2021) VA 14 (1907–2026) MN 13 (1890–2010) AZ 13 (1935–2020) WY 12 (1975–2021) DC 9 (1972–2011) AK 8 (1964–2015) NE 8 (1898–2025) ME 7 (1972–2024) CO 7 (1915–2005) NM 7 (1937–2011) RI 7 (1986–2016) ND 5 (1911–1998) VT 3 (1875–1996) PR 3 (1955–1963) MA 3 (1823–1991) NH 2 (1985–1998) DE 2 (1936–1997) HI 2 (1902–2016)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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