reasonable doubt error (Mississippi) · Go Syfert
← Mississippi issues

reasonable doubt error in Mississippi

145 Mississippi opinions name it 2 courts 1924–2026 20 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Mississippi courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (56)

CaseFollowedCited
Edwards v. Stategreen
miss · 1985 · cited in 18 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2003–2011
2 sentences

2011The evidence will be deemed sufficient if, bearing in mind the reasonable-doubt standard, “reasonable fair-minded men in the exercise of impartial judgment might reach different conclusions on every element of the offense.... ” Bush, 895 So.2d at 843 (citing Edwards v. State, 469 So.2d 68, 70 (Miss.1985)). ¶ 25.

2010However, mindful of the reasonable doubt standard, if “ ‘reasonable fair-minded men in the exercise of impartial judgment might reach different conclusions on every element of the offense,’ the evidence will be deemed to have been sufficient.” Bush, 895 So.2d at 843 (¶ 16) (quoting Edwards v. State, 469 So.2d 68, 70 (Miss.1985)). ¶ 34.

1818
Thomas v. Stategreen
miss · 1998 · cited in 17 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2003–2017
2 sentences

2017"The basic test for harmless error in the federal constitutional realm is ... whether it appears 'beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.' " Id. (quoting Thomas v. State , 711 So.2d 867 , 872 (¶ 25) (Miss. 1998) (citing Chapman v. California , 386 U.S. 18 , 87 S.Ct. 824 , 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967) )).

2012In this case, we cannot say “beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.” Brown, 995 So.2d at 704 (quoting Thomas v. State, 711 So.2d at 872 ).

1617
Brown v. Stategreen
miss · 2008 · cited in 15 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2006–2022
2 sentences

2022The standard for harmless error is “whether it appears ‘beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.’” Moffett v. State, 49 So. 3d 1073, 1099 (Miss. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Brown v. State, 995 So. 2d 698, 704 (Miss. 2008)).

2022An error may be deemed harmless if the Court can say “beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.” Moffett v. State, 49 So. 3d 1073, 1099 (Miss. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Brown v. State, 995 So. 2d 698, 704 (Miss. 2008)).

1115
Yates v. Evattgreen
scotus · 1991 · cited in 15 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1993–2010
2 sentences

2010The Chapman test is whether it appears “beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.” ([quoting] Yates v. Evatt, 500 U.S. 391, 392 , 111 S.Ct. 1884, 1886 , 114 L.Ed.2d 432, 448 (1991)[)].

2010The Chapman test is whether it appears “beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.” ([quoting] Yates v. Evatt, 500 U.S. 391, 392 , 111 S.Ct. 1884, 1886 , 114 L.Ed.2d 432, 448 (1991)[)].

715
Moffett v. Stategreen
miss · 2010 · cited in 7 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2009–2024
2 sentences

2022The standard for harmless error is “whether it appears ‘beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.’” Moffett v. State, 49 So. 3d 1073, 1099 (Miss. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Brown v. State, 995 So. 2d 698, 704 (Miss. 2008)).

2022An error may be deemed harmless if the Court can say “beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.” Moffett v. State, 49 So. 3d 1073, 1099 (Miss. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Brown v. State, 995 So. 2d 698, 704 (Miss. 2008)).

67
Smith v. Stategreen
miss · 2014 · cited in 7 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2014–2023
2 sentences

2023“Thus, where it is ‘clear beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the verdict,’ we need not reverse the conviction.’” Smith v. State, 136 So. 3d 424 (¶27) (Miss. 2014). ¶29.

2019Thus, where it is “clear beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the verdict,” we need not reverse the conviction. 16 Collier v. State, 183 So. 3d 885, 892 (Miss. 2016) (quoting Smith v. State, 136 So. 3d 424, 435 (Miss. 2014)). ¶35.

47
Conley v. Stategreen
miss · 2001 · cited in 4 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2010–2020
2 sentences

2020As our Supreme Court has said, an error is harmless when it is “clear beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.” Conley v. State, 790 So. 2d 773, 789 (¶55) (Miss. 2001).

2017See Conley v. State , 790 So.2d 773 , 789 (¶ 55) (Miss. 2001) (defining harmless error as "clear beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained").

44
Stokes v. Stategreen
miss · 1989 · cited in 4 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1998–2013
2 sentences

2013For an error to be harmless, it must be “clear beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.” Conley v. State, 790 So.2d 773, 789 (Miss.2001) (citing Stokes v. State, 548 So.2d 118, 124 (Miss.1989)).

2010For an error to be harmless, it must be “clear beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.” Conley v. State, 790 So. 2d 773, 789 (Miss. 2001) (citing Stokes v. State, 548 So. 2d 118, 124 (Miss. 1989)).

44
Bush v. Statered
miss · 2005 · cited in 11 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2003–2014
2 sentences

2014“The evidence will be deemed sufficient if, bearing in mind the reasonable-doubt standard, ‘reasonable fair-minded [jurors] in the exercise of impartial judgment might reach different conclusions on every element of the offense.’ ” Id.

2013“The evidence will be deemed sufficient if, bearing in mind the reasonable-doubt standard, ‘reasonable fair-minded men in the exercise of impartial judgment might reach different conclusions on every element of the offense.’ ” Id.

311
Gillett v. Stategreen
miss · 2014 · cited in 4 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2018–2025
2 sentences

2025“The well-settled standard for determining whether a constitutional error is harmless is whether it appears ‘beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.’” Ambrose [v. State], 254 So. 3d 15 [77,] 105 [(¶70) (Miss. 2018)] (internal quotation mark omitted) (quoting Gillett v. State, 148 So. 3d 260, 266 [(¶17)] (Miss. 2014)).

2022“The well-settled standard for determining whether a constitutional error is harmless is whether it appears ‘beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.’” Ambrose, 254 So. 3d at 105 (internal quotation mark omitted) (quoting Gillett v. State, 148 So. 3d 260, 266 (Miss. 2014)).

34
In the Interest of S.M.K.S. v. Youth Court of Union Countygreen
miss · 2015 · cited in 3 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2024–2026
2 sentences

2026However, if the evidence in the record supports the youth court’s adjudication, considering the reasonable-doubt standard, then we must affirm.’” Id. (alterations in original) (quoting In re Int. of S.M.K.S. v. Youth Ct. of Union Cnty., 155 So. 3d 747, 749 (Miss. 2015)). ¶12.

2026However, if the evidence in the record supports the youth court’s adjudication, considering the reasonable-doubt standard, then we must affirm.” In re Int. of S.M.K.S. v. Youth Ct. of Union Cnty., 155 So. 3d 747, 749 (Miss. 2015) (alteration in original) (quoting In re Int. of S.M.K.S. v. Youth Ct. of Union Cnty., 155 So. 2 This amount is one-third of the total damages claimed by Dollar General because the youth court assessed the damages equally among the three minors involved. 3 3d 876, 878-89 (Miss.

33
In the Interest of S.M.K.S. v. Youth Court of Union Countygreen
missctapp · 2014 · cited in 3 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2015–2024
2 sentences

2024However, if the evidence in the record supports the youth court’s adjudication, considering the reasonable-doubt standard, then we must affirm.” In re Int. of S.M.K.S. v. Youth Ct. of Union Cnty., 155 So. 3d 747, 749 (Miss. 2015) (second alteration in original) (quoting In re Int. of S.M.K.S. v. Youth Ct. of Union Cnty., 155 So. 3d 876, 878-89 (Miss.

2022However, if the evidence in the record supports the youth court’s adjudication, considering the reasonable-doubt standard, then we must affirm.” S.M.K.S. v. Youth Ct. of Union Cnty., 155 So. 3d 876, 878-89 (¶8) (Miss.

33
Neder v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1999 · cited in 7 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2000–2014
2 sentences

2014The test for harmless error is whether “it appears ‘beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.’ ” Neder, 527 U.S. at 15 , 119 S.Ct. at 1837 (quoting Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24 , 87 S.Ct. 824 , 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967)).

2014The test for harmless error is whether “it appears ‘beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.’ ” Neder, 527 U.S. at 15 , 119 S.Ct. at 1837 (quoting Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24 , 87 S.Ct. 824 , 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967)).

27
Delaware v. Van Arsdallgreen
scotus · 1986 · cited in 3 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2000–2022
2 sentences

2002That test, we said, is whether it appears "beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained." Id., at 24 , 386 U.S. 18 , 87 S.Ct. 824 , 17 L.Ed.2d 705 ; see Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 681 , 106 S.Ct. 1431 , 89 L.Ed.2d 674 (1986) ("[A]n otherwise valid conviction should not be set aside if the reviewing court may confidently say, on the whole record, that the constitutional error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt"). 527 U.S. at 15-16 , 119 S.Ct. 1827 . ¶ 40.

2002That test, we said, is whether it appears "beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained." Id., at 24 , 386 U.S. 18 , 87 S.Ct. 824 , 17 L.Ed.2d 705 ; see Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 681 , 106 S.Ct. 1431 , 89 L.Ed.2d 674 (1986) ("[A]n otherwise valid conviction should not be set aside if the reviewing court may confidently say, on the whole record, that the constitutional error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt"). 527 U.S. at 15-16 , 119 S.Ct. 1827 . ¶ 40.

23
Goforth v. Stategreen
miss · 2011 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2016–2019
2 sentences

2019Even so, “it appears beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.” Goforth v. State, 70 So. 3d 174, 187 (¶57) (Miss. 2011).

2016“The basic, harmless-error test in .such instances is ‘whether it appears, beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.’” Goforth v, State, 70 So.3d 174, 187 (¶ 57) (Miss.2011) (quoting Brown v. State, 995 So.2d 698, 704 (¶ 25) (Miss.2008)) (internal quotation marks omitted). ¶ 36.

22
Jordan v. Stategreen
miss · 2008 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2010–2013
2 sentences

2013Jordan v. State, 995 So.2d 94, 106 (Miss.2008). ¶ 19.

2010Jordan v. State, 995 So. 2d 94, 106 (Miss. 2008). ¶19.

22
Delashmit v. Stategreen
miss · 2008 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2007–2011
2 sentences

2011Phrased another way, in order to identify harmless error, an appellate court must determine “beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.” Delashmit v. State, 991 So.2d 1215, 1223 (Miss.2008).

2007Phrased another way, in order to identify harmless error, an appellate court must determine “beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.” Delashmit v. State, 991 So. 2d 1215, 1223 (Miss. 2008).

22
Brown v. Stategreen
miss · 2007 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2008–2009
2 sentences

2009Boone v. State, 973 So.2d 237, 242 (¶ 18) (Miss.2008) (quoting Brown v. State, 970 So.2d 710, 712-13 (¶ 7) (Miss.2007)) (internal citations omitted). ¶ 9.

2008Boone v. State, 973 So.2d 237, 242 (¶ 18) (Miss.2008) (internal citations and quotations omitted) (quoting Brown, v. State, 970 So.2d 710, 712-13 (¶ 7) (Miss.2007)). ¶ 23.

22
Boone v. Stategreen
miss · 2008 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2008–2009
2 sentences

2009Boone v. State, 973 So.2d 237, 242 (¶ 18) (Miss.2008) (quoting Brown v. State, 970 So.2d 710, 712-13 (¶ 7) (Miss.2007)) (internal citations omitted). ¶ 9.

2008Boone v. State, 973 So.2d 237, 242 (¶ 18) (Miss.2008) (internal citations and quotations omitted) (quoting Brown, v. State, 970 So.2d 710, 712-13 (¶ 7) (Miss.2007)). ¶ 23.

22
Ballenger v. Stategreen
miss · 1995 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2003–2008
22
Green v. Stategreen
miss · 1994 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2003–2008
22
Kolberg v. Stategreen
miss · 2002 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2004–2007
22
In Interest of IGgreen
miss · 1985 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
22
Melton v. Stategreen
miss · 1998 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1999–2001
22
Manning v. Stategreen
miss · 1999 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1997–2000
22
Smith v. Statered
miss · 1995 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1995–1998
22
Haymer v. Stategreen
miss · 1993 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1992–1996
22
Stever v. Stategreen
miss · 1987 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
22
In Re WINSHIPgreen
scotus · 1970 · cited in 6 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1983–2021
2 sentences

2011See In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 362 , 90 S.Ct. 1068, 1071 , 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970) (declaring beyond a reasonable doubt as the standard of proof in criminal cases) (citations omitted). ¶ 15.

2011See In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 362 , 90 S.Ct. 1068, 1071 , 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970) (declaring beyond a reasonable doubt as the standard of proof in criminal cases) (citations omitted). ¶ 15.

16
Young v. Stategreen
miss · 2012 · cited in 4 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2014–2025
2 sentences

2025Id. (internal quotations and alterations omitted).

2024Id. (internal quotations and alterations omitted).

14
Barnes v. Stategreen
miss · 1988 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2021–2024
2 sentences

2024Id.

2021E.g., Barnes v. State, 532 So. 2d 1231, 1235 (Miss. 1988); Gray v. State, 351 So. 2d 1342, 1348 (Miss. 1977); Pittman v. State, 350 So. 2d 67 (Miss. 1977); Boutwell v. State, 165 Miss. 16 , 143 So. 479 , 483 (1932).

12
Abdur Rahim Ambrose v. State of Mississippigreen
miss · 2018 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2022–2023
2 sentences

2023“The well-settled standard for determining whether a constitutional error is harmless is whether it appears beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

2022“The well-settled standard for determining whether a constitutional error is harmless is whether it appears ‘beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.’” Ambrose, 254 So. 3d at 105 (internal quotation mark omitted) (quoting Gillett v. State, 148 So. 3d 260, 266 (Miss. 2014)).

12
Conner v. Statered
miss · 1994 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
12
Chim v. Stategreen
miss · 2008 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
Clark v. Stategreen
miss · 2004 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
Tate v. Stategreen
miss · 2005 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
In Re LCAgreen
missctapp · 2006 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
Burnside v. Stategreen
miss · 2004 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
Conners v. Stategreen
miss · 2012 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
McGowan v. Stategreen
missctapp · 1999 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Mississippi. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (24)

CaseCitedYears
Chapman v. California red
scotus · 1967
2 sentences

2022To determine if a constitutional error is harmless, we decide “whether it appears ‘beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.’” Gillett v. State, 148 So. 3d 260, 266 (Miss. 2014) (quoting Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 23-24 , 87 S. Ct. 824, 828 , 17 L.

2022To determine if a constitutional error is harmless, we decide “whether it appears ‘beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.’” Gillett v. State, 148 So. 3d 260, 266 (Miss. 2014) (quoting Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 23-24 , 87 S. Ct. 824, 828 , 17 L.

181991–2022
Carr v. State green
miss · 1968
2 sentences

2010Id. (quoting Edwards v. State, 469 So.2d 68, 70 (Miss.1985)).

1991For support, Willie simply explains that this Court has held that “a proper reasonable doubt instruction in a rape case where the evidence is close should be given.” Appellant’s Brief at 9-10 (citing Carr v. State, 208 So.2d 886 (Miss.1968)).

91991–2010
Apprendi v. New Jersey green
scotus · 2000
2 sentences

2004In relying on Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 490 , 120 S.Ct. 2348 , 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000), Branch asserts that the reasonable doubt rule applies to facts increasing the range of punishment at sentencing, effectively requiring the State to prove that it is entitled to the penalty it seeks.

2004In relying on Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 490 , 120 S.Ct. 2348 , 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000), Branch asserts that the reasonable doubt rule applies to facts increasing the range of punishment at sentencing, effectively requiring the State to prove that it is entitled to the penalty it seeks.

32002–2004
Ring v. Arizona green
scotus · 2002
2 sentences

2004By applying Apprendi , the United States Supreme Court held in Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584 , 122 S.Ct. 2428 , 153 L.Ed.2d 556 (2002) that the aggravating circumstances are elements of the offense giving rise to the possibility of greater punishment, which must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt.

2004By applying Apprendi , the United States Supreme Court held in Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584 , 122 S.Ct. 2428 , 153 L.Ed.2d 556 (2002) that the aggravating circumstances are elements of the offense giving rise to the possibility of greater punishment, which must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt.

32002–2004
Washington v. Recuenco green
scotus · 2006
2 sentences

2017"The basic test for harmless error in the federal constitutional realm is ... whether it appears 'beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.' " Id. (quoting Thomas v. State , 711 So.2d 867 , 872 (¶ 25) (Miss. 1998) (citing Chapman v. California , 386 U.S. 18 , 87 S.Ct. 824 , 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967) )).

2010Instead, ‘most constitutional errors can be harmless.’ ” The Brown court stated that the test to be applied is “whether it appears ‘beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.’” Id. at (¶25) (quoting Thomas v. State, 711 So.2d 867, 872 (¶ 25) (Miss.1998)).

22010–2017
Victor v. Nebraska green
scotus · 1994
2 sentences

2015“The beyond a reasonable doubt standard is a requirement of due process, but the Constitution neither prohibits trial courts from defining reasonable doubt nor requires them to do so as a matter of course.” Victor, 511 U.S. at 5 .

2015Victor, 511 U.S. at 5 .

22005–2015
Smith v. State green
miss · 2008
2 sentences

2011Smith, 986 So.2d at 300 .

2011Smith, 986 So.2d at 300 .

22010–2011
Coleman v. State green
miss · 1997
22006–2008
Tharp v. Edmiston neutral
la · 1934
12026–2026
In Interest of CR green
miss · 1992
12026–2026
Boutwell v. State green
· 1932
12021–2021
Pittman v. State green
miss · 1977
12021–2021
Nolan v. State green
miss · 2011
12018–2018
State v. McMurry green
missctapp · 2004
12015–2015
Collins v. Lowndes County Public Welfare green
miss · 1989
12012–2012
Connecticut v. Johnson green
scotus · 1983
12011–2011
DeLoach v. State green
miss · 1998
12010–2010
Simpson v. State green
miss · 1989
11996–1996
Wilcher v. State green
miss · 1993
11995–1995
Cage v. Louisiana green
scotus · 1990
11994–1994
Jackson v. Virginia red
scotus · 1979
11983–1983
Barnes v. United States green
scotus · 1973
11982–1982
Addington v. Texas green
scotus · 1979
11981–1981
Stokes v. Terrell neutral
miss · 1929
11970–1970

Statutes the citing opinions construe

MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-19 (33) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-101 (16) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-7 (14) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-105 (12) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 97-17-23 (8) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 97-5-39 (7) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 97-1-1 (6) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-21 (6) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-95 (6) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 99-17-1 (6) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 99-11-3 (5) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-157 (5)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 1862 (1883–2026) TX 1722 (1911–2026) FL 748 (1973–2026) IL 678 (1905–2026) PA 508 (1919–2026) KS 495 (1925–2026) WA 404 (1930–2026) TN 357 (1970–2026) AZ 282 (1965–2026) GA 252 (1914–2026) OH 201 (1968–2026) ID 185 (1975–2026) NY 184 (1956–2024) CO 177 (1949–2026) LA 176 (1976–2026) MD 171 (1966–2026) MA 158 (1972–2026) HI 156 (1950–2026) IN 154 (1891–2026) WI 151 (1977–2026) MS 145 (1924–2026) MN 137 (1953–2026) AL 137 (1916–2024) CT 129 (1955–2025) MO 107 (1889–2023) NJ 105 (1967–2026) SC 103 (1976–2026) DC 101 (1969–2026) MI 92 (1968–2026) NC 86 (1898–2023) IA 81 (1878–2024) KY 76 (1922–2026) NH 74 (1976–2025) UT 73 (1970–2026) OR 70 (1894–2026) NV 69 (1967–2026) AR 68 (1908–2025) VA 65 (1919–2026) NM 53 (1947–2025) WV 53 (1912–2023) DE 42 (1979–2026) SD 42 (1911–2022) OK 39 (1973–2025) RI 36 (1971–2026) ME 32 (1971–2024) MT 31 (1974–2024) VT 25 (1899–2026) ND 23 (1977–2021) WY 22 (1974–2025) AK 20 (1975–2025) NE 19 (1968–2022) VI 3 (1995–2015) GU 2 (2025–2025)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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