rationale behind rule (Illinois) · Go Syfert
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rationale behind rule in Illinois

126 Illinois opinions name it 2 courts 1972–2026 22 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Illinois courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (33)

CaseFollowedCited
Keefe v. State of Arizonagreen
ariz · 1937 · cited in 4 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2006–2011
2 sentences

2011Since this utterance is made under the immediate and uncontrolled domination of the senses, rather than reason and reflection, and during the brief period when consideration of self-interest could not have been fully brought to bear, the utterance may be taken as expressing the real belief of the speaker as to the facts just observed by him.'" People v. Damen, 28 Ill.2d 464, 471 , 193 N.E.2d 25 (1963) (quoting Keefe v. State, 50 Ariz. 293 , 72 P.2d 425, 427 (1937)).

2011Since this utterance is made under the immediate and uncontrolled domination of the senses, rather than reason and reflection, and during the brief period when consideration of self-interest could not have been fully brought to bear, the utterance may be taken as expressing the real belief of the speaker as to the facts just observed by him.’ ” People v. Damen, 28 Ill. 2d 464, 471 (1963) (quoting Keefe v. State, 72 P.2d 425, 427 (Ariz. 1937)).

34
Sears v. Searsgreen
ill · 1981 · cited in 3 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2007–2021
2 sentences

2021Flores is correct that Rule 274 provides that “[a] party may make only one postjudgment motion directed at a judgment order that is otherwise final and appealable.” In Sears v. Sears, 85 Ill. 2d 253, 259 (1981), our supreme court explained that the rationale behind the rule against successive postjudgment motions is to promote finality, i.e. to create “a time when the case in the trial court is really over and the loser must appeal or give up.” The court went on to explain that “justice is not served by permitting the losing party to string out his attack on a judgment over a period of months,

2021Flores is correct that Rule 274 provides that “[a] party may make only one postjudgment motion directed at a judgment order that is otherwise final and appealable.” In Sears v. Sears, 85 Ill. 2d 253, 259 (1981), our supreme court explained that the rationale behind the rule against successive postjudgment motions is to promote finality, i.e. to create “a time when the case in the trial court is really over and the loser must appeal or give up.” The court went on to explain that “justice is not served by permitting the losing party to string out his attack on a judgment over a period of months,

33
Zimmerman v. Village of Skokiegreen
ill · 1998 · cited in 3 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2012–2020
2 sentences

2020The rationale behind the rule was that “a municipality’s duty is to preserve the ‘well-being of the community’ and that such a duty is ‘owed to the public at large rather than to specific members of the community.’ ” Zimmerman v. Village of Skokie, 183 Ill. 2d 30, 44 (1998) (quoting Schaffrath v. Village of Buffalo Grove, 160 Ill. App. 3d 999, 1003 (1987)).

2020The rationale behind the rule was that “a municipality’s duty is to preserve the ‘well-being of the community’ and that such a duty is ‘owed to the public at large rather than to specific members of the community.’ ” Zimmerman v. Village of Skokie, 183 Ill. 2d 30, 44 (1998) (quoting Schaffrath v. Village of Buffalo Grove, 160 Ill. App. 3d 999, 1003 (1987)).

33
Schaffrath v. Village of Buffalo Grovegreen
illappct · 1987 · cited in 3 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2012–2020
2 sentences

2020The rationale behind the rule was that “a municipality’s duty is to preserve the ‘well-being of the community’ and that such a duty is ‘owed to the public at large rather than to specific members of the community.’ ” Zimmerman v. Village of Skokie, 183 Ill. 2d 30, 44 (1998) (quoting Schaffrath v. Village of Buffalo Grove, 160 Ill. App. 3d 999, 1003 (1987)).

2020The rationale behind the rule was that “a municipality’s duty is to preserve the ‘well-being of the community’ and that such a duty is ‘owed to the public at large rather than to specific members of the community.’ ” Zimmerman v. Village of Skokie, 183 Ill. 2d 30, 44 (1998) (quoting Schaffrath v. Village of Buffalo Grove, 160 Ill. App. 3d 999, 1003 (1987)).

33
In Re Detention of Swopegreen
ill · 2004 · cited in 11 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2019–2026
2 sentences

2025The rationale behind this doctrine is that “it would be manifestly unfair to allow a party a second trial upon the basis of error which that party injected into the proceedings.” Id.

2025The rationale behind this doctrine is that “it would be manifestly unfair to allow a party a second trial upon the basis of error which that party injected into the proceedings.” In re Detention of Swope, 213 Ill. 2d 210, 217 (2004).

211
Swader v. Golden Rule Insurancegreen
illappct · 1990 · cited in 9 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1994–2018
2 sentences

2018“Since the rationale behind the doctrine of ratification is that the person ratifying obtains a benefit through the actions of someone who is acting in his behalf, then ratification will be found ‘[a]s long as the principal has full knowledge of the facts and has the choice of either accepting or rejecting the benefits of the transaction.’ ” Id. (quoting Swader v. Golden Rule Insurance Co., 203 Ill.

2017"Since the rationale behind the doctrine of ratification is that the person ratifying obtains a benefit through the actions of someone who is acting in his behalf, then ratification will be found '[a]s long as the principal has full knowledge of the facts and has the choice of either accepting or rejecting the benefits of the transaction.' " Id. (quoting Swader v. Golden Rule Insurance Co. , 203 Ill.

29
State Security Insurance v. Burgosgreen
ill · 1991 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017App. 3d 452, 461 (1986) (“The agent’s authority must be derived from some act or statement of the principal.” (Emphasis in original.)). ¶ 41 The rationale behind the doctrine of apparent authority is that “[t]he principal, having created the appearance of authority, is estopped to deny it to the detriment of a third party.” State Security Insurance Co. v. Burgos, 145 Ill. 2d 423, 432 (1991).

2017App. 3d 452, 461 (1986) (“The agent’s authority must be derived from some act or statement of the principal.” (Emphasis in original.)). ¶ 41 The rationale behind the doctrine of apparent authority is that “[t]he principal, having created the appearance of authority, is estopped to deny it to the detriment of a third party.” State Security Insurance Co. v. Burgos, 145 Ill. 2d 423, 432 (1991).

22
People v. Gerschgreen
ill · 1990 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016People v. Blair, 2013 IL 114122, ¶ 30 . ¶ 18 In stating the rationale behind the doctrine and articulating the appropriate remedy, we have explained that when a statute violates the constitution it “suddenly cuts off rights that are guaranteed to every citizen” and “perverts the duties owed to those citizens.” People v. Gersch, 135 Ill. 2d 384, 397 (1990).

2016People v. Blair, 2013 IL 114122, ¶ 30 . ¶ 18 In stating the rationale behind the doctrine and articulating the appropriate remedy, we have explained that when a statute violates the constitution it “suddenly cuts off rights that are guaranteed to every citizen” and “perverts the duties owed to those citizens.” People v. Gersch, 135 Ill. 2d 384, 397 (1990).

22
People v. Spicergreen
ill · 1979 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008In general, Illinois courts look with suspicion upon the introduction of prior statements of witnesses, since “allow[ing] an accused to be convicted on the extrajudicial statements of witnesses *** runs counter to the notions of fairness on which our legal system is founded.” People v. Spicer, 79 Ill. 2d 173, 180 , 402 N.E.2d 169, 172 (1979).

2008In general, Illinois courts look with suspicion upon the introduction of prior statements of witnesses, since “allow[ing] an accused to be convicted on the extrajudicial statements of witnesses *** runs counter to the notions of fairness on which our legal system is founded.” People v. Spicer, 79 Ill. 2d 173, 180 , 402 N.E.2d 169, 172 (1979).

22
Ridgely v. Central Pipe Line Co.green
ill · 1951 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007This court recently explained the rationale behind the doctrine: "It has been stated that the rationale behind the revestment doctrine is that the trial court considers the benefitting party to have ignored the judgment and started to retry the case ( Wilkins v. Dellenback, 149 Ill.App.3d 549, 555 [ 102 Ill.Dec. 799 , 500 N.E.2d 692 ] (1986)), the benefitting party by its conduct consents to have the prior ruling set aside ( Sears v. Sears, 85 Ill.2d 253, 260 [ 52 Ill.Dec. 608 , 422 N.E.2d 610 ] (1981)), or that the benefitting party by its conduct waives the right to question the jurisdiction

2007This court recently explained the rationale behind the doctrine: "It has been stated that the rationale behind the revestment doctrine is that the trial court considers the benefitting party to have ignored the judgment and started to retry the case ( Wilkins v. Dellenback, 149 Ill.App.3d 549, 555 [ 102 Ill.Dec. 799 , 500 N.E.2d 692 ] (1986)), the benefitting party by its conduct consents to have the prior ruling set aside ( Sears v. Sears, 85 Ill.2d 253, 260 [ 52 Ill.Dec. 608 , 422 N.E.2d 610 ] (1981)), or that the benefitting party by its conduct waives the right to question the jurisdiction

22
Wilkins v. Dellenbackgreen
illappct · 1986 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007This court recently explained the rationale behind the doctrine: “It has been stated that the rationale behind the revestment doctrine is that the trial court considers the benefitting party to have ignored the judgment and started to retry the case (Wilkins v. Dellenback, 149 Ill.

2007This court recently explained the rationale behind the doctrine: "It has been stated that the rationale behind the revestment doctrine is that the trial court considers the benefitting party to have ignored the judgment and started to retry the case ( Wilkins v. Dellenback, 149 Ill.App.3d 549, 555 [ 102 Ill.Dec. 799 , 500 N.E.2d 692 ] (1986)), the benefitting party by its conduct consents to have the prior ruling set aside ( Sears v. Sears, 85 Ill.2d 253, 260 [ 52 Ill.Dec. 608 , 422 N.E.2d 610 ] (1981)), or that the benefitting party by its conduct waives the right to question the jurisdiction

22
People v. Pricegreen
illappct · 2006 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007This court recently explained the rationale behind the doctrine: "It has been stated that the rationale behind the revestment doctrine is that the trial court considers the benefitting party to have ignored the judgment and started to retry the case ( Wilkins v. Dellenback, 149 Ill.App.3d 549, 555 [ 102 Ill.Dec. 799 , 500 N.E.2d 692 ] (1986)), the benefitting party by its conduct consents to have the prior ruling set aside ( Sears v. Sears, 85 Ill.2d 253, 260 [ 52 Ill.Dec. 608 , 422 N.E.2d 610 ] (1981)), or that the benefitting party by its conduct waives the right to question the jurisdiction

2007This court recently explained the rationale behind the doctrine: "It has been stated that the rationale behind the revestment doctrine is that the trial court considers the benefitting party to have ignored the judgment and started to retry the case ( Wilkins v. Dellenback, 149 Ill.App.3d 549, 555 [ 102 Ill.Dec. 799 , 500 N.E.2d 692 ] (1986)), the benefitting party by its conduct consents to have the prior ruling set aside ( Sears v. Sears, 85 Ill.2d 253, 260 [ 52 Ill.Dec. 608 , 422 N.E.2d 610 ] (1981)), or that the benefitting party by its conduct waives the right to question the jurisdiction

22
People v. Segovianogreen
ill · 2000 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
2 sentences

2002See People v. Segoviano, 189 Ill.2d 228, 253 , 244 Ill.

2002See People v. Segoviano, 189 Ill. 2d 228, 253 (2000) (Rathje, J., specially concurring); In re Marriage of Houghton, 301 Ill.

22
In Re Marriage of Houghtongreen
illappct · 1998 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
2 sentences

2002See People v. Segoviano, 189 Ill. 2d 228, 253 (2000) (Rathje, J., specially concurring); In re Marriage of Houghton, 301 Ill.

2002See People v. Segoviano , 189 Ill. 2d 228, 253 (2000) (Rathje, J., specially concurring); In re Marriage of Houghton , 301 Ill.

22
Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. v. Greenwoodgreen
ilcd · 1989 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
22
Bosnak v. Murphygreen
illappct · 1960 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1979–1989
22
The People v. Damengreen
ill · 1963 · cited in 4 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2006–2011
2 sentences

2011Since this utterance is made under the immediate and uncontrolled domination of the senses, rather than reason and reflection, and during the brief period when consideration of self-interest could not have been fully brought to bear, the utterance may be taken as expressing the real belief of the speaker as to the facts just observed by him.'" People v. Damen, 28 Ill.2d 464, 471 , 193 N.E.2d 25 (1963) (quoting Keefe v. State, 50 Ariz. 293 , 72 P.2d 425, 427 (1937)).

2011Since this utterance is made under the immediate and uncontrolled domination of the senses, rather than reason and reflection, and during the brief period when consideration of self-interest could not have been fully brought to bear, the utterance may be taken as expressing the real belief of the speaker as to the facts just observed by him.’ ” People v. Damen, 28 Ill. 2d 464, 471 (1963) (quoting Keefe v. State, 72 P.2d 425, 427 (Ariz. 1937)).

14
Mauer v. Highland Park Hospital Foundationgreen
illappct · 1967 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1978–1987
12
People v. Bushgreen
ill · 2005 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
Campbell v. Department of Public Aidgreen
ill · 1975 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
People v. Villarrealgreen
ill · 2001 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
CNC Service Center, Inc. v. CNC Service Center, Inc.green
ilnd · 1990 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
Curatola v. Village of Nilesgreen
ill · 1993 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Risner v. City of Chicagogreen
illappct · 1986 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Berger v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1935 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Boyer v. Sweetgreen
ill · 1841 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Windmiller v. McCartneygreen
illappct · 1969 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
DeHart v. DeHartgreen
ill · 2013 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
Glover v. Pattengreen
scotus · 1897 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
Zook v. Pescegreen
md · 2014 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
People v. Davisgreen
ill · 1950 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
People v. Barkasgreen
ill · 1912 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
The People v. Leegreen
ill · 1938 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Illinois. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (47)

CaseCitedYears
People v. Downs green
ill · 2015
2 sentences

2022Accordingly, we must first assess whether there was “clear or obvious error” in the challenged statements. ¶ 126 Our supreme court has explained: “This court has long and consistently held that neither the trial court nor counsel should define reasonable doubt for the jury. [Citations.] The rationale behind this rule is that ‘reasonable doubt’ is self-defining and needs no further definition. [Citations.]” Downs, 2015 IL 117934, ¶ 19 .

2020People v. Downs, 2015 IL 117934, ¶ 19 .

42017–2022
The People v. Cagle green
ill · 1969
2 sentences

2021Cagle, 41 Ill. 2d at 536 .

2020Cagle, 41 Ill. 2d at 536 .

32020–2021
Yugoslav-American Cultural Center, Inc. v. Parkway Bank & Trust Co. green
illappct · 1997
2 sentences

2018“Since the rationale behind the doctrine of ratification is that the person ratifying obtains a benefit through the actions of someone who is acting in his behalf, then ratification will be found ‘[a]s long as the principal has full knowledge of the facts and has the choice of either accepting or rejecting the benefits of the transaction.’ ” Id. (quoting Swader v. Golden Rule Insurance Co., 203 Ill.

2017"Since the rationale behind the doctrine of ratification is that the person ratifying obtains a benefit through the actions of someone who is acting in his behalf, then ratification will be found '[a]s long as the principal has full knowledge of the facts and has the choice of either accepting or rejecting the benefits of the transaction.' " Id. (quoting Swader v. Golden Rule Insurance Co. , 203 Ill.

32017–2018
Wagner v. Rao green
arizctapp · 1994
2 sentences

2024Wagner, 885 P.2d at 176 ; see also CNC Service Center, 731 F. Supp. at 301 (Fraud in the inducement “would invalidate the contract.”).

2024Wagner, 885 P.2d at 176 ; see CNC Service Center, 731 F. Supp. at 301 (Fraud in the inducement “would invalidate the contract.”).

22024–2024
Charles v. Seigfried green
ill · 1995
2 sentences

2018Charles , 165 Ill. 2d at 486 , 209 Ill.Dec. 226 , 651 N.E.2d 154 .

2018Charles , 165 Ill. 2d at 486 , 209 Ill.Dec. 226 , 651 N.E.2d 154 .

22018–2018
People v. Criss green
illappct · 1998
2 sentences

2017The court relied on the rationale behind the privilege protecting law enforcement informants, and held that “[t]he State may refuse to disclose the identity of law enforcement informants, so long as the nondisclosure will not deny an accused his constitutional rights.” Id. at 280 . ¶ 27 The facts in Criss were as follows.

2016The court relied on the rationale behind the privilege protecting law enforcement informants, and held that “[t]he State may refuse to disclose the identity of law enforcement informants, so long as the nondisclosure will not deny an accused his constitutional rights.” Id. at 280 . ¶ 27 The facts in Criss were as follows.

22016–2017
People v. Blair green
ill · 2013
2 sentences

2016People v. Blair, 2013 IL 114122, ¶ 30 . ¶ 18 In stating the rationale behind the doctrine and articulating the appropriate remedy, we have explained that when a statute violates the constitution it “suddenly cuts off rights that are guaranteed to every citizen” and “perverts the duties owed to those citizens.” People v. Gersch, 135 Ill. 2d 384, 397 (1990).

2016People v. Blair, 2013 IL 114122, ¶ 30 . ¶ 18 In stating the rationale behind the doctrine and articulating the appropriate remedy, we have explained that when a statute violates the constitution it “suddenly cuts off rights that are guaranteed to every citizen” and “perverts the duties owed to those citizens.” People v. Gersch, 135 Ill. 2d 384, 397 (1990).

22016–2016
Trophytime, Inc. v. Graham green
illappct · 1979
2 sentences

2008The rationale behind the rule is that the type of interlocutory orders to which Rule 307 pertains “ordinarily has a substantial impact upon one of the parties.” Trophytime, 73 Ill.

2008The rationale behind the rule is that the type of interlocutory orders to which Rule 307 pertains "ordinarily has a substantial impact upon one of the parties." Trophytime, 73 Ill.

22008–2008
Thomson Learning, Inc. v. Olympia Properties, LLC green
illappct · 2006
2 sentences

2008Thomson Learning, Inc., 365 Ill.

2008Thomson Learning, Inc., 365 Ill.

22008–2008
People v. Williams green
ill · 2003
2 sentences

2008Indeed, the rationale behind the rule that, for speedy-trial purposes, previously occasioned continuances caused by the defense count against the State with regard to belatedly filed additional charges is that a contrary rule could allow "trial by ambush." Williams, 204 Ill.2d at 207 , 273 Ill.Dec. 250 , 788 N.E.2d 1126 .

2008Indeed, the rationale behind the rule that, for speedy-trial purposes, previously occasioned continuances caused by the defense count against the State with regard to belatedly filed additional charges is that a contrary rule could allow "trial by ambush." Williams, 204 Ill. 2d at 207 .

22008–2008
Cannizzo v. Berwyn Township 708 Community Mental Health Board green
illappct · 2000
2 sentences

2007Cannizzo, 318 Ill.

2007Cannizzo, 318 Ill.

22007–2007
People v. Fletcher green
illappct · 2002
2 sentences

2005Fletcher, 328 Ill.

2005Fletcher , 328 Ill.

22005–2005
Watkins v. GMAC Financial Services green
illappct · 2003
2 sentences

2005Watkins v. GMAC Financial Services, 337 Ill.

2005Watkins v. GMAC Financial Services , 337 Ill.

22005–2005
Wells v. Enloe green
illappct · 1996
2 sentences

2003Where an injured employee collects benefits on the basis that his injures are compensable under the Workers’ Compensation Act, that employee cannot thereafter properly allege that those same injuries fall outside the provisions of the Workers’ Compensation Act. [Citation.] The rationale behind the rule is to prevent double recovery and the proliferation of litigation. [Citation.] However, there is nothing to prevent the cautious employee from filing a common law action at the same time the claim for workers’ compensation benefits is pending. [Citation.] Nevertheless, if the employee receives p

2003Where an injured employee collects benefits on the basis that his injures are compensable under the Workers' Compensation Act, that employee cannot thereafter properly allege that those same injuries fall outside the provisions of the Workers' Compensation Act. [Citation.] The rationale behind the rule is to prevent double recovery and the proliferation of litigation. [Citation.] However, there is nothing to prevent the cautious employee from filing a common law action at the same time the claim for workers' compensation benefits is pending. [Citation.] Nevertheless, if the employee receives p

22003–2003
First Midwest Trust Co. v. Rogers green
illappct · 1998
2 sentences

2002First Midwest Trust Co. v. Rogers, 296 Ill.

2002First Midwest Trust Co. v. Rogers , 296 Ill.

22002–2002
Miller v. Motorola, Inc. green
illappct · 1990
22000–2000
Willis v. Ohio Casualty Co. green
illappct · 1981
21994–1994
O'Connor v. a & P Enterprises green
ill · 1980
21994–1994
People v. Norris green
illappct · 1972
12025–2025
People v. McCarter green
illappct · 2008
12021–2021
People v. Robinson green
ill · 1995
12021–2021
People v. Beaman green
ill · 2008
12021–2021
Strickler v. Greene green
scotus · 1999
12021–2021
Hitt v. Stephens green
illappct · 1997
12016–2016
United States v. Osborn green
ca9 · 1977
12016–2016
Swidler & Berlin v. United States green
scotus · 1998
12016–2016
People v. Jefferson green
ill · 1998
12009–2009
Swearingen v. Industrial Commission green
illappct · 1998
12008–2008
In Re Marriage of Nolte green
illappct · 1993
12003–2003
Collier v. Wagner Castings Co. green
ill · 1980
11996–1996
Gendek v. Jehangir green
ill · 1988
11995–1995
People v. Almo green
ill · 1985
11995–1995
Flesner v. Youngs Development Co. green
ill · 1991
11995–1995
Smith v. Chicago Transit Authority green
illappct · 1978
11995–1995
Falato v. Teachers' Retirement Systems neutral
illappct · 1991
11994–1994
People Ex Rel. Gibson v. Cannon green
ill · 1976
11994–1994
Illinois Armored Car Corp. v. Industrial Commission green
illappct · 1990
11994–1994
Balcor Income Properties, Ltd. v. Arlen Realty, Inc. green
illappct · 1981
11994–1994
Department of Public Works & Buildings v. Lotta green
ill · 1963
11994–1994
La Salle National Bank v. Triumvera Homeowners Ass'n green
illappct · 1982
11994–1994

Statutes the citing opinions construe

IL § 735 ILCS 5/2-1005 (12) IL § 735 ILCS 5/2-615 (6) IL § 735 ILCS 5/2-619 (6) IL § 820 ILCS 305/1 (5) IL § 725 ILCS 5/122-1 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

IL 126 (1972–2026) CA 104 (1961–2025) OH 97 (1956–2026) IN 80 (1978–2025) TX 79 (1964–2022) PA 67 (1965–2024) AR 47 (1982–2026) FL 42 (1971–2024) AL 36 (1980–2025) NY 35 (1930–2024) TN 35 (1981–2025) MD 28 (1978–2025) WA 28 (1972–2026) LA 28 (1980–2024) IA 26 (1967–2025) MI 25 (1975–2016) MO 25 (1980–2021) WV 24 (1978–2024) MS 23 (1985–2023) AZ 21 (1969–2021) MT 20 (1969–2022) CT 20 (1974–2025) KY 19 (1979–2026) NC 18 (1980–2025) OR 18 (1975–2026) KS 18 (1975–2025) MA 17 (1979–2025) RI 17 (1984–2024) VA 15 (1993–2022) NM 15 (1989–2025) WI 13 (1963–2017) CO 13 (1976–2022) NH 12 (1991–2023) OK 12 (1981–2026) UT 11 (1989–2021) DC 11 (1977–2004) ID 10 (1991–2025) GA 10 (1978–2022) ME 9 (1975–2020) NJ 9 (1965–2015) SC 8 (1989–2025) WY 7 (1983–2020) AK 7 (1979–1994) HI 7 (1998–2025) SD 7 (1986–2016) NE 6 (1982–2026) MN 5 (1956–2017) VT 4 (1995–2024) DE 3 (1975–1980) NV 2 (1984–1992) ND 2 (2009–2009)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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