exacting standard in Indiana

6 Indiana opinions name it 2 courts 1973–2012 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Indiana courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (9)

Case	Followed	Cited
Vanderlinden v. Stategreen indctapp · 2009 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012 1 sentence 2012See, e.g., Vanderlinden v. State, 918 N.E.2d 642 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009) (the evidence of intoxication was deemed sufficient where officer smelled alcohol on the defendant’s breath, the defendant’s eyes were red, and she failed the one field sobriety test administered by the arresting officer), trans. denied.	1	1
cluster 11180green · · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009 2 sentences 2009See, e.g., United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 285-86 (D.C.Cir. 2005), cert.denied, 549 U.S. 1055 , 127 S.Ct. 660 , 166 L.Ed.2d 519 (2006); United States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th Cir. 2000); Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1225 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Lovelock, 170 F.3d 339, 343 (2d Cir.1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 853 , 120 S.Ct. 134 , 145 L.Ed.2d 114 (1999); United States v. 1107 Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62 (5th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1109 , 117 S.Ct. 2491 , 138 L.Ed.2d 998 (1997); see also 3 Wayne R. 2009*See, e.g., United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 285-86 (D.G.Cir.2005), cert.denied, 549 U.S. 1055 , 127 S.Ct. 660 , 166 L.Ed.2d 519 (2006); States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th Cir.2000); Valdes v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1225 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Lovelock, 170 F.3d 339, 348 (2d Cir.1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 853 , 120 S.Ct. 134 , 145 L.Ed.2d 114 (1999); United States v. Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62 (5th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1109 , 117 S.Ct. 2491 , 188 L.Ed.2d 998 (1997); see also 3 Wayne R.	1	1
Industrial Clearinghouse, Inc. v. Walkergreen ca5 · 2006 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009 2 sentences 2009See, e.g., United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 285-86 (D.C.Cir. 2005), cert.denied, 549 U.S. 1055 , 127 S.Ct. 660 , 166 L.Ed.2d 519 (2006); United States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th Cir. 2000); Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1225 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Lovelock, 170 F.3d 339, 343 (2d Cir.1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 853 , 120 S.Ct. 134 , 145 L.Ed.2d 114 (1999); United States v. 1107 Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62 (5th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1109 , 117 S.Ct. 2491 , 138 L.Ed.2d 998 (1997); see also 3 Wayne R. 2009*See, e.g., United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 285-86 (D.G.Cir.2005), cert.denied, 549 U.S. 1055 , 127 S.Ct. 660 , 166 L.Ed.2d 519 (2006); States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th Cir.2000); Valdes v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1225 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Lovelock, 170 F.3d 339, 348 (2d Cir.1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 853 , 120 S.Ct. 134 , 145 L.Ed.2d 114 (1999); United States v. Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62 (5th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1109 , 117 S.Ct. 2491 , 188 L.Ed.2d 998 (1997); see also 3 Wayne R.	1	1
Valdez v. McPhetersgreen ca10 · 1999 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009 2 sentences 2009See, e.g., United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 285-86 (D.C.Cir. 2005), cert.denied, 549 U.S. 1055 , 127 S.Ct. 660 , 166 L.Ed.2d 519 (2006); United States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th Cir. 2000); Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1225 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Lovelock, 170 F.3d 339, 343 (2d Cir.1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 853 , 120 S.Ct. 134 , 145 L.Ed.2d 114 (1999); United States v. 1107 Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62 (5th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1109 , 117 S.Ct. 2491 , 138 L.Ed.2d 998 (1997); see also 3 Wayne R. 2009*See, e.g., United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 285-86 (D.G.Cir.2005), cert.denied, 549 U.S. 1055 , 127 S.Ct. 660 , 166 L.Ed.2d 519 (2006); States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th Cir.2000); Valdes v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1225 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Lovelock, 170 F.3d 339, 348 (2d Cir.1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 853 , 120 S.Ct. 134 , 145 L.Ed.2d 114 (1999); United States v. Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62 (5th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1109 , 117 S.Ct. 2491 , 188 L.Ed.2d 998 (1997); see also 3 Wayne R.	1	1
United States v. Thomas, Anthonygreen cadc · 2005 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009 2 sentences 2009See, e.g., United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 285-86 (D.C.Cir. 2005), cert.denied, 549 U.S. 1055 , 127 S.Ct. 660 , 166 L.Ed.2d 519 (2006); United States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th Cir. 2000); Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1225 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Lovelock, 170 F.3d 339, 343 (2d Cir.1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 853 , 120 S.Ct. 134 , 145 L.Ed.2d 114 (1999); United States v. 1107 Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62 (5th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1109 , 117 S.Ct. 2491 , 138 L.Ed.2d 998 (1997); see also 3 Wayne R. 2009*See, e.g., United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 285-86 (D.G.Cir.2005), cert.denied, 549 U.S. 1055 , 127 S.Ct. 660 , 166 L.Ed.2d 519 (2006); States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th Cir.2000); Valdes v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1225 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Lovelock, 170 F.3d 339, 348 (2d Cir.1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 853 , 120 S.Ct. 134 , 145 L.Ed.2d 114 (1999); United States v. Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62 (5th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1109 , 117 S.Ct. 2491 , 188 L.Ed.2d 998 (1997); see also 3 Wayne R.	1	1
Gregg v. United Statesgreen scotus · 2006 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009 2 sentences 2009See, e.g., United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 285-86 (D.C.Cir. 2005), cert.denied, 549 U.S. 1055 , 127 S.Ct. 660 , 166 L.Ed.2d 519 (2006); United States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th Cir. 2000); Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1225 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Lovelock, 170 F.3d 339, 343 (2d Cir.1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 853 , 120 S.Ct. 134 , 145 L.Ed.2d 114 (1999); United States v. 1107 Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62 (5th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1109 , 117 S.Ct. 2491 , 138 L.Ed.2d 998 (1997); see also 3 Wayne R. 2009*See, e.g., United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 285-86 (D.G.Cir.2005), cert.denied, 549 U.S. 1055 , 127 S.Ct. 660 , 166 L.Ed.2d 519 (2006); States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th Cir.2000); Valdes v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1225 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Lovelock, 170 F.3d 339, 348 (2d Cir.1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 853 , 120 S.Ct. 134 , 145 L.Ed.2d 114 (1999); United States v. Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62 (5th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1109 , 117 S.Ct. 2491 , 188 L.Ed.2d 998 (1997); see also 3 Wayne R.	1	1
United States v. Joseph Lovelockgreen ca2 · 1999 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009 2 sentences 2009See, e.g., United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 285-86 (D.C.Cir. 2005), cert.denied, 549 U.S. 1055 , 127 S.Ct. 660 , 166 L.Ed.2d 519 (2006); United States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th Cir. 2000); Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1225 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Lovelock, 170 F.3d 339, 343 (2d Cir.1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 853 , 120 S.Ct. 134 , 145 L.Ed.2d 114 (1999); United States v. 1107 Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62 (5th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1109 , 117 S.Ct. 2491 , 138 L.Ed.2d 998 (1997); see also 3 Wayne R. 2009*See, e.g., United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 285-86 (D.G.Cir.2005), cert.denied, 549 U.S. 1055 , 127 S.Ct. 660 , 166 L.Ed.2d 519 (2006); States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th Cir.2000); Valdes v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1225 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Lovelock, 170 F.3d 339, 348 (2d Cir.1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 853 , 120 S.Ct. 134 , 145 L.Ed.2d 114 (1999); United States v. Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62 (5th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1109 , 117 S.Ct. 2491 , 188 L.Ed.2d 998 (1997); see also 3 Wayne R.	1	1
United States v. Jason R. Bervaldigreen ca11 · 2000 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009 2 sentences 2009See, e.g., United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 285-86 (D.C.Cir. 2005), cert.denied, 549 U.S. 1055 , 127 S.Ct. 660 , 166 L.Ed.2d 519 (2006); United States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th Cir. 2000); Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1225 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Lovelock, 170 F.3d 339, 343 (2d Cir.1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 853 , 120 S.Ct. 134 , 145 L.Ed.2d 114 (1999); United States v. 1107 Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62 (5th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1109 , 117 S.Ct. 2491 , 138 L.Ed.2d 998 (1997); see also 3 Wayne R. 2009*See, e.g., United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 285-86 (D.G.Cir.2005), cert.denied, 549 U.S. 1055 , 127 S.Ct. 660 , 166 L.Ed.2d 519 (2006); States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th Cir.2000); Valdes v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1225 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Lovelock, 170 F.3d 339, 348 (2d Cir.1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 853 , 120 S.Ct. 134 , 145 L.Ed.2d 114 (1999); United States v. Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62 (5th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1109 , 117 S.Ct. 2491 , 188 L.Ed.2d 998 (1997); see also 3 Wayne R.	1	1
On Lee v. United Statesgreen scotus · 1952 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 1980–1980 2 sentences 1980See, e. g., On Lee v. United States, 343 U.S. 747 , 749 n.3, 72 S.Ct. 967, 969 , 96 L.Ed. 1270 , 1273 (1952). 1980See, e. g., On Lee v. United States, 343 U.S. 747 , 749 n.3, 72 S.Ct. 967, 969 , 96 L.Ed. 1270 , 1273 (1952).	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Indiana. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (9)

Case	Cited	Years
Lancaster v. Stubblefield neutral scotus · 1999 2 sentences 2009See, e.g., United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 285-86 (D.C.Cir. 2005), cert.denied, 549 U.S. 1055 , 127 S.Ct. 660 , 166 L.Ed.2d 519 (2006); United States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th Cir. 2000); Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1225 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Lovelock, 170 F.3d 339, 343 (2d Cir.1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 853 , 120 S.Ct. 134 , 145 L.Ed.2d 114 (1999); United States v. 1107 Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62 (5th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1109 , 117 S.Ct. 2491 , 138 L.Ed.2d 998 (1997); see also 3 Wayne R. 2009*See, e.g., United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 285-86 (D.G.Cir.2005), cert.denied, 549 U.S. 1055 , 127 S.Ct. 660 , 166 L.Ed.2d 519 (2006); States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th Cir.2000); Valdes v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1225 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Lovelock, 170 F.3d 339, 348 (2d Cir.1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 853 , 120 S.Ct. 134 , 145 L.Ed.2d 114 (1999); United States v. Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62 (5th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1109 , 117 S.Ct. 2491 , 188 L.Ed.2d 998 (1997); see also 3 Wayne R.	1	2009–2009
Smith v. Walker green scotus · 1999 2 sentences 2009See, e.g., United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 285-86 (D.C.Cir. 2005), cert.denied, 549 U.S. 1055 , 127 S.Ct. 660 , 166 L.Ed.2d 519 (2006); United States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th Cir. 2000); Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1225 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Lovelock, 170 F.3d 339, 343 (2d Cir.1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 853 , 120 S.Ct. 134 , 145 L.Ed.2d 114 (1999); United States v. 1107 Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62 (5th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1109 , 117 S.Ct. 2491 , 138 L.Ed.2d 998 (1997); see also 3 Wayne R. 2009*See, e.g., United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 285-86 (D.G.Cir.2005), cert.denied, 549 U.S. 1055 , 127 S.Ct. 660 , 166 L.Ed.2d 519 (2006); States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th Cir.2000); Valdes v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1225 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Lovelock, 170 F.3d 339, 348 (2d Cir.1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 853 , 120 S.Ct. 134 , 145 L.Ed.2d 114 (1999); United States v. Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62 (5th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1109 , 117 S.Ct. 2491 , 188 L.Ed.2d 998 (1997); see also 3 Wayne R.	1	2009–2009
Williams v. United States green scotus · 1997 1 sentence 2009See, e.g., United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 285-86 (D.C.Cir. 2005), cert.denied, 549 U.S. 1055 , 127 S.Ct. 660 , 166 L.Ed.2d 519 (2006); United States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th Cir. 2000); Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1225 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Lovelock, 170 F.3d 339, 343 (2d Cir.1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 853 , 120 S.Ct. 134 , 145 L.Ed.2d 114 (1999); United States v. *1107 Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62 (5th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1109 , 117 S.Ct. 2491 , 138 L.Ed.2d 998 (1997); see also 3 Wayne R.	1	2009–2009
Warren v. United States green scotus · 1997 2 sentences 2009See, e.g., United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 285-86 (D.C.Cir. 2005), cert.denied, 549 U.S. 1055 , 127 S.Ct. 660 , 166 L.Ed.2d 519 (2006); United States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th Cir. 2000); Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1225 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Lovelock, 170 F.3d 339, 343 (2d Cir.1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 853 , 120 S.Ct. 134 , 145 L.Ed.2d 114 (1999); United States v. 1107 Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62 (5th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1109 , 117 S.Ct. 2491 , 138 L.Ed.2d 998 (1997); see also 3 Wayne R. 2009*See, e.g., United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 285-86 (D.G.Cir.2005), cert.denied, 549 U.S. 1055 , 127 S.Ct. 660 , 166 L.Ed.2d 519 (2006); States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th Cir.2000); Valdes v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1225 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Lovelock, 170 F.3d 339, 348 (2d Cir.1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 853 , 120 S.Ct. 134 , 145 L.Ed.2d 114 (1999); United States v. Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62 (5th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1109 , 117 S.Ct. 2491 , 188 L.Ed.2d 998 (1997); see also 3 Wayne R.	1	2009–2009
Route v. United States green scotus · 1997 2 sentences 2009See, e.g., United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 285-86 (D.C.Cir. 2005), cert.denied, 549 U.S. 1055 , 127 S.Ct. 660 , 166 L.Ed.2d 519 (2006); United States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th Cir. 2000); Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1225 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Lovelock, 170 F.3d 339, 343 (2d Cir.1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 853 , 120 S.Ct. 134 , 145 L.Ed.2d 114 (1999); United States v. 1107 Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62 (5th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1109 , 117 S.Ct. 2491 , 138 L.Ed.2d 998 (1997); see also 3 Wayne R. 2009*See, e.g., United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 285-86 (D.G.Cir.2005), cert.denied, 549 U.S. 1055 , 127 S.Ct. 660 , 166 L.Ed.2d 519 (2006); States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th Cir.2000); Valdes v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1225 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Lovelock, 170 F.3d 339, 348 (2d Cir.1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 853 , 120 S.Ct. 134 , 145 L.Ed.2d 114 (1999); United States v. Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62 (5th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1109 , 117 S.Ct. 2491 , 188 L.Ed.2d 998 (1997); see also 3 Wayne R.	1	2009–2009
Estelle v. Williams green scotus · 1976 2 sentences 1978“The Court has not, however, engaged in this exacting analysis with respect to strategic and tactical decisions, even those with constitutional implications, by a counseled accused.” Estelle v. Williams, (1976) 425 U.S. 501 , 508 n. 3, 96 S.Ct. 1691, 1695 , 48 L.Ed.2d 126, 133 . 1978“The Court has not, however, engaged in this exacting analysis with respect to strategic and tactical decisions, even those with constitutional implications, by a counseled accused.” Estelle v. Williams, (1976) 425 U.S. 501 , 508 n. 3, 96 S.Ct. 1691, 1695 , 48 L.Ed.2d 126, 133 .	1	1978–1978
Terry v. Ohio green scotus · 1968 2 sentences 1975We agree with the concurring opinion that "probable cause for an arrest is a more exacting standard than the `reasonableness' required for an investigative stop." We do say, however, that when the "reasonableness" test is met, it is proper to say "that the police officers had probable cause to stop the car." [1] The basic case in this field is Terry v. Ohio (1968), 392 U.S. 1 , 88 S.Ct. 1868 , 20 L.Ed.2d 889 , which was relied on by our Supreme Court in Williams. 1975We agree with the concurring opinion that "probable cause for an arrest is a more exacting standard than the `reasonableness' required for an investigative stop." We do say, however, that when the "reasonableness" test is met, it is proper to say "that the police officers had probable cause to stop the car." [1] The basic case in this field is Terry v. Ohio (1968), 392 U.S. 1 , 88 S.Ct. 1868 , 20 L.Ed.2d 889 , which was relied on by our Supreme Court in Williams.	1	1975–1975
Elliott v. State neutral ind · 1974 1 sentence 1975Also following Williams and Luckett is Elliott v. State (1974), Ind., 317 N.E.2d 173 .	1	1975–1975
Luckett v. State green ind · 1972 1 sentence 1973As the Supreme Court stated in Luckett : "It is readily apparent that Officer Jackson did not have probable cause to stop every green automobile with an 82J license prefix and formally arrest its occupants." 284 N.E.2d 738, 741 .	1	1973–1973

Where else courts name it

TX 179 (1969–2026) NJ 145 (1958–2026) IL 81 (1978–2026) CA 76 (1895–2026) NY 75 (1943–2026) CT 61 (1923–2024) PA 44 (1892–2026) DC 26 (1988–2024) MD 22 (1983–2023) MA 22 (1951–2019) MI 22 (1973–2022) NM 20 (1990–2024) FL 19 (1991–2019) NC 17 (1917–2025) WA 17 (2004–2025) DE 16 (1997–2026) RI 16 (1990–2021) KY 16 (1979–2025) AZ 15 (1996–2022) KS 12 (1938–2025) WI 12 (1975–2025) CO 12 (1988–2026) VA 11 (1998–2024) MN 11 (1972–2025) OH 10 (1984–2025) OR 9 (1954–2021) IA 9 (1970–2020) ND 8 (1986–2014) GA 8 (2000–2025) AK 7 (1976–2024) VT 6 (2005–2023) IN 6 (1973–2012) TN 6 (2003–2021) MO 5 (1885–2024) WV 5 (1988–2021) UT 5 (2002–2019) HI 5 (1964–2020) SD 5 (1978–2018) NV 5 (2015–2021) WY 5 (2019–2025) AL 5 (1893–2024) MS 4 (1966–2021) SC 4 (1962–2024) LA 4 (1989–2008) NH 4 (1970–2015) OK 4 (1946–2016) NE 3 (1966–2015) ME 3 (1984–2020) ID 3 (1977–2007) VI 2 (2013–2013) MT 2 (1999–2003) AR 2 (1974–2015)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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