Restatement rule (Delaware) · Go Syfert
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Restatement rule in Delaware

30 Delaware opinions name it 3 courts 1945–2026 7 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Delaware courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (13)

CaseFollowedCited
Barrett v. Stategreen
del · 2017 · cited in 3 Delaware opinions naming this issue, 2018–2026
2 sentences

2026Recall, the Restatement’s presumption that the state that the parties understood was to be the principal location of the insured risk applies to insurance policies.141 Here, the ArcLight Entities and Freepoint seem to only contend that USVI law doesn’t apply because there is no conflict, not that the USVI lacks a significant relationship to the dispute.142 The parties understood that the insured risk’s principal location was in the USVI—that’s really the only place where the insured activity would occur,143 and the First Named Insured in the Policy, LBR, is a USVI entity.144 And while the liti

2021But we were quick to acknowledge that “the facts of a particular case might lead to a different outcome.”56 We think that this is just such a case and that the Superior Court’s application of the Second Restatement test in Mills and in this case was correct.57 54 Id. at 459. 55 Id. at 460. 56 Id. 57 The footnote in Homeland Insurance Co. v. CorVel Corp. upon which RSUI relies does not compel a different result.

23
Turner v. Lipschultzgreen
del · 1992 · cited in 2 Delaware opinions naming this issue, 2009–2025
2 sentences

2025For example, in Bell Helicopter Textron Inc., the Delaware Supreme Court reviewed whether Texas or Mexico law applied to a products liability case filed by Mexican citizens acting as the personal representatives of victims that died in a helicopter crash in Mexico from a defective seatbelt.43 Although the parties did not suggest Delaware law should be applied, the Court noted that the “only connection” the appellant had to Delaware was that it was incorporated there. 44 Delaware had “no relationship to the crash” because the appellant had “no operations in Delaware related to the helicopter cr

2025For example, in Bell Helicopter Textron Inc., the Delaware Supreme Court reviewed whether Texas or Mexico law applied to a products liability case filed by Mexican citizens acting as the personal representatives of victims that died in a helicopter crash in Mexico from a defective seatbelt.43 Although the parties did not suggest Delaware law should be applied, the Court noted that the “only connection” the appellant had to Delaware was that it was incorporated there. 44 Delaware had “no relationship to the crash” because the appellant had “no operations in Delaware related to the helicopter cr

12
Travelers Indemnity Co. v. Lakegreen
del · 1991 · cited in 2 Delaware opinions naming this issue, 2009–2012
2 sentences

2012Co., 594 A.2d at 48 (‘‘[T]he Restatement test does not authorize a court to simply add up the interests on both sides of the equation and automatically apply the law of the jurisdiction meeting the highest number of contacts listed in Sections 145 and 6.

2009In adopting the Restatement’s test, our Supreme Court emphasized that "a majority of the states abandoning lex loci have adopted the Restatement rule.” Travelers, 594 A.2d at 47 . 203 .

12
cluster 480739green
ca3 · 1987 · cited in 1 Delaware opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024The Restatement factors analyzed in Dole are the following: • The nature of the tortious act that the secondary actor participated in or encouraged, including its severity, the clarity of the violation, the extent of the consequences, and the secondary actor’s knowledge of these aspects; • The amount, kind, and duration of assistance given, including how directly involved the secondary actor was in the primary actor’s conduct; • The nature of the relationship between the secondary and primary actors; and • The secondary actor’s state of mind.104 Some Delaware trial courts have used the Restate

2024The Restatement factors analyzed in Dole are the following: • The nature of the tortious act that the secondary actor participated in or encouraged, including its severity, the clarity of the violation, the extent of the consequences, and the secondary actor’s knowledge of these aspects; • The amount, kind, and duration of assistance given, including how directly involved the secondary actor was in the primary actor’s conduct; • The nature of the relationship between the secondary and primary actors; and • The secondary actor’s state of mind.104 Some Delaware trial courts have used the Restate

11
Landry v. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporationgreen
ca3 · 1973 · cited in 1 Delaware opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024The Restatement factors analyzed in Dole are the following: • The nature of the tortious act that the secondary actor participated in or encouraged, including its severity, the clarity of the violation, the extent of the consequences, and the secondary actor’s knowledge of these aspects; • The amount, kind, and duration of assistance given, including how directly involved the secondary actor was in the primary actor’s conduct; • The nature of the relationship between the secondary and primary actors; and • The secondary actor’s state of mind.104 Some Delaware trial courts have used the Restate

2024The Restatement factors analyzed in Dole are the following: • The nature of the tortious act that the secondary actor participated in or encouraged, including its severity, the clarity of the violation, the extent of the consequences, and the secondary actor’s knowledge of these aspects; • The amount, kind, and duration of assistance given, including how directly involved the secondary actor was in the primary actor’s conduct; • The nature of the relationship between the secondary and primary actors; and • The secondary actor’s state of mind.104 Some Delaware trial courts have used the Restate

11
James S. Kemper & Co. v. Cox & Associatesgreen
ala · 1983 · cited in 1 Delaware opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023Against this is Delaware’s interest in freedom of contract and in “upholding a lingua franca for sophisticated commercial parties.”97 “The entire purpose of the Restatement analysis is to prevent parties from contracting around the law of the default state by importing the law of a more contractarian state, unless that second state also has a compelling interest in enforcement.”98 Here, Alabama’s interest in preventing the enforcement of 96 Cf. James S. Kemper & Co. Se. v. Cox & Assocs., Inc., 434 So. 2d 1380, 1383-85 (Ala. 1983).

2023Against this is Delaware’s interest in freedom of contract and in “upholding a lingua franca for sophisticated commercial parties.”97 “The entire purpose of the Restatement analysis is to prevent parties from contracting around the law of the default state by importing the law of a more contractarian state, unless that second state also has a compelling interest in enforcement.”98 Here, Alabama’s interest in preventing the enforcement of 96 Cf. James S. Kemper & Co. Se. v. Cox & Assocs., Inc., 434 So. 2d 1380, 1383-85 (Ala. 1983).

11
SIGA Technologies, Inc. v. PharmAthene, Inc.green
del · 2013 · cited in 1 Delaware opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015As Brainerd Currie said, a party ―should not be allowed to put ‗together half a donkey and half a camel, and then ride to victory on the synthetic hybrid.‖‘‖) (internal citations omitted). 29 SIGA Tech., Inc. v. PharmAthene, Inc., 67 A.3d 330, 341 (Del. 2013). 30 Pallano v. AES Corp., 2011 WL 2803365 , at *8 (Del.

2015As Brainerd Currie said, a party ―should not be allowed to put ‗together half a donkey and half a camel, and then ride to victory on the synthetic hybrid.‖‘‖) (internal citations omitted). 29 SIGA Tech., Inc. v. PharmAthene, Inc., 67 A.3d 330, 341 (Del. 2013). 30 Pallano v. AES Corp., 2011 WL 2803365 , at *8 (Del.

11
Riedel v. ICI Americas Inc.green
del · 2009 · cited in 1 Delaware opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011See also Riedel, 968 A.2d at 23 ("Although the trial judge did not explicitly address whether Mrs. Riedel alleged misfeasance or nonfeasance, he considered Mrs. Riedel's claim in a manner consistent with the (Second) Restatement's analysis of nonfeasance.... [O]ur review of the record leads us to agree with the trial judge's conclusion."). [20] Id. at 23 . [21] The dissent maintains that "[t]he Riedel Court never decided whether Riedel's claim was properly characterized as nonfeasance." We disagree.

2011See also Riedel, 968 A.2d at 23 ("Although the trial judge did not explicitly address whether Mrs. Riedel alleged misfeasance or nonfeasance, he considered Mrs. Riedel's claim in a manner consistent with the (Second) Restatement's analysis of nonfeasance.... [O]ur review of the record leads us to agree with the trial judge's conclusion."). [20] Id. at 23 . [21] The dissent maintains that "[t]he Riedel Court never decided whether Riedel's claim was properly characterized as nonfeasance." We disagree.

11
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc. v. Scheidergreen
ny · 1976 · cited in 1 Delaware opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 204 ("When the parties to a bargain sufficiently defined to be a contract have not agreed with respect to a term which is essential to a determination of their rights and duties, a term which is reasonable in the circumstances is supplied by the court.”); see, e.g., Haines v. City of New York, 41 N.Y.2d 769 , 396 N.Y.S.2d 155 , 364 N.E.2d 820 , 822-823 (1977) (following Restatement rule and supplying omitted common law term); Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc. v. Scheider, 40 N.Y.2d 1069 , 392 N.Y.S.2d 252 , 360 N.E.2d 930, 931 (1976) (same); see generally 28 Glen Ba

2010Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 204 ("When the parties to a bargain sufficiently defined to be a contract have not agreed with respect to a term which is essential to a determination of their rights and duties, a term which is reasonable in the circumstances is supplied by the court.”); see, e.g., Haines v. City of New York, 41 N.Y.2d 769 , 396 N.Y.S.2d 155 , 364 N.E.2d 820 , 822-823 (1977) (following Restatement rule and supplying omitted common law term); Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc. v. Scheider, 40 N.Y.2d 1069 , 392 N.Y.S.2d 252 , 360 N.E.2d 930, 931 (1976) (same); see generally 28 Glen Ba

11
O'Connor v. O'Connorgreen
conn · 1986 · cited in 1 Delaware opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
2 sentences

1991See O’Connor, 201 Conn. at 649; 519 A.2d at 21 .

1991See O’Connor, 201 Conn. at 649; 519 A.2d at 21 .

11
Hurd v. Phoenix Co.green
delsuperct · 1918 · cited in 1 Delaware opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
11
Malin v. Consolidated Rail Corp.green
del · 1981 · cited in 1 Delaware opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
2 sentences

1988Malin v. Consolidated Rail Corp., Del.Supr., 438 A.2d 1221, 1223 (1981). 5 Even prior to the adoption of the Restatement standard by this Court in Schorah v. Carey, Del.Supr., 331 A.2d 383 (1975), the concept of attractive nuisance enjoyed recognition under Delaware law.

1988Malin v. Consolidated Rail Corp., Del.Supr., 438 A.2d 1221, 1223 (1981). 5 Even prior to the adoption of the Restatement standard by this Court in Schorah v. Carey, Del.Supr., 331 A.2d 383 (1975), the concept of attractive nuisance enjoyed recognition under Delaware law.

11
Penfield v. Towergreen
· 1890 · cited in 1 Delaware opinions naming this issue, 1946–1946
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Delaware. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (24)

CaseCitedYears
Malpiede v. Townson green
del · 2001
2 sentences

2026The Restatement factors recognize that reality by taking into account (1) the nature of the act encouraged, (2) the amount of 297 Malpiede, 780 A.2d at 1098 . 298 Jacobs v. Meghji, 2020 WL 5951410 , at *7 (Del.

2026The Restatement factors recognize that reality by taking into account (1) the nature of the act encouraged, (2) the amount of 297 Malpiede, 780 A.2d at 1098 . 298 Jacobs v. Meghji, 2020 WL 5951410 , at *7 (Del.

22026–2026
Ungar v. Palestine Liberation Organization green
ca1 · 2005
2 sentences

2019Id.

2019Id.

22019–2019
Hanlon v. Johns-Manville Sales Corp. green
iand · 1984
2 sentences

1984Hanlon v. Johns-Manville Sales Corporation, et al., 599 F.Supp. 376 , D.C.

1984Hanlon v. Johns-Manville Sales Corporation, et al., 599 F.Supp. 376 , D.C.

21984–1984
Pierce v. State green
del · 2015
2 sentences

2026Mkts., 129 A.3d at 865 ).

2026Mkts., 129 A.3d at 865 ).

12026–2026
Bell Helicopter Textron, Inc. v. Arteaga green
del · 2015
2 sentences

2025For example, in Bell Helicopter Textron Inc., the Delaware Supreme Court reviewed whether Texas or Mexico law applied to a products liability case filed by Mexican citizens acting as the personal representatives of victims that died in a helicopter crash in Mexico from a defective seatbelt.43 Although the parties did not suggest Delaware law should be applied, the Court noted that the “only connection” the appellant had to Delaware was that it was incorporated there. 44 Delaware had “no relationship to the crash” because the appellant had “no operations in Delaware related to the helicopter cr

2025For example, in Bell Helicopter Textron Inc., the Delaware Supreme Court reviewed whether Texas or Mexico law applied to a products liability case filed by Mexican citizens acting as the personal representatives of victims that died in a helicopter crash in Mexico from a defective seatbelt.43 Although the parties did not suggest Delaware law should be applied, the Court noted that the “only connection” the appellant had to Delaware was that it was incorporated there. 44 Delaware had “no relationship to the crash” because the appellant had “no operations in Delaware related to the helicopter cr

12025–2025
Consolidated Rail Corp. v. Erie Lackawanna Inc. green
scotus · 1987
2 sentences

2024The Restatement factors analyzed in Dole are the following: • The nature of the tortious act that the secondary actor participated in or encouraged, including its severity, the clarity of the violation, the extent of the consequences, and the secondary actor’s knowledge of these aspects; • The amount, kind, and duration of assistance given, including how directly involved the secondary actor was in the primary actor’s conduct; • The nature of the relationship between the secondary and primary actors; and • The secondary actor’s state of mind.104 Some Delaware trial courts have used the Restate

2024The Restatement factors analyzed in Dole are the following: • The nature of the tortious act that the secondary actor participated in or encouraged, including its severity, the clarity of the violation, the extent of the consequences, and the secondary actor’s knowledge of these aspects; • The amount, kind, and duration of assistance given, including how directly involved the secondary actor was in the primary actor’s conduct; • The nature of the relationship between the secondary and primary actors; and • The secondary actor’s state of mind.104 Some Delaware trial courts have used the Restate

12024–2024
Hexion Specialty Chemicals, Inc. v. Huntsman Corp. green
delch · 2008
1 sentence

2020The other exception is Hexion, where the parties argued about whether a no-MAE condition was a condition precedent or a condition subsequent, and the court sidestepped the issue by characterizing MAE conditions as “strange animals, sui generis among their contract clause brethren.” Hexion, 965 A.2d at 739 .

12020–2020
ASDI, INC. v. Beard Research, Inc. green
del · 2010
2 sentences

2019As noted, the result of that approach is a limited affiliate privilege that protects a parent entity that “pursues lawful 16 WaveDivision, 49 A.3d at 1174–75 (affirming trial court’s determination that four of the seven Restatement factors weighed against a finding of improper interference); Beard Research, Inc., 11 A.3d at 750–52 (describing trial court’s analysis of justification and the affiliate privilege as interpreting “too narrowly the nature and scope of a claim for tortious interference”); NAMA, 2014 WL 6436647 , at *28–36 (balancing the Restatement factors to determine whether the af

2019As noted, the result of that approach is a limited affiliate privilege that protects a parent entity that “pursues lawful 16 WaveDivision, 49 A.3d at 1174–75 (affirming trial court’s determination that four of the seven Restatement factors weighed against a finding of improper interference); Beard Research, Inc., 11 A.3d at 750–52 (describing trial court’s analysis of justification and the affiliate privilege as interpreting “too narrowly the nature and scope of a claim for tortious interference”); NAMA, 2014 WL 6436647 , at *28–36 (balancing the Restatement factors to determine whether the af

12019–2019
Shearin v. E.F. Hutton Group, Inc. green
delch · 1994
2 sentences

2019As noted, the result of that approach is a limited affiliate privilege that protects a parent entity that “pursues lawful 16 WaveDivision, 49 A.3d at 1174–75 (affirming trial court’s determination that four of the seven Restatement factors weighed against a finding of improper interference); Beard Research, Inc., 11 A.3d at 750–52 (describing trial court’s analysis of justification and the affiliate privilege as interpreting “too narrowly the nature and scope of a claim for tortious interference”); NAMA, 2014 WL 6436647 , at *28–36 (balancing the Restatement factors to determine whether the af

2019As noted, the result of that approach is a limited affiliate privilege that protects a parent entity that “pursues lawful 16 WaveDivision, 49 A.3d at 1174–75 (affirming trial court’s determination that four of the seven Restatement factors weighed against a finding of improper interference); Beard Research, Inc., 11 A.3d at 750–52 (describing trial court’s analysis of justification and the affiliate privilege as interpreting “too narrowly the nature and scope of a claim for tortious interference”); NAMA, 2014 WL 6436647 , at *28–36 (balancing the Restatement factors to determine whether the af

12019–2019
NACCO INDUSTRIES, INC. v. Applica Inc. green
delch · 2009
2 sentences

2018Ch. 2009)). 114 Id. 27 that the policy of [Nebraska] is that the contract at issue is abhorrent and void, and where, as here, the formation and enforcement of the contract relate overwhelmingly to [Nebraska], a general interest in freedom of contract is unlikely to be the equal of that public policy under the Restatement analysis.”115 Because Nebraska has a greater material interest in the agreements and application of Delaware law would violate a fundamental policy of Nebraska law, I apply Nebraska law to the question of the validity and enforceability of the nonsolicitation and noncompete pr

2018Ch. 2009)). 114 Id. 27 that the policy of [Nebraska] is that the contract at issue is abhorrent and void, and where, as here, the formation and enforcement of the contract relate overwhelmingly to [Nebraska], a general interest in freedom of contract is unlikely to be the equal of that public policy under the Restatement analysis.”115 Because Nebraska has a greater material interest in the agreements and application of Delaware law would violate a fundamental policy of Nebraska law, I apply Nebraska law to the question of the validity and enforceability of the nonsolicitation and noncompete pr

12018–2018
Triple C Railcar Service, Inc. v. City of Wilmington green
del · 1993
2 sentences

2015I find that the Plaintiff lacks standing to enforce the Ground Lease, to the 50 See Triple C Railcar Service, 630 A.2d at 634 . 51 See Ground Lease ¶ 5.A. 52 630 A.2d 629 (Del. 1993). 53 Id. at 633 (citing Restatement of the Law: Contracts § 145). 12 extent it forms a contract between the City and the DNREC Department of Parks and Recreation, of which the Plaintiff is only one among a large and poorly defined group of incidental beneficiaries, namely, the public at large, or all residents of the City of Lewes.54 Therefore, I dismiss the claims arising from the Ground Lease in Count I.

2015I find that the Plaintiff lacks standing to enforce the Ground Lease, to the 50 See Triple C Railcar Service, 630 A.2d at 634 . 51 See Ground Lease ¶ 5.A. 52 630 A.2d 629 (Del. 1993). 53 Id. at 633 (citing Restatement of the Law: Contracts § 145). 12 extent it forms a contract between the City and the DNREC Department of Parks and Recreation, of which the Plaintiff is only one among a large and poorly defined group of incidental beneficiaries, namely, the public at large, or all residents of the City of Lewes.54 Therefore, I dismiss the claims arising from the Ground Lease in Count I.

12015–2015
Falconi v. Coombs & Coombs, Inc. green
del · 2006
2 sentences

2014However, the Court instructed the use of the Restatement factors “when the issue is whether a claimant is an employee or independent contractor of a single business.” Falconi, 902 A.2d at 1100 . 21 Valentine v. Walford, 1984 WL 553521 , at *1 (Del.

2014However, the Court instructed the use of the Restatement factors “when the issue is whether a claimant is an employee or independent contractor of a single business.” Falconi, 902 A.2d at 1100 . 21 Valentine v. Walford, 1984 WL 553521 , at *1 (Del.

12014–2014
Furek v. University of Delaware green
del · 1991
1 sentence

2011In Riedel , we declined to adopt the proposed Restatement (Third) of Torts provisions relevant to these facts. [10] Id. at 22 (quoting RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 284 (1965)). [11] Id. (quoting RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 302 cmt. a). [12] Id. (quoting RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 302 cmt. a). [13] Id. at 19. [14] Id. [15] Id. at 23 ("Although the trial judge did not explicitly address whether Mrs. Riedel alleged misfeasance or nonfeasance, he considered Mrs. Riedel's claim in a manner consistent with the (Second) Restatement's analysis of nonfeasance."). [16] Id. at 25 ("[W]e are n

12011–2011
Abry Partners V, L.P. v. F & W Acquisition LLC green
delch · 2006
1 sentence

2010For example, in that case, the court acknowledged the Restatement’s rule that "[a] term exempting a party from tort liability for harm caused intentionally or recklessly is unenforceable on grounds of public policy.” Id. at 1059 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Contracts 195 (1981)).

12010–2010
Vantagepoint Venture Partners 1996 v. Examen, Inc. green
del · 2005
2 sentences

2009Cf., Turner v. Lipschultz, 619 A.2d 912 , 916 n. 6 (Del.1992) (using Restatement (Second) of Conflicts of Laws § 146 cmt. d (1971)); VantagePoint, 871 A.2d at 1113 n. 13 (applying Restatement (Second) of Conflicts of Laws § 303 cmt. d). 204 .

2009Cf., Turner v. Lipschultz, 619 A.2d 912 , 916 n. 6 (Del.1992) (using Restatement (Second) of Conflicts of Laws § 146 cmt. d (1971)); VantagePoint, 871 A.2d at 1113 n. 13 (applying Restatement (Second) of Conflicts of Laws § 303 cmt. d). 204 .

12009–2009
Dawson v. State green
del · 1990
1 sentence

1995This claim is simply a restatement of his claim that the jury was not impartial, which was raised and rejected in Dawson I, 581 A.2d at 1088-91 .

11995–1995
Revlon, Inc. v. MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings, Inc. green
del · 1986
1 sentence

1994The Chancellor’s restatement of the rule — to require Cinerama to prove a proximate cause relationship between the Technicolor board’s presumed breach of its duty of care and the shareholder’s resultant loss — is contrary to well-established Delaware precedent, irreconcilable with Van Gorkom , and contrary to the tenets of Unocal and Revlon, Inc. v. MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings, Del.Supr., 506 A.2d 173 (1986).

11994–1994
Pajewski v. Perry green
del · 1976
2 sentences

1993Pajewski, 363 A.2d at 431 .

1993Pajewski, 363 A.2d at 431 .

11993–1993
Friday v. Smoot green
del · 1965
2 sentences

1991The Court, employing a hypothetical where two Delaware residents sued each other for negligence inflicted in another state, claimed that adopting the Restatement test would drive the Delaware residents to seek relief in a state that recognized lex loci. 211 A.2d at 597 .

1991The Court, employing a hypothetical where two Delaware residents sued each other for negligence inflicted in another state, claimed that adopting the Restatement test would drive the Delaware residents to seek relief in a state that recognized lex loci. 211 A.2d at 597 .

11991–1991
Schorah v. Carey green
del · 1975
11988–1988
Equitable Trust Co. v. Snader green
delch · 1931
11945–1945
Wilmington Trust Co. v. Wilmington Trust Co. green
delch · 1936
11945–1945
Equitable Trust Co. v. Snader green
delch · 1930
11945–1945
Jamestown Iron & Metal Co. v. Knofsky green
pa · 1930
11945–1945

Where else courts name it

CA 103 (1909–2025) TX 86 (1927–2026) PA 68 (1901–2026) AZ 55 (1953–2026) NJ 53 (1957–2026) WA 49 (1943–2025) IL 47 (1946–2016) IN 44 (1979–2019) OR 40 (1960–2020) NY 39 (1900–2024) OH 33 (1950–2024) AL 32 (1911–2017) IA 32 (1972–2026) MI 31 (1891–2023) DE 30 (1945–2026) MO 29 (1889–2023) CT 26 (1982–2026) FL 25 (1968–2021) MN 23 (1954–2024) MD 23 (1960–2023) UT 20 (1983–2026) WI 19 (1931–2019) VT 19 (1991–2026) MA 18 (1975–2010) DC 17 (1987–2025) NM 17 (1916–2024) TN 16 (1952–2019) KS 16 (1972–2022) AK 14 (1975–2024) GA 13 (1923–2022) CO 13 (1986–2024) LA 12 (1964–2021) NE 11 (1930–2026) VA 11 (1932–2026) ME 11 (1955–2020) RI 11 (1956–2019) MT 10 (1955–2020) SD 10 (1970–2023) OK 10 (1965–2011) MS 9 (1966–2017) ND 9 (1976–2024) AR 9 (1907–2014) ID 7 (1983–2005) VI 7 (1980–2023) WV 7 (1956–2023) HI 6 (1945–2020) SC 5 (1968–2023) KY 5 (1919–2016) WY 5 (1981–1992) NV 5 (1983–2017) NC 4 (1969–1998) NH 3 (1992–2024)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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