necessary requirement (Texas) · Go Syfert
← Texas issues

necessary requirement in Texas

98 Texas opinions name it 3 courts 1874–2025 14 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (49)

CaseFollowedCited
In Re Palm Harbor Homes, Inc.green
tex · 2006 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2015
2 sentences

2015See In re Palm Harbor Homes, Inc., 195 S.W.3d 672, 678 (Tex.2006) (rejecting a claim that an arbitration provision was substantively unconscionable where the challenged provision “effectively incorporate[d] established provisions of contract law”).

2014See In re Palm Harbor Homes, Inc., 195 S.W.3d 672, 678 (Tex.2006) (rejecting a claim that We agree that if the discovery limitations the arbitration an arbitration provision was substantively unconscionable agreement imposes operate to prevent effective presentation © 2014 Thomson Reuters.

33
Murphy v. Russellgreen
tex · 2005 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008See Murphy v. Russell, 167 S.W.3d 835, 838 (Tex.2005) (stating that even though the jury might not need the aid of expert testimony to determine the issues of the case involving lack of consent and battery during the treatment of a patient, the expert report is still a necessary requirement in pleading a health care liability claim under the statute).

2008See Murphy v. Russell, 167 S.W.3d 835, 838 (Tex. 2005) (stating that even though the jury might not need the aid of expert testimony to determine the issues of the case involving lack of consent and battery during the treatment of a patient, the expert report is still a necessary requirement in pleading a health care liability claim under the statute). 12 window, which as we stated above are similar to Ollie’s claim regarding the slippery, wet floor.

33
Schlobohm v. Schapirogreen
tex · 1990 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1990–1995
2 sentences

1995See Schlobohm, 784 S.W.2d at 358 . 4 .

1991See Schlobohm, 784 S.W.2d at 358 .

33
Martinez, Roger Anthonygreen
texcrimapp · 2019 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2025
2 sentences

2025In Martinez, the Court held that “evidence of communication between officers is not always a necessary requirement to apply the collective knowledge doctrine.” Id. at 627.

2024Although here, unlike in Jackson, for example, there is no direct evidence that Detective Chavez communicated her reasons to believe the cell phones could constitute evidence of the offense to the arresting officer who seized the phones, “evidence of communication between officers is not always a necessary requirement to apply the collective knowledge doctrine.” State v. Martinez, 569 S.W.3d 621, 627 (Tex. Crim.

23
National Fire Insurance Co. of Pittsburgh v. Valero Energy Corp.green
texapp · 1989 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
2 sentences

2009Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa. v. Valero Energy Corp. , 777 S.W.2d 501, 508 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1989, writ denied) ("The court should not be required to pick through appellant's own tendered issues to construct an instruction to conform to an issue actually submitted; this is the responsibility of the party complaining that a necessary instruction is missing from the court's charge."). 24.

2009Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa. v. Valero Energy Corp., 777 S.W.2d 501, 508 (Tex.App.Corpus Christi 1989, writ denied) ("The court should not be required to pick through appellant’s own tendered issues to construct an instruction to conform to an issue actually submitted; this is the responsibility of the party complaining that a necessary instruction is missing from the court’s charge.”). 24 .

22
Texas Department of Transportation v. Jonesgreen
tex · 1999 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004See Jones , 8 S.W.3d at 638 .

2004See Jones, 8 S.W.3d at 638 .

22
Oregon v. Bradshawgreen
scotus · 1983 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1987–2022
2 sentences

2022A majority of the justices held the suspect in the case before it reinitiated contact where he asked a question that “evinced a willingness and a desire for a generalized discussion about the investigation,” and not merely “a necessary inquiry arising out of the incidents of the custodial relationship.” Id.

2004Bradshaw, 462 U.S. at 1045-46 , 103 S.Ct. 2830 ("[a]lthough ambiguous, the respondent's question in this case as to what was going to happen to him evinced a willingness and a desire for a generalized discussion about the investigation; it was not merely a necessary inquiry arising out of the incidents of the custodial relationship”). 20 .

14
S.C. Maxwell Family Partnership, Ltd v. Thomas Kent and Nancy Kentgreen
texapp · 2015 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2023
2 sentences

2023P’ship, Ltd. v. Kent, 472 S.W.3d 341, 345 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, no pet.) (“Under the ordinary principles governing the formation of contracts in Texas, consideration is a necessary requirement for the formation of a contract.”). 1.

2022P’ship Ltd. v. Kent, 472 S.W.3d 341 , 344–45 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, no pet.) (“[C]onsideration is a necessary requirement for the formation of a contract.

12
Gonzalez v. Guilbotgreen
tex · 2010 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015Under the unambiguous language of title 28, section 1447(c) of the United States Code arid under precedent from' the Supreme Court of Texas and the Fourteenth Court of Appeals] a remand order from the remanding court is a necessary requirement for a remand to occur.' See 28 U.S.C. § 1447 (c) (West, Westlaw through P.L. 114-51) (providing that, after the federal court signs a remand order' and sends it to the clerk of the state court, “[t]h'e State ’court may thereupon proceed with such case”); Guilbot Serros de Gonzalez v. Gonzalez Guilbot, 315 S.W.3d 533, 537-38 (Tex.2010) (holding that “hand

2015See 28 U.S.C. §1447 (c) (West, Westlaw through P.L. 114-51) (providing that, after the federal court signs a remand order and sends it to the clerk of the state court, “[t]he State court may thereupon proceed with such case”); Guilbot Serros de Gonzalez v. Gonzalez Guilbot, 315 S.W.3d 533 , 537–38 (Tex. 2010) (holding that “hand delivery of the remand order in this case successfully effected the transfer of jurisdiction from federal court to state court,” allowing hand delivery rather than mailing of the order while still requiring a remand order, and stating that “what matters more is what th

12
Reimer v. Scottgreen
texapp · 1984 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015Under the unambiguous language of title 28, section 1447(c) of the United States Code arid under precedent from' the Supreme Court of Texas and the Fourteenth Court of Appeals] a remand order from the remanding court is a necessary requirement for a remand to occur.' See 28 U.S.C. § 1447 (c) (West, Westlaw through P.L. 114-51) (providing that, after the federal court signs a remand order' and sends it to the clerk of the state court, “[t]h'e State ’court may thereupon proceed with such case”); Guilbot Serros de Gonzalez v. Gonzalez Guilbot, 315 S.W.3d 533, 537-38 (Tex.2010) (holding that “hand

2015See 28 U.S.C. §1447 (c) (West, Westlaw through P.L. 114-51) (providing that, after the federal court signs a remand order and sends it to the clerk of the state court, “[t]he State court may thereupon proceed with such case”); Guilbot Serros de Gonzalez v. Gonzalez Guilbot, 315 S.W.3d 533 , 537–38 (Tex. 2010) (holding that “hand delivery of the remand order in this case successfully effected the transfer of jurisdiction from federal court to state court,” allowing hand delivery rather than mailing of the order while still requiring a remand order, and stating that “what matters more is what th

12
Quaestor Investments, Inc. v. State of Chiapasgreen
tex · 1999 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015Under the unambiguous language of title 28, section 1447(c) of the United States Code arid under precedent from' the Supreme Court of Texas and the Fourteenth Court of Appeals] a remand order from the remanding court is a necessary requirement for a remand to occur.' See 28 U.S.C. § 1447 (c) (West, Westlaw through P.L. 114-51) (providing that, after the federal court signs a remand order' and sends it to the clerk of the state court, “[t]h'e State ’court may thereupon proceed with such case”); Guilbot Serros de Gonzalez v. Gonzalez Guilbot, 315 S.W.3d 533, 537-38 (Tex.2010) (holding that “hand

2015Under the unambiguous language of title 28, section 1447(c) of the United States Code arid under precedent from' the Supreme Court of Texas and the Fourteenth Court of Appeals] a remand order from the remanding court is a necessary requirement for a remand to occur.' See 28 U.S.C. § 1447 (c) (West, Westlaw through P.L. 114-51) (providing that, after the federal court signs a remand order' and sends it to the clerk of the state court, “[t]h'e State ’court may thereupon proceed with such case”); Guilbot Serros de Gonzalez v. Gonzalez Guilbot, 315 S.W.3d 533, 537-38 (Tex.2010) (holding that “hand

12
First State Bank of Bishop v. Grebegreen
texapp · 1942 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1988–2015
2 sentences

1988Interestingly, in First State Bank of Bishop v. Grebe, 162 S.W.2d 165, 168 (San Antonio Court of Civil Appeals 1942, ref. w.o.m.), the predecessor to the San Antonio Court of Appeals stated the following: “[EJvery order of an appellate court reversing and remanding a cause ... carries with it the necessary instruction, whether expressed or not, that all further proceedings in the case ... must be ‘consistent with the opinion’ of the reversing court; that qualification is understood, is implied by necessity, so that, at least usually, it adds nothing to the result to write it into the opinion o

1988Interestingly, in First State Bank of Bishop v. Grebe, 162 S.W.2d 165, 168 (San Antonio Court of Civil Appeals 1942, ref. w.o.m.), the predecessor to the San Antonio Court of Appeals stated the following: "[E]very order of an appellate court reversing and remanding a cause ... carries with it the necessary instruction, whether expressed or not, that all further proceedings in the case ... must be `consistent with the opinion' of the reversing court; that qualification is understood, is implied by necessity, so that, at least usually, it adds nothing to the result to write it into the opinion o

12
Guzman v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1997 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1998–2003
2 sentences

2003Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85 (Tex.Cr.App.1997). *98 The Court in Bradshaw held that the defendant “initiated” further “conversations” when the defendant asked an officer: “Well, what is going to happen to me now?” When discussing the meaning of “initiate,” the Court said: Although ambiguous, the respondent’s question in this case as to what was going to happen to him evinced a willingness and a desire for a generalized discussion about the investigation; it was not merely a necessary inquiry arising out of the incidents of the custodial relationship.

1998See Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997); Ex parte Barnes, 959 S.W.2d at 316-17 .

12
United States v. Eric C. Paynegreen
ca2 · 1995 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1998–2002
2 sentences

2002“The necessary inquiry is whether [defense counsel] knew or should have known facts that would have allowed him to access the undisclosed evidence.” Id. (citing United States v. Payne, 63 F.3d 1200, 1208 (2nd Cir.1995)).

1998Payne, 63 F.3d at 1208 .

12
Carpenter v. Cimarron Hydrocarbons Corp.green
tex · 2002 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023See Carpenter, 98 S.W.3d at 688 (the trial court did not err when it denied defendant’s motion for new trial, which was not accompanied by any supporting affidavits or other evidence, based upon trial counsel’s bare assertion, without explanation, that he had “mis-calendared” the due date for the response to the motion for summary judgment); Tex. Petroleum Land Mgmt., LLC v. McMillan, 641 S.W.3d 831 , 849 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2022, no pet.) (no explanation or evidence offered by the movant to demonstrate good cause for failing to timely respond).

11
Cross v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2004 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022Similarly, the Court of Criminal Appeals has held that a suspect burst the 8 Edwards bubble with a “re-initiation of communications about the investigation.” Cross, 144 S.W.3d at 525, 528 (finding the appellant did not want to talk to the patrol officer but he did want to talk with a detective about the assault).

11
Debra C. Gunn, M.D., Obstetrical and Gynecological Associates, P.A., and Obstetrical and Gynecological Associates P.L.L.C. v. Andre McCoy, as Permanent Guardian of Shannon Miles McCoy, an Incapacitated Persongreen
tex · 2018 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022Gunn v. McCoy, 554 S.W.3d 645, 668 (Tex. 2018); U-Haul Int’l, Inc. v. Waldrip, 380 S.W.3d 118, 136 (Tex. 2012).

11
U-Haul International, Inc. v. Waldripgreen
tex · 2012 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022Gunn v. McCoy, 554 S.W.3d 645, 668 (Tex. 2018); U-Haul Int’l, Inc. v. Waldrip, 380 S.W.3d 118, 136 (Tex. 2012).

11
Chapman v. Californiared
scotus · 1967 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 21 (1967) (“We have no hesitation in saying that the right of these petitioners not to be punished for exercising their Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment right to be silent—expressly created by the Federal Constitution itself—is a federal right which, in the absence of appropriate congressional action, it is our responsibility to protect by fashioning the necessary rule.”).33 33 In Kooteakos v. United States, the Supreme Court discussed the origin of the federal harmless error rule, noting 32 Yet, creating such a burden is one thing; defining how the burden wor

11
John G. & Marie Stella Kenedy Memorial Foundation v. Dewhurstgreen
tex · 2002 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020Found. v Dewhurst, 90 S.W.3d 268, 288 (Tex. 2002).

11
Gerardo Solis, Osmin Turcios, Chipotle Mexican Grill of Colorado, LLC, and Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc. v. S. V.Z., Individually and as Next Friend of A.Z., Her Minor Childgreen
texapp · 2018 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
Duran v. Stategreen
texapp · 2005 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
Tenery v. Stategreen
texapp · 1984 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Rhode Island v. Innisgreen
scotus · 1980 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
Almanza v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1985 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
Shaffer v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1989 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Rhodes v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Texas Department of Criminal Justice v. McElyeagreen
texapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Gigliobianco v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2006 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Mullins v. Dallas Independent School Districtgreen
texapp · 2012 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Alm v. Aluminum Co. of Americagreen
tex · 1986 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
Standefer v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2001 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Harris v. Stategreen
texapp · 2003 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Miguel Angel Flores v. Gary L. Johnson, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Divisiongreen
ca5 · 2000 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Castleberry v. Branscumred
tex · 1986 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
Torres v. Memorial Hermann Hospital Systemgreen
texapp · 2005 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Braden v. Downeygreen
tex · 1991 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Cozzi v. Stategreen
texapp · 2005 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
City of Lancaster v. Chambersgreen
tex · 1994 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
George Grubbs Enterprises, Inc. v. Biengreen
tex · 1995 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (31)

CaseCitedYears
Miranda v. Arizona green
scotus · 1966
2 sentences

2015Denial of Motion to Suppress Nickerson contends that the trial court erred in denying’his motion to suppress because Officer Cisneros continued' to question him without providing the necessary warnings in violation of his rights under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 , 86 S.Ct. 1602 , 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966), and article 38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.

2015Denial of Motion to Suppress Nickerson contends that the trial court erred in denying’his motion to suppress because Officer Cisneros continued' to question him without providing the necessary warnings in violation of his rights under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 , 86 S.Ct. 1602 , 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966), and article 38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.

32015–2023
Coble v. State green
texcrimapp · 2010
2 sentences

2011It is, of course, a proper topic for vigorous cross-examination. 14. 330 S.W.3d 253 (Tex. Crim.

2011It is, of course, a proper topic for vigorous cross-examination. . 330 S.W.3d 253 (Tex.Crim.App.2010). .Id. at 279 n. 68 (noting that, if Dr. Coons’s methodology were unscientific, the intuitive appeal of his opinions would be doubly dangerous as the jury might accept his testimony uncritically) (citing Flores v. Johnson, 210 F.3d 456, 465-66 (5th Cir.2000) (Garza, J„ concurring) (”[T]he problem here (as with all expert testimony) is not the introduction of one man’s opinion on another’s future dangerousness, but the fact that the opinion is introduced by one whose title and education (not to

32011–2011
United States v. Watson green
scotus · 1975
2 sentences

2011The necessary inquiry is “not whether there was a warrant or whether there was time to get one, but whether there was probable cause for the arrest,” and if there was probable cause, whether “the arrest, though without a warrant, was lawful.” United States v. Watson, 423 U.S. 411, 417 , 96 S.Ct. 820, 824-25 , 46 L.Ed.2d 598 (1976).

2011The necessary inquiry is “not whether there was a warrant or whether there was time to get one, but whether there was probable cause for the arrest,” and if there was probable cause, whether “the arrest, though without a warrant, was lawful.” United States v. Watson, 423 U.S. 411, 417 , 96 S.Ct. 820, 824-25 , 46 L.Ed.2d 598 (1976).

31984–2011
Dalbosco v. State green
texapp · 1998
2 sentences

2002Id.

2002“The necessary inquiry is whether [defense counsel] knew or should have known facts that would have allowed him to access the undisclosed evidence.” Id. (citing United States v. Payne, 63 F.3d 1200, 1208 (2nd Cir.1995)).

22002–2002
Johnson v. State green
texcrimapp · 2012
1 sentence

2024Hernandez, 556 S.W.3d at 314 (citing Johnson, 364 S.W.3d at 296 ).

12024–2024
A.R.A., Matter Of green
texapp · 1995
1 sentence

2024It thus concluded that because A.R.A. had “not provided a record sufficient to show . . . that the necessary waiver did not occur during the recorded disposition hearing,” it “must presume that the waiver occurred.” Id.

12024–2024
Hernandez v. State green
texcrimapp · 2017
1 sentence

2024Hernandez, 556 S.W.3d at 314 (citing Johnson, 364 S.W.3d at 296 ).

12024–2024
Wheeler v. Green green
tex · 2005
1 sentence

2021Id. at 443–44.

12021–2021
Fox v. Tropical Warehouses, Inc. green
texapp · 2004
1 sentence

2021At the temporary injunction stage, the necessary inquiry is whether the applicant presented some evidence that the non-applicant is “in possession of the [trade secret] information and in a position to use it.” Daniels v. Radley Staffing, LLC, No. 14-19-00054-CV, 2021 WL 282630 , at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Jan. 28, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing Fox, 121 S.W.3d at 860 ).

12021–2021
Southwestern Energy Production Co. v. Berry-Helfand green
tex · 2016
1 sentence

2021“Use of [a] trade secret means commercial use by which the offending party seeks to profit from the use of the secret,” and includes “any exploitation of the trade secret that is likely to result in injury to the trade secret owner or enrichment to the defendant” or any reliance on the trade secret to “assist or accelerate research or development.” Berry-Helfand, 491 S.W.3d at 722 .

12021–2021
Mid-Continent Casualty Co. v. Bay Rock Operating Co. green
ca5 · 2010
12020–2020
Stevens v. Bangor & Aroostook Railroad green
ca1 · 1996
12020–2020
Llanes v. Corpus Christi Independent School District green
texapp · 2002
12014–2014
State v. Mechler green
texcrimapp · 2005
12014–2014
TransAmerican Natural Gas Corp. v. Powell green
tex · 1991
12006–2006
Garcia v. State green
texcrimapp · 1996
12002–2002
Texas Commerce Bank, National Ass'n v. New green
tex · 1999
12001–2001
Santellan v. State green
texcrimapp · 1997
11999–1999
Terry v. Ohio green
scotus · 1968
11998–1998
Davis v. State green
texcrimapp · 1997
11998–1998
Ex Parte Barnes green
texapp · 1998
11998–1998
Davis v. City of San Antonio green
tex · 1988
11998–1998
Allridge v. State green
texcrimapp · 1988
11996–1996
Texas Department of Human Services v. Green green
texapp · 1993
11994–1994
Mendoza v. Fidelity & Guaranty Insurance Underwriters, Inc. green
tex · 1980
11989–1989
cluster 451919 green
ca5 · 1985
11989–1989
Steve Graffagnino, Et Ux. v. Fibreboard Corporation green
ca5 · 1985
11989–1989
C & H Transportation Co., Inc. v. Jensen and Reynolds Construction Company and Par Industries, Inc. green
ca5 · 1983
11986–1986
Alfaro v. State green
texcrimapp · 1982
11986–1986
Helicopteros Nacionales De Colombia, S. A. v. Hall green
scotus · 1984
11986–1986
Gomillion v. Lightfoot green
scotus · 1960
11977–1977

Statutes the citing opinions construe

TX § Tex. Penal Code § 19.02 (5) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 7.01 (4) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 7.02 (4) TX § Tex. Lab. Code § 21.2585 (3) TX § Tex. Lab. Code § 408.001 (3) TX § Tex. Lab. Code § 451.002 (3) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 1.07 (3) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 19.03 (3) USC § 9u.s.c.16 (3) USC § 9u.s.c.2 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 135 (1894–2026) PA 106 (1893–2026) OH 99 (1982–2026) IL 99 (1909–2025) NY 98 (1857–2026) TX 98 (1874–2025) NC 60 (1884–2026) FL 53 (1881–2026) WA 48 (1902–2026) MI 41 (1883–2023) AR 40 (1948–2026) CT 35 (1938–2022) TN 31 (1905–2025) MD 31 (1923–2023) WV 30 (1912–2026) MO 29 (1906–2025) NJ 26 (1952–2022) DC 26 (1976–2021) AZ 25 (1928–2021) OR 25 (1973–2025) UT 24 (1938–2026) AL 23 (1912–2025) MN 22 (1909–2024) GA 21 (1881–2026) KS 21 (1902–2025) IN 20 (1868–2023) LA 20 (1933–2024) MS 19 (1933–2005) KY 18 (1899–2026) IA 18 (1913–2026) VA 16 (1891–2024) ND 16 (1976–2017) NM 16 (1963–2024) WI 15 (1980–2026) CO 15 (1939–2019) ID 13 (1911–2020) MA 12 (1976–2025) NE 11 (1930–2025) OK 11 (1915–1997) SD 10 (1913–2019) HI 9 (1983–2013) RI 8 (1967–2025) NV 8 (1926–2019) AK 8 (1981–2024) SC 8 (1907–2016) ME 7 (1978–2022) DE 6 (1954–2025) MT 5 (1990–2016) VT 5 (1981–2025) WY 4 (1923–1992) VI 2 (2011–2017)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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