double jeopardy clause (Oklahoma) · Go Syfert
← Oklahoma issues

double jeopardy clause in Oklahoma

52 Oklahoma opinions name it 2 courts 1972–2020 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Oklahoma courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (21)

CaseFollowedCited
Blockburger v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1931 · cited in 7 Oklahoma opinions naming this issue, 1982–2018
2 sentences

1992In determining whether the double jeopardy clause has been violated, "the applicable rule is that where the same act or transaction constitutes a violation of two distinct statutory provisions, the test to be applied to determine whether they are two offenses or only one, is whether each requires proof of a fact which the other does not." Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304 , 52 S.Ct. 180, 182 , 76 L.Ed. 306, 309 (1932).

1992In determining whether the double jeopardy clause has been violated, "the applicable rule is that where the same act or transaction constitutes a violation of two distinct statutory provisions, the test to be applied to determine whether they are two offenses or only one, is whether each requires proof of a fact which the other does not." Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304 , 52 S.Ct. 180, 182 , 76 L.Ed. 306, 309 (1932).

47
Branch v. Millsgreen
oklacrimapp · 1972 · cited in 5 Oklahoma opinions naming this issue, 1976–1978
2 sentences

1978We note that the State in its brief relies on the following language from Draper v. State, Okl.Cr., 562 P.2d 155 (1977) and Branch v. Mills, Okl.Cr., 500 P.2d 590 (1972): “For a double jeopardy claim to be viable, it must be shown that the two offenses charged are in law and in fact the same offense. * * * Offenses are not the same if, upon the trial of one, proof of an additional fact is required that is not necessary to be proved in the trial of the other, although the same acts may be necessary to be proved in the trial of each.” In light of the test set forth in Brown, supra, it is readily

1978We note that the State in its brief relies on the following language from Draper v. State, Okl.Cr., 562 P.2d 155 (1977) and Branch v. Mills, Okl.Cr., 500 P.2d 590 (1972): "For a double jeopardy claim to be viable, it must be shown that the two offenses charged are in law and in fact the same offense. * * * Offenses are not the same if, upon the trial of one, proof of an additional fact is required that is not necessary to be proved in the trial of the other, although the same acts may be necessary to be proved in the trial of each." In light of the test set forth in Brown, supra, it is readily

35
Logsdon v. Stategreen
oklacrimapp · 2010 · cited in 2 Oklahoma opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018See *993 Logsdon v. State, 2010 OK CR 7 , ¶ 19, 231 P.3d 1156 , 1165 (citing Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299 , 304, 52 S.Ct. 180 , 182, 76 L.Ed. 306 , 309 (1932) ).

2018See *993 Logsdon v. State, 2010 OK CR 7 , ¶ 19, 231 P.3d 1156 , 1165 (citing Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299 , 304, 52 S.Ct. 180 , 182, 76 L.Ed. 306 , 309 (1932) ).

22
Barnard v. Stategreen
oklacrimapp · 2012 · cited in 2 Oklahoma opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015See Barnard, 2012 OK CR 15, ¶ 26, 290 P.3d at 767 (because Section 11 complements the double jeopardy protections of the Oklahoma and United States Constitutions, a traditional double jeopardy analysis is conducted only if Section 11 does not apply). ¶13 In Proposition II, we find Appellant's objections to the two stage proceeding properly preserved the issue for our review.

2015See Barnard, 2012 OK CR 15, 126 , 290 P.3d at 767 (because Section 11 complements the double jeopardy protections of the Oklahoma and United States Constitutions, a traditional double jeopardy analysis is conducted only if Section 11 does not apply). {13 In Proposition II, we find Appellant's objections to the two stage proceeding properly preserved the issue for our review.

22
Jefferson v. Stategreen
oklacrimapp · 1984 · cited in 2 Oklahoma opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987
2 sentences

1987In Jefferson v. State, 675 P.2d 443, 447 (Okl.Cr.1984), this Court vacated a twenty (20) year sentence for Robbery With a Dangerous Weapon, where it served as the predicate for a felony-murder conviction which was affirmed.

1987In Jefferson v. State, 675 P.2d 443, 447 (Okl.Cr.1984), this Court vacated a twenty (20) year sentence for robbery with a dangerous weapon where it served as the predicate for a felony-murder conviction for which the defendant received life imprisonment.

22
Jones v. Stategreen
oklacrimapp · 1998 · cited in 2 Oklahoma opinions naming this issue, 2003–2006
2 sentences

2006Littlejohn, id. ¶ 66 Because Section 11 does not apply, we now conduct a traditional double jeopardy analysis.

2003The sole case from this Court on *685 the issue is Jones v. State, 965 P.2d 385, 386 (Okl.Cr.1998).

12
Stockton v. Stategreen
oklacrimapp · 1973 · cited in 2 Oklahoma opinions naming this issue, 1976–1978
2 sentences

1978See, Branch v. Mills, Okl.Cr., 500 P.2d 590 (1972), and Stockton v. State, Okl.Cr., 509 P.2d 153 (1973).

1976Generally in determining the viability of a double jeopardy claim the courts have utilized what has been described as “the same evidence test and the same transaction test or a variation of the two.” See Branch v. Mills, Okl.Cr., 500 P.2d 590 , and Stockton v. State, Okl.Cr., 509 P.2d 153 .

12
Jones v. Thomasgreen
scotus · 1989 · cited in 1 Oklahoma opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020See Jones v. Thomas , 491 U.S. 376, 381 (1989).

2020See Jones v. Thomas , 491 U.S. 376, 381 (1989).

11
IRWIN v. STATEgreen
oklacrimapp · 2018 · cited in 1 Oklahoma opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020Cf. Irwin , 2018 OK CR 21, ¶ 5 , 424 P.3d at 676 ("Traditional double jeopardy analysis is conducted only if section 11 does not apply.").

2020Cf. Irwin , 2018 OK CR 21, ¶ 5 , 424 P.3d at 676 ("Traditional double jeopardy analysis is conducted only if section 11 does not apply.").

11
Price v. Reedgreen
okla · 1986 · cited in 1 Oklahoma opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
1 sentence

2012In an appeal from a driver's license revocation order the focus is hence not on the double jeopardy clause but rather on the due process standards that are built into the regulatory scheme and were applied in the proceedings below. 1986 OK 48, ¶ 11 , 725 P.2d at 1259-60 (emphasis in original, footnotes omitted). 7 124 Further, the burdens of proof are different in a driver's license revocation proceeding and a criminal prosecution.

11
MKH v. Stategreen
oklacrimapp · 1997 · cited in 1 Oklahoma opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
McCauley v. Stategreen
oklacrimapp · 1991 · cited in 1 Oklahoma opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
2 sentences

2001See also M.K.H. v. State, 1997 OK CR 57 , 946 P.2d 677, 679 (reverse certification hearing is matter of due process, not jurisdiction). [14] McCauley v. State, 1991 OK CR 69 , 814 P.2d 157, 158 (district court loses jurisdiction of application for revocation where hearing is not held within twenty days and defendant did not waive timely hearing). [1] The majority cannot use a double jeopardy analysis to support its holding that Petitioner's application to revoke suspended sentence should be dismissed with prejudice because double jeopardy does not attach and is not applicable to proceedings to

2001See also M.K.H. v. State, 1997 OK CR 57 , 946 P.2d 677, 679 (reverse certification hearing is matter of due process, not jurisdiction). [14] McCauley v. State, 1991 OK CR 69 , 814 P.2d 157, 158 (district court loses jurisdiction of application for revocation where hearing is not held within twenty days and defendant did not waive timely hearing). [1] The majority cannot use a double jeopardy analysis to support its holding that Petitioner's application to revoke suspended sentence should be dismissed with prejudice because double jeopardy does not attach and is not applicable to proceedings to

11
M.K.H. v. Stategreen
oklacrimapp · 1997 · cited in 1 Oklahoma opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
Hale v. Stategreen
oklacrimapp · 1995 · cited in 1 Oklahoma opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
People v. District Court in & for the City & County of Denvergreen
colo · 1985 · cited in 1 Oklahoma opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
11
State v. Pringlegreen
wash · 1973 · cited in 1 Oklahoma opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
11
State v. Pascalgreen
wash · 1987 · cited in 1 Oklahoma opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
11
State v. DENNIS F.green
nmctapp · 1986 · cited in 1 Oklahoma opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
11
Scroggins v. Stategreen
oklacrimapp · 1955 · cited in 1 Oklahoma opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990
11
Jeffers v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1977 · cited in 1 Oklahoma opinions naming this issue, 1982–1982
11
United States v. Murray Morris Kessler, Richmond C. Harper, Adler B. Seal, James M. Miller,jr., and Joseph Mazzukagreen
ca5 · 1976 · cited in 1 Oklahoma opinions naming this issue, 1980–1980
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Oklahoma. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (57)

CaseCitedYears
Menna v. New York green
scotus · 1975
2 sentences

1979Menna v. New York, 423 U.S. 61 , 96 S.Ct. 241 , 46 L.Ed.2d 195 (1975) held “that a plea of guilty to a charge does not waive a claim that — judged on its face — the charge is one which the State may not constitutionally prosecute.” This was applied in Launius v. United States, 575 F.2d 770 (9th Cir. 1978) which held that Appellants’ guilty pleas did not constitute a waiver of their contention that consecutive sentences imposed upon them under multiplicious information violated the double jeopardy clause.

1979Menna v. New York, 423 U.S. 61 , 96 S.Ct. 241 , 46 L.Ed.2d 195 (1975) held “that a plea of guilty to a charge does not waive a claim that — judged on its face — the charge is one which the State may not constitutionally prosecute.” This was applied in Launius v. United States, 575 F.2d 770 (9th Cir. 1978) which held that Appellants’ guilty pleas did not constitute a waiver of their contention that consecutive sentences imposed upon them under multiplicious information violated the double jeopardy clause.

31979–2015
Mooney v. State green
oklacrimapp · 1999
2 sentences

2012Mooney v. State, 1999 OK CR 34, ¶ 14 , 990 P.2d 875, 882-883 . 127 The proper analysis of a Section 11 claim focuses on the relationship between the crimes.

2012Mooney v. State, 1999 OK CR 34, ¶ 14 , 990 P.2d 875, 882-883 . 127 The proper analysis of a Section 11 claim focuses on the relationship between the crimes.

32006–2012
Johnson v. State green
oklacrimapp · 1980
2 sentences

2006Johnson v. State, 1980 OK CR 45 , 1 30, 611 P.2d 1137, 1145 .

2006Johnson v. State, 1980 OK CR 45 , 1 30, 611 P.2d 1137, 1145 .

31988–2006
James C. Hattaway v. United States green
ca5 · 1968
2 sentences

1977The test in a possible double jeopardy situation is found in Branch v. Mills, Okl.Cr., 500 P.2d 590, 593 (1972), which quotes from Hattaway v. United States, 399 F.2d 431 (5th Cir. 1968): “ ‘For a double jeopardy claim to be viable, it must be shown that the two offenses charged are in law and in fact the same offense. * * * Offenses are not the same if, upon the trial of one, proof of an additional fact is required that is not necessary to be proved in the trial of the other, although the same acts may be necessary to be proved in the trial of each.’ ” We can also look to Marshall v. United S

1977In Draper v. State, Okl.Cr., 562 P.2d 155 (1977), this Court adopted the Federal rule when it stated: “The test in a possible double jeopardy situation is found in Branch v. Mills, Okl.Cr., 500 P.2d 590, 593 (1972), which quotes from Hattaway v. United States, 399 F.2d 431 (5th Cir. 1968): “ ‘For a double jeopardy claim to be viable, it must be shown that the two offenses charged are in law and in fact the same offense. * * * Offenses are not the same if, upon the trial of one, proof of an additional fact is required that is not necessary to be proved in the trial of the other, although the sa

31972–1977
United States v. Broce green
scotus · 1989
2 sentences

2015Id., 488 U.S. at 576 , 109 S.Ct. at 765 , citing Menna v. New York, 423 U.S. 61, 62 , 96 S.Ct. 241, 242 , 46 L.Ed.2d 195 (1975).

2015Id., 488 U.S. at 576 , 109 S.Ct. at 765 , citing Menna v. New York, 423 U.S. 61, 62 , 96 S.Ct. 241, 242 , 46 L.Ed.2d 195 (1975).

22015–2015
McMann v. Richardson green
scotus · 1970
2 sentences

2015Id., 488 U.S. at 576 , 109 S.Ct. at 765 , citing Menna v. New York, 423 U.S. 61, 62 , 96 S.Ct. 241, 242 , 46 L.Ed.2d 195 (1975).

2015Id. , 488 U.S. at 576 , 109 S.Ct. at 765 , citing Menna v. New York , 423 U.S. 61, 62 , 96 S. Ct. 241, 242 , 46 L.Ed.2d 195 (1975).

22015–2015
Poland v. Arizona green
scotus · 1986
2 sentences

2006Id.

2006Id.

21996–2006
Breed v. Jones green
scotus · 1975
2 sentences

1998The Court stated: Prison disciplinary hearings are not part of a criminal prosecution, Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 556 , 94 S.Ct. 2963, 2974 , 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974), and therefore do not implicate double jeopardy concerns, see Breed v. Jones, 421 U.S. 519, 528 , 95 S.Ct. 1779, 1785 , 44 L.Ed.2d 346 (1975) (application of the double jeopardy clause is limited to proceedings which are "essentially criminal"). ¶ 6 In discussing what is a criminal punishment, the Court in Hudson recognized the previous holding in Wong Wing v. United States, 163 U.S. 228, 235 , 16 S.Ct. 977, 980 , 41 L.Ed. 14

1998The Court stated: Prison disciplinary hearings are not part of a criminal prosecution, Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 556 , 94 S.Ct. 2963, 2974 , 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974), and therefore do not implicate double jeopardy concerns, see Breed v. Jones, 421 U.S. 519, 528 , 95 S.Ct. 1779, 1785 , 44 L.Ed.2d 346 (1975) (application of the double jeopardy clause is limited to proceedings which are "essentially criminal"). ¶ 6 In discussing what is a criminal punishment, the Court in Hudson recognized the previous holding in Wong Wing v. United States, 163 U.S. 228, 235 , 16 S.Ct. 977, 980 , 41 L.Ed. 14

21988–1998
Benton v. Maryland green
scotus · 1969
2 sentences

1983Double jeopardy is a concept derived from the Fifth Amendment, which states that “... nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy ...” In the Supreme Court case of Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. 436 , 90 S.Ct. 1189 , 25 L.Ed.2d 469 (1970), collateral estop-pel was for the first time held to be an ingredient of the double jeopardy clause of the Fifth Amendment, made applicable to the states in Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784 , 89 S.Ct. 2056 , 23 L.Ed.2d 707 (1969).

1983Double jeopardy is a concept derived from the Fifth Amendment, which states that “... nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy ...” In the Supreme Court case of Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. 436 , 90 S.Ct. 1189 , 25 L.Ed.2d 469 (1970), collateral estop-pel was for the first time held to be an ingredient of the double jeopardy clause of the Fifth Amendment, made applicable to the states in Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784 , 89 S.Ct. 2056 , 23 L.Ed.2d 707 (1969).

21972–1983
Draper v. State neutral
oklacrimapp · 1977
2 sentences

1978We note that the State in its brief relies on the following language from Draper v. State, Okl.Cr., 562 P.2d 155 (1977) and Branch v. Mills, Okl.Cr., 500 P.2d 590 (1972): “For a double jeopardy claim to be viable, it must be shown that the two offenses charged are in law and in fact the same offense. * * * Offenses are not the same if, upon the trial of one, proof of an additional fact is required that is not necessary to be proved in the trial of the other, although the same acts may be necessary to be proved in the trial of each.” In light of the test set forth in Brown, supra, it is readily

1978We note that the State in its brief relies on the following language from Draper v. State, Okl.Cr., 562 P.2d 155 (1977) and Branch v. Mills, Okl.Cr., 500 P.2d 590 (1972): "For a double jeopardy claim to be viable, it must be shown that the two offenses charged are in law and in fact the same offense. * * * Offenses are not the same if, upon the trial of one, proof of an additional fact is required that is not necessary to be proved in the trial of the other, although the same acts may be necessary to be proved in the trial of each." In light of the test set forth in Brown, supra, it is readily

21977–1978
Spivey v. State green
ind · 2002
1 sentence

2017Thus, under Spivey, in order for there to be -a double jeopardy violation under the actual-evidence test the eviden-tiary - footprint for all the elements required to prove one offense must be the same evidentiary footprint as that required to prove all,.the elements of another offense, See 761 N.E.2d at 833 .

12017–2017
Richardson v. State green
ind · 1999
1 sentence

2017To find a double jeopardy violation under this test, we must conclude that there is “a reasonable possibility that the evidentiary facts used by the fact-finder to establish the essential elements of one offense may also have been used to establish the essential elements of a second challenged offense.” Id.

12017–2017
Burns v. Rader green
okla · 1986
1 sentence

2012In an appeal from a driver's license revocation order the focus is hence not on the double jeopardy clause but rather on the due process standards that are built into the regulatory scheme and were applied in the proceedings below. 1986 OK 48, ¶ 11 , 725 P.2d at 1259-60 (emphasis in original, footnotes omitted). 7 124 Further, the burdens of proof are different in a driver's license revocation proceeding and a criminal prosecution.

12012–2012
Sattazahn v. Pennsylvania green
scotus · 2003
2 sentences

2006He argues that Sattazahn v. Pennsylvania, 537 U.S. 101 , 123 S.Ct. 732 , 154 L.Ed.2d 588 (2003) requires that holding in this case.

2006He argues that Sattazahn v. Pennsylvania, 537 U.S. 101 , 123 S.Ct. 732 , 154 L.Ed.2d 588 (2003) requires that holding in this case.

12006–2006
Edwards v. State green
oklacrimapp · 1991
2 sentences

2006Edwards v. State, 1991 OK CR 71, ¶ 7 , 815 P.2d 670, 672 . ¶ 9 In United States v. DiFrancesco, 449 U.S. 117 , 101 S.Ct. 426 , 66 L.Ed.2d 328 (1980), the United States Supreme Court held that under the double jeopardy clause, the history of sentencing practices, and the pertinent rulings of the Court, a criminal sentence, once pronounced, is not to be accorded constitutional finality and conclusiveness similar to that which attaches to a jury’s verdict of acquittal. 449 U.S. at 132 , 101 S.Ct at 435 .

2006Edwards v. State, 1991 OK CR 71, ¶ 7 , 815 P.2d 670, 672 . ¶ 9 In United States v. DiFrancesco, 449 U.S. 117 , 101 S.Ct. 426 , 66 L.Ed.2d 328 (1980), the United States Supreme Court held that under the double jeopardy clause, the history of sentencing practices, and the pertinent rulings of the Court, a criminal sentence, once pronounced, is not to be accorded constitutional finality and conclusiveness similar to that which attaches to a jury’s verdict of acquittal. 449 U.S. at 132 , 101 S.Ct at 435 .

12006–2006
United States v. DiFrancesco green
scotus · 1980
2 sentences

2006Edwards v. State, 1991 OK CR 71, ¶ 7 , 815 P.2d 670, 672 . ¶ 9 In United States v. DiFrancesco, 449 U.S. 117 , 101 S.Ct. 426 , 66 L.Ed.2d 328 (1980), the United States Supreme Court held that under the double jeopardy clause, the history of sentencing practices, and the pertinent rulings of the Court, a criminal sentence, once pronounced, is not to be accorded constitutional finality and conclusiveness similar to that which attaches to a jury’s verdict of acquittal. 449 U.S. at 132 , 101 S.Ct at 435 .

2006Edwards v. State, 1991 OK CR 71, ¶ 7 , 815 P.2d 670, 672 . ¶ 9 In United States v. DiFrancesco, 449 U.S. 117 , 101 S.Ct. 426 , 66 L.Ed.2d 328 (1980), the United States Supreme Court held that under the double jeopardy clause, the history of sentencing practices, and the pertinent rulings of the Court, a criminal sentence, once pronounced, is not to be accorded constitutional finality and conclusiveness similar to that which attaches to a jury’s verdict of acquittal. 449 U.S. at 132 , 101 S.Ct at 435 .

12006–2006
Brown v. State green
oklacrimapp · 1998
1 sentence

2003Brown, 1998 OK CR 77, ¶ 66 , 989 P.2d at 930 .

12003–2003
Brown v. State green
oklacrimapp · 1998
1 sentence

2003Brown, 1998 OK CR 77, ¶ 66 , 989 P.2d at 930 .

12003–2003
Degraffenreid v. State green
oklacrimapp · 1979
1 sentence

2001Eg. Marutzky v. State, 514 P.2d 430 (Okl.Cr. 1973); Degraffenreid v. State, 599 P.2d 1107 (Okl.Cr.1979).

12001–2001
Marutzky v. State green
oklacrimapp · 1973
12001–2001
United States v. Alberto Hernandez-Fundora green
ca2 · 1995
11998–1998
Wong Wing v. United States green
scotus · 1896
11998–1998
United States v. Halper red
scotus · 1989
11998–1998
Hudson v. United States green
scotus · 1997
11998–1998
United States v. Ursery green
scotus · 1996
11998–1998
Wolff v. McDonnell green
scotus · 1974
11998–1998
Worthen v. State green
oklacrimapp · 1998
11998–1998
Faiz v. United States green
scotus · 1995
11998–1998
Valenteen v. United States green
scotus · 1995
11998–1998
Hernandez-Fundora v. United States green
scotus · 1995
11998–1998
Missouri v. Hunter green
scotus · 1983
11995–1995
Bozza v. United States green
scotus · 1947
11995–1995
Brecheen v. State green
oklacrimapp · 1987
11992–1992
Grady v. Corbin red
scotus · 1990
11992–1992
Brecheen v. Oklahoma green
scotus · 1988
11992–1992
Burks v. United States green
scotus · 1978
11991–1991
Bullington v. Missouri green
scotus · 1981
11991–1991
Salyer v. State green
oklacrimapp · 1988
11989–1989
King v. State green
oklacrimapp · 1976
11989–1989
DeRonde v. State green
oklacrimapp · 1986
11988–1988

Statutes the citing opinions construe

OK § Okla. Stat. tit. 21, § 11 (13) OK § Okla. Stat. tit. 21, § 701.7 (8) OK § Okla. Stat. tit. 21, § 701.13 (6) OK § Okla. Stat. tit. 21, § 1283 (5) OK § Okla. Stat. tit. 21, § 443 (5) OK § Okla. Stat. tit. 21, § 801 (5) OK § Okla. Stat. tit. 12, § 2403 (4) OK § Okla. Stat. tit. 20, § 3001.1 (4) OK § Okla. Stat. tit. 21, § 701.12 (4) OK § Okla. Stat. tit. 12, § 2404 (3) OK § Okla. Stat. tit. 21, § 51.1 (3) OK § Okla. Stat. tit. 21, § 711 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 1301 (1962–2026) FL 756 (1965–2026) IN 635 (1971–2026) WA 625 (1945–2026) IL 593 (1958–2026) PA 564 (1967–2026) CA 507 (1953–2026) NM 488 (1973–2026) OH 424 (1971–2025) CT 395 (1974–2026) MO 319 (1956–2025) MI 281 (1970–2026) MA 225 (1970–2026) TN 224 (1975–2026) AZ 205 (1960–2026) VA 199 (1970–2026) MS 192 (1977–2026) LA 179 (1974–2025) NY 175 (1960–2026) MD 169 (1956–2026) NJ 148 (1951–2025) KY 145 (1971–2026) GA 142 (1972–2026) WI 139 (1949–2026) AL 131 (1978–2026) KS 117 (1970–2026) CO 115 (1972–2026) AR 111 (1983–2026) NC 104 (1972–2026) WV 101 (1978–2025) DC 100 (1959–2026) HI 96 (1970–2026) AK 85 (1967–2025) IA 82 (1973–2026) MN 75 (1967–2026) WY 67 (1975–2024) NH 66 (1960–2025) OR 65 (1969–2025) MT 62 (1977–2025) ID 61 (1963–2025) NE 59 (1970–2025) SC 57 (1970–2025) ND 56 (1971–2025) RI 54 (1973–2023) OK 52 (1972–2020) UT 48 (1979–2026) ME 48 (1969–2026) DE 48 (1974–2025) NV 47 (1983–2024) SD 35 (1975–2025) VT 22 (1980–2024) VI 15 (1979–2024) GU 4 (2022–2025)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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