double jeopardy clause (Idaho) · Go Syfert
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double jeopardy clause in Idaho

61 Idaho opinions name it 2 courts 1963–2025 3 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Idaho courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (24)

CaseFollowedCited
Berglund v. Potlatch Corp.green
idaho · 1996 · cited in 3 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2001–2004
2 sentences

2004Berglund v. Potlatch Corp., 129 Idaho 752 , 932 P.2d 875 (1996); State v. Reichenberg, 128 Idaho 452 , 915 P.2d 14 (1996).

2004Berglund v. Potlatch Corp., 129 Idaho 752 , 932 P.2d 875 (1996); State v. Reichenberg, 128 Idaho 452 , 915 P.2d 14 (1996).

23
State v. Reichenberggreen
idaho · 1996 · cited in 3 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2001–2004
2 sentences

2004Berglund v. Potlatch Corp., 129 Idaho 752 , 932 P.2d 875 (1996); State v. Reichenberg, 128 Idaho 452 , 915 P.2d 14 (1996).

2004Berglund v. Potlatch Corp., 129 Idaho 752 , 932 P.2d 875 (1996); State v. Reichenberg, 128 Idaho 452 , 915 P.2d 14 (1996).

23
Grady v. Corbinred
scotus · 1990 · cited in 3 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1991–1993
2 sentences

1993Grady, 495 U.S. at 515-16 , 110 S.Ct. at 2090 (citations omitted), quoting Vitale, 447 U.S. at 420 , 100 S.Ct. at 2267 . [7] *402 The United States Supreme Court fashioned a two-step double jeopardy analysis: (1) apply the Blockburger test; if the prosecution is not barred under Blockburger , then; (2) apply the Grady test.

1993Grady, 495 U.S. at 515-16 , 110 S.Ct. at 2090 (citations omitted), quoting Vitale, 447 U.S. at 420 , 100 S.Ct. at 2267 . [7] *402 The United States Supreme Court fashioned a two-step double jeopardy analysis: (1) apply the Blockburger test; if the prosecution is not barred under Blockburger , then; (2) apply the Grady test.

23
State v. Sharpgreen
idaho · 1983 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2001–2002
2 sentences

2002See State v. Sharp, 104 Idaho 691, 693 , 662 P.2d 1135, 1137 (1983) (providing identical analysis of double jeopardy claim under Idaho and U.S. Constitutions); State v. Reichenberg, 128 Idaho 452, 457-58 , 915 P.2d 14, 19-20 (1996) (declining to interpret double jeopardy provision of the Idaho Constitution differently than the Fifth Amendment in administrative license suspension proceeding); Berglund v. Potlatch Corp., 129 Idaho 752, 757 , 932 P.2d 875, 880 (1996) (holding that the Idaho double jeopardy clause was co-extensive with its federal counterpart in the context of a state civil forfei

2002See State v. Sharp, 104 Idaho 691, 693 , 662 P.2d 1135, 1137 (1983) (providing identical analysis of double jeopardy claim under Idaho and U.S. Constitutions); State v. Reichenberg, 128 Idaho 452, 457-58 , 915 P.2d 14, 19-20 (1996) (declining to interpret double jeopardy provision of the Idaho Constitution differently than the Fifth Amendment in administrative license suspension proceeding); Berglund v. Potlatch Corp., 129 Idaho 752, 757 , 932 P.2d 875, 880 (1996) (holding that the Idaho double jeopardy clause was co-extensive with its federal counterpart in the context of a state civil forfei

22
State v. Pizzutogreen
idaho · 1991 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1994–1995
2 sentences

1994This Court has previously recognized that the double jeopardy clause, which was expanded by I.C. § 18-301, "protects against a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal, protects against a second prosecution for the same offense after conviction, and protects against multiple punishments for the same offense." State v. Pizzuto, 119 Idaho 742, 756 , 810 P.2d 680, 694 (1991).

1994This Court has previously recognized that the double jeopardy clause, which was expanded by I.C. § 18-301, "protects against a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal, protects against a second prosecution for the same offense after conviction, and protects against multiple punishments for the same offense." State v. Pizzuto, 119 Idaho 742, 756 , 810 P.2d 680, 694 (1991).

22
Brown v. Ohiogreen
scotus · 1977 · cited in 4 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1980–1993
2 sentences

1980The double jeopardy clause of the Fifth Amendment, applicable to the States through the Fourteenth Amendment, provides that no person shall “ ‘be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life and limb.’ It has long been understood that separate statutory crimes need not be identical — either in constituent elements or in actual proof — in order to be the same within the meaning of the constitutional prohibition.” 3 Brown v. Ohio, 432 U.S. 161, 164 , 97 S.Ct. 2221, 2225 , 53 L.Ed.2d 187, 193 (1977).

1980The double jeopardy clause of the Fifth Amendment, applicable to the States through the Fourteenth Amendment, provides that no person shall “ ‘be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life and limb.’ It has long been understood that separate statutory crimes need not be identical — either in constituent elements or in actual proof — in order to be the same within the meaning of the constitutional prohibition.” 3 Brown v. Ohio, 432 U.S. 161, 164 , 97 S.Ct. 2221, 2225 , 53 L.Ed.2d 187, 193 (1977).

14
State v. Randy Lyn McKinneygreen
idaho · 2013 · cited in 3 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2014–2016
2 sentences

2016Sepulveda only raises a claim under the double jeopardy clause of the Idaho Constitution and the pleading theory, 4 Under the pleading theory, Sepulveda argues that “the intimidating charge is the means by which each attempt to violate the no contact order charges wei’e committed,” and thus “the intimidating a witness charge violated the Idaho Constitution’s protection against double jeopardy.” “Under Idaho’s pleading theory, whether one crime is a lesser included offense of another crime can be determined from the face of the record simply by reading the information charging each crime.” McKi

2016Sepulveda only raises a claim under the double jeopardy clause of the Idaho Constitution and the pleading theory, 4 Under the pleading theory, Sepulveda argues that “the intimidating charge is the means by which each attempt to violate the no contact order charges wei’e committed,” and thus “the intimidating a witness charge violated the Idaho Constitution’s protection against double jeopardy.” “Under Idaho’s pleading theory, whether one crime is a lesser included offense of another crime can be determined from the face of the record simply by reading the information charging each crime.” McKi

13
Hudson v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1997 · cited in 3 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2011–2012
2 sentences

2012Hudson, 522 U.S. at 101-02, 118 S.Ct. at 494-95 , 139 L.Ed.2d at 460-61 .

2012Hudson, 522 U.S. at 101-02, 118 S.Ct. at 494-95 , 139 L.Ed.2d at 460-61 .

13
State v. McCormickgreen
idaho · 1979 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1985–2015
2 sentences

2015The next statement by the Major Court was, “This inquiry requires consideration of the circumstances of the conduct, see State v. McCormick, 100 Idaho 111, 115-16 , 594 P.2d 149, 153-54 (1979)....” 111 Idaho at 414 , 725 P.2d at 119 .

2015The next statement by the Major Court was, “This inquiry requires consideration of the circumstances of the conduct, see State v. McCormick, 100 Idaho 111, 115-16 , 594 P.2d 149, 153-54 (1979)....” 111 Idaho at 414 , 725 P.2d at 119 .

12
State v. Majorgreen
idaho · 1986 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2014–2015
2 sentences

2015The next statement by the Major Court was, “This inquiry requires consideration of the circumstances of the conduct, see State v. McCormick, 100 Idaho 111, 115-16 , 594 P.2d 149, 153-54 (1979)....” 111 Idaho at 414 , 725 P.2d at 119 .

2015The next statement by the Major Court was, “This inquiry requires consideration of the circumstances of the conduct, see State v. McCormick, 100 Idaho 111, 115-16 , 594 P.2d 149, 153-54 (1979)....” 111 Idaho at 414 , 725 P.2d at 119 .

12
State v. Jensengreen
idahoctapp · 2003 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013In State v. Jensen, 138 Idaho 941, 944 , 71 P.3d 1088, 1091 (Ct. App. 2003), we stated that any violation of double jeopardy protection occurred upon entry of the judgment of conviction and sentences, and appeal should have been taken at that time.

2013In State v. Jensen, 138 Idaho 941, 944 , 71 P.3d 1088, 1091 (Ct. App. 2003), we stated that any violation of double jeopardy protection occurred upon entry of the judgment of conviction and sentences, and appeal should have been taken at that time.

12
Wade v. Huntergreen
scotus · 1949 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1985–2005
2 sentences

2005Wade v. Hunter, 336 U.S. 684, 688 , 69 S.Ct. 834, 837 , 93 L.Ed. 974, 977 (1949), reh’g denied, 337 U.S. 921 , 69 S.Ct. 1152 , 93 L.Ed. 1730 (1949).

2005Wade v. Hunter, 336 U.S. 684, 688 , 69 S.Ct. 834, 837 , 93 L.Ed. 974, 977 (1949), reh’g denied, 337 U.S. 921 , 69 S.Ct. 1152 , 93 L.Ed. 1730 (1949).

12
Thomas v. Stategreen
idahoctapp · 2008 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025See Thomas v. State, 145 Idaho 765, 770 , 185 P.3d 921, 926 (Ct. App. 2008) (explaining that where the alleged deficiency is counsel’s failure to file a motion, a conclusion that the motion, if pursued, would not have been granted by the trial court, is generally determinative of both prongs of the Strickland test).

2025See Thomas v. State, 145 Idaho 765, 770 , 185 P.3d 921, 926 (Ct. App. 2008) (explaining that where the alleged deficiency is counsel’s failure to file a motion, a conclusion that the motion, if pursued, would not have been granted by the trial court, is generally determinative of both prongs of the Strickland test).

11
State v. Zichkogreen
idaho · 1996 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020State v. Zichko, 129 Idaho 257, 263 , 923 P.2d 966, 970 (1996). 2

11
In re Wardgreen
cal · 1966 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015Finally, the Major Court stated the inquiry into whether criminal conduct should be divided or aggregated depends upon “consideration of the ‘intent and objective of the actor.’ In re Ward, 64 Cal.2d 672 , 51 Cal. Rptr. 272, 275 , 414 P.2d 400, 403 (1966)....” 111 Idaho at 414 , 725 P.2d at 119 .

2015Finally, the Major Court stated the inquiry into whether criminal conduct should be divided or aggregated depends upon “consideration of the ‘intent and objective of the actor.’ In re Ward, 64 Cal.2d 672 , 51 Cal. Rptr. 272, 275 , 414 P.2d 400, 403 (1966)....” 111 Idaho at 414 , 725 P.2d at 119 .

11
State v. Derek Edward Moadgreen
idahoctapp · 2014 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015For example, in State v. Moad, 156 Idaho 654, 656-58 , 330 P.3d 400, 403-04 (Ct. App. 2014), we acknowledged that there existed a variety of procedural avenues to raise an issue in the district court, but nonetheless held that we could review for fundamental error: The State contends that this Court should not address Moad’s claims of fundamental error because he could raise this alleged double jeopardy violation in the district court by a motion to correct an illegal sentence under Idaho Criminal Rule 35. . . .

2015For example, in State v. Moad, 156 Idaho 654, 656-58 , 330 P.3d 400, 403-04 (Ct. App. 2014), we acknowledged that there existed a variety of procedural avenues to raise an issue in the district court, but nonetheless held that we could review for fundamental error: The State contends that this Court should not address Moad’s claims of fundamental error because he could raise this alleged double jeopardy violation in the district court by a motion to correct an illegal sentence under Idaho Criminal Rule 35. . . .

11
State v. Corbusgreen
idahoctapp · 2011 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013As this Court determined in State v. Corbus, 151 Idaho 368, 374 , 256 P.3d 776, 782 (Ct.App.2011), a review of Idaho Supreme Court precedent demonstrates that we apply the Blockburger test to determine whether there has been a double jeopardy violation under the United States Constitution.

2013As this Court determined in State v. Corbus, 151 Idaho 368, 374 , 256 P.3d 776, 782 (Ct.App.2011), a review of Idaho Supreme Court precedent demonstrates that we apply the Blockburger test to determine whether there has been a double jeopardy violation under the United States Constitution.

11
Lynn v. Westgreen
ca4 · 1998 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
11
Heath v. Alabamagreen
scotus · 1985 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
11
State v. Randlesgreen
idahoctapp · 1989 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
United States v. Piercegreen
ca1 · 1995 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
State v. Thompsongreen
idaho · 1980 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
11
Novaton v. Stategreen
fla · 1994 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
11
United States v. United States Gypsum Companygreen
dcd · 1975 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Idaho. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (46)

CaseCitedYears
Green v. United States green
scotus · 1957
2 sentences

1999The double jeopardy clause “protect[s] an individual from being subjected to the hazards of trial and possible conviction more than once for an alleged offense.” U.S. v. Pierce, 60 F.3d 886, 889 (1st Cir.1995) (quoting Green v. U.S., 355 U.S. 184, 187 , 78 S.Ct. 221 , 2 L.Ed.2d 199 (1957) (emphasis supplied)).

1999The double jeopardy clause “protect[s] an individual from being subjected to the hazards of trial and possible conviction more than once for an alleged offense.” U.S. v. Pierce, 60 F.3d 886, 889 (1st Cir.1995) (quoting Green v. U.S., 355 U.S. 184, 187 , 78 S.Ct. 221 , 2 L.Ed.2d 199 (1957) (emphasis supplied)).

41991–1999
Oregon v. Kennedy green
scotus · 1982
2 sentences

1983The Court has no choice then but to declare the jury deadlocked, unable to reach the verdict and therefore I will on that ground declare a mistrial.....” In the recent case of Oregon v. Kennedy, 456 U.S. 667 , 102 S.Ct. 2083 , 72 L.Ed.2d 416 (1982), the United States Supreme Court stated that “the classical test for lifting the double jeopardy bar to a second trial is the ‘manifest necessity’ standard ...” and that “the most common form of ‘manifest necessity’ [is] a mistrial declared by the judge following the jury’s declaration that it was unable to reach a verdict.” Oregon v. Kennedy, 102 S

1983The Court has no choice then but to declare the jury deadlocked, unable to reach the verdict and therefore I will on that ground declare a mistrial.....” In the recent case of Oregon v. Kennedy, 456 U.S. 667 , 102 S.Ct. 2083 , 72 L.Ed.2d 416 (1982), the United States Supreme Court stated that “the classical test for lifting the double jeopardy bar to a second trial is the ‘manifest necessity’ standard ...” and that “the most common form of ‘manifest necessity’ [is] a mistrial declared by the judge following the jury’s declaration that it was unable to reach a verdict.” Oregon v. Kennedy, 102 S

41983–1993
Thomas D. Moffat green
idahoctapp · 2013
2 sentences

2023Id.

2014Id. at 532 , 300 P.3d at 64 . *660 Whether a course of criminal conduct constitutes one offense or several depends upon “whether or not the conduct constituted separate, distinct and independent crimes.” State v. Major, 111 Idaho 410, 414 , 725 P.2d 115, 119 (1986).

22014–2023
Blockburger v. United States green
scotus · 1931
2 sentences

2017Colvin asserts the applicable analysis to determine whether the offenses are the same is the double jeopardy test set forth in Blockburger, 284 U.S. 299 , 52 S.Ct. 180 .

2017Colvin asserts the applicable analysis to determine whether the offenses are the same is the double jeopardy test set forth in Blockburger, 284 U.S. 299 , 52 S.Ct. 180 .

21991–2017
United States v. Dixon green
scotus · 1993
2 sentences

1994The Fifth Amendment prohibits double jeopardy for the "same offense," while Section 18-301 proscribes double punishment or prosecution for the same "act or omission." Thus, in the constitutional arena the inquiry is whether the charged crimes involve separate elements, United States v. Dixon, 509 U.S. ___ , 113 S.Ct. 2849 , 125 L.Ed.2d 556 (1993), whereas our inquiry under I.C. § 18-301 is whether the charged crimes are based upon separate acts.

1994The Fifth Amendment prohibits double jeopardy for the "same offense," while Section 18-301 proscribes double punishment or prosecution for the same "act or omission." Thus, in the constitutional arena the inquiry is whether the charged crimes involve separate elements, United States v. Dixon, 509 U.S. ___ , 113 S.Ct. 2849 , 125 L.Ed.2d 556 (1993), whereas our inquiry under I.C. § 18-301 is whether the charged crimes are based upon separate acts.

21994–1994
United States v. Felix green
scotus · 1992
2 sentences

1993The Felix Court disagreed with this rationale, reiterating that "a mere overlap in proof between two prosecutions does not establish a double jeopardy violation." Felix , ___ U.S. at ___, 112 S.Ct. at 1382 .

1993While the State may have introduced evidence in the lewd conduct case that it would have introduced in the HIV case, it is clear that "a mere overlap in proof between two prosecutions does not establish a double jeopardy violation." Felix , ___ U.S. at ___, 112 S.Ct. at 1382 .

21993–1993
Illinois v. Vitale green
scotus · 1980
2 sentences

1993Grady, 495 U.S. at 515-16 , 110 S.Ct. at 2090 (citations omitted), quoting Vitale, 447 U.S. at 420 , 100 S.Ct. at 2267 . [7] *402 The United States Supreme Court fashioned a two-step double jeopardy analysis: (1) apply the Blockburger test; if the prosecution is not barred under Blockburger , then; (2) apply the Grady test.

1993Grady, 495 U.S. at 515-16 , 110 S.Ct. at 2090 (citations omitted), quoting Vitale, 447 U.S. at 420 , 100 S.Ct. at 2267 . [7] *402 The United States Supreme Court fashioned a two-step double jeopardy analysis: (1) apply the Blockburger test; if the prosecution is not barred under Blockburger , then; (2) apply the Grady test.

21993–1993
Arizona v. Washington green
scotus · 1978
2 sentences

1983The court further stated that “the hung jury remains the prototypical example” of meeting the manifest necessity standard, citing Arizona v. Washington, 434 U.S. 497, 509 , 98 S.Ct. 824, 832 , 54 L.Ed.2d 717 (1978), and Illinois v. Somerville, 410 U.S. 458, 463 , 93 S.Ct. 1066, 1070 , 35 L.Ed.2d 425 (1973).

1983The court further stated that “the hung jury remains the prototypical example” of meeting the manifest necessity standard, citing Arizona v. Washington, 434 U.S. 497, 509 , 98 S.Ct. 824, 832 , 54 L.Ed.2d 717 (1978), and Illinois v. Somerville, 410 U.S. 458, 463 , 93 S.Ct. 1066, 1070 , 35 L.Ed.2d 425 (1973).

21983–1983
Ashe v. Swenson green
scotus · 1970
2 sentences

1983Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. 436 , 90 S.Ct. 1189 , 25 L.Ed.2d 469 (1970). [2] After a careful examination of this argument, we conclude that, in the context of this case, admission of this evidence did not violate appellant's fifth amendment rights.

1983Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. 436 , 90 S.Ct. 1189 , 25 L.Ed.2d 469 (1970). [2] After a careful examination of this argument, we conclude that, in the context of this case, admission of this evidence did not violate appellant's fifth amendment rights.

21983–1983
Currier v. Virginia green
scotus · 2018
1 sentence

2023And this relinquishment of a double jeopardy defense need not be “knowing, voluntary, and intelligent.” Id.

12023–2023
Sabin v. State green
idahoctapp · 1996
1 sentence

2020State v. Zichko, 129 Idaho 257, 263 , 923 P.2d 966, 970 (1996). 2

12020–2020
State v. Howard green
idaho · 2011
1 sentence

2012Id.

12012–2012
Stuart v. State green
idahoctapp · 2007
2 sentences

2012He also asks that Stuart v. State, 145 Idaho 467 , 180 P.3d 506 (Ct. App. 2007), should be overruled.

2012He also asks that Stuart v. State, 145 Idaho 467 , 180 P.3d 506 (Ct. App. 2007), should be overruled.

12012–2012
State v. Stewart green
idaho · 2010
12011–2011
Lee v. United States green
scotus · 1977
12011–2011
Ohio v. Johnson green
scotus · 1984
12011–2011
State v. Manley green
idaho · 2005
12008–2008
Longyear Holding Co. v. Minnesota green
scotus · 1949
12005–2005
Wade v. Hunter green
scotus · 1949
12005–2005
State v. Gutke green
· 1914
11996–1996
McCray v. Illinois green
scotus · 1967
11996–1996
United States v. Broce green
scotus · 1989
11995–1995
Camden v. Circuit Court green
ca2 · 1990
11995–1995
Leo F. Dermota v. United States green
ca11 · 1990
11995–1995
Barclay v. Martinez green
scotus · 1990
11995–1995
Camden v. Circuit Court of Crawford County green
scotus · 1990
11995–1995
Olivier v. United States green
scotus · 1990
11995–1995
Ruan-Esparza v. United States green
scotus · 1990
11995–1995
Haynes v. Kay green
sc · 1918
11995–1995
Waller v. Florida green
scotus · 1970
11991–1991
Price v. Georgia green
scotus · 1970
11991–1991
Fong Foo v. United States green
scotus · 1962
11988–1988
United States v. Wheeler red
scotus · 1978
11987–1987
People v. Gray green
illappct · 1976
11987–1987
Jeffers v. United States green
scotus · 1977
11985–1985
State v. Horn green
idaho · 1980
11985–1985
Arizona v. Rumsey green
scotus · 1984
11985–1985
Downum v. United States green
scotus · 1963
11983–1983
Illinois v. Somerville green
scotus · 1973
11983–1983
Benton v. Maryland green
scotus · 1969
11982–1982

Statutes the citing opinions construe

ID § Idaho Code § 18-8004 (11) ID § Idaho Code § 18-4003 (5) ID § Idaho Code § 18-6501 (5) ID § Idaho Code § 18-903 (5) ID § Idaho Code § 19-2312 (5) ID § Idaho Code § 19-2515 (5) ID § Idaho Code § 19-4906 (5) ID § Idaho Code § 18-2403 (4) ID § Idaho Code § 18-2407 (4) ID § Idaho Code § 18-8002 (4) ID § Idaho Code § 19-2520 (4) ID § Idaho Code § 19-3501 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 1301 (1962–2026) FL 756 (1965–2026) IN 635 (1971–2026) WA 625 (1945–2026) IL 593 (1958–2026) PA 564 (1967–2026) CA 507 (1953–2026) NM 488 (1973–2026) OH 424 (1971–2025) CT 395 (1974–2026) MO 319 (1956–2025) MI 281 (1970–2026) MA 225 (1970–2026) TN 224 (1975–2026) AZ 205 (1960–2026) VA 199 (1970–2026) MS 192 (1977–2026) LA 179 (1974–2025) NY 175 (1960–2026) MD 169 (1956–2026) NJ 148 (1951–2025) KY 145 (1971–2026) GA 142 (1972–2026) WI 139 (1949–2026) AL 131 (1978–2026) KS 117 (1970–2026) CO 115 (1972–2026) AR 111 (1983–2026) NC 104 (1972–2026) WV 101 (1978–2025) DC 100 (1959–2026) HI 96 (1970–2026) AK 85 (1967–2025) IA 82 (1973–2026) MN 75 (1967–2026) WY 67 (1975–2024) NH 66 (1960–2025) OR 65 (1969–2025) MT 62 (1977–2025) ID 61 (1963–2025) NE 59 (1970–2025) SC 57 (1970–2025) ND 56 (1971–2025) RI 54 (1973–2023) OK 52 (1972–2020) UT 48 (1979–2026) ME 48 (1969–2026) DE 48 (1974–2025) NV 47 (1983–2024) SD 35 (1975–2025) VT 22 (1980–2024) VI 15 (1979–2024) GU 4 (2022–2025)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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