per se rule (Kansas) · Go Syfert
← Kansas issues

per se rule in Kansas

48 Kansas opinions name it 3 courts 1969–2026 6 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Kansas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (26)

CaseFollowedCited
Far West Capital, Inc. And Steamboat Development Corp. v. Dorothy A. Towne and Fleetwood Corporationgreen
ca10 · 1995 · cited in 2 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2022
2 sentences

2022That said, this basis for personal jurisdiction does not "replace the need to demonstrate minimum contacts that constitute purposeful availment, that is conduct by the nonresident defendant that invoked the benefits and protections of the state or was otherwise purposely directed toward a state resident." (Emphasis added.) Aeroflex Wichita, Inc. v. Filardo, 294 Kan. 258, 282 , 275 P.3d 869 (2012); see also Far West Capital, Inc. v. Towne, 46 F.3d 1071, 1078 (10th Cir. 1995) ("[C]ourts finding personal jurisdiction based upon an intentional tort analysis have not created a per se rule that an a

2012See Panda Brandywine Corp., 253 F.3d at 869 ; see also Revell v. Lidov, 317 F.3d 467, 473 (5th Cir. 2002) (Under Colder, “die plaintiff s residence in the forum, and suffering of harm diere, will not alone support [personal] jurisdiction.”); Far West Capital, Inc. v. Towne, 46 F.3d 1071, 1078 (10th Cir. 1995) (“[C]ourts finding personal jurisdiction based upon an intentional tort analysis have not created a per se rule that an allegation of an intentional tort creates personal jurisdiction.

22
Bostick v. Stategreen
fla · 1989 · cited in 2 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 1997–2007
2 sentences

2007Bostick v. State, 554 So.2d 1153, 1154-57 (Fla.1989).

2007Bostick v. State, 554 So. 2d 1153, 1154-57 (Fla. 1989).

22
State v. Pendletongreen
kanctapp · 1993 · cited in 3 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2008
2 sentences

2008App. 2d 179, 186 , 849 P.2d 143 (1993) (“[T]o obtain a conviction under K.S.A. 8-1567(a)(2) the State must show the test was conducted within the two-hour limitation period; otherwise, the test results are not competent evidence and are inadmissible to prove a per se violation.”).

2000The answer is “yes.” Although not addressing the precise issue Hartman now raises, another panel of this court in State v. Pendleton, 18 Kan.

13
State v. Browngreen
kan · 1989 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025See State v. Brown, 245 Kan. 604, 612-13 , 783 P.2d 1278 (1989) (consent to search was not coerced after officer stated a search warrant could be obtained because evidence established there would have been probable cause to conduct the search).

2025See State v. Brown, 245 Kan. 604, 612-13 , 783 P.2d 1278 (1989) (consent to search was not coerced after officer stated a search warrant could be obtained because evidence established there would have been probable cause to conduct the search).

11
Ashcraft v. Tennesseegreen
scotus · 1944 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024In them, police officers used coercive techniques that included extreme psychological pressure or brutal beatings and other physical harm. 474 U.S. at 109 ; see, e.g., Ashcraft v. Tennessee, 322 U.S. 143, 153-54 , 64 S. Ct. 921 , 88 L.

2024In them, police officers used coercive techniques that included extreme psychological pressure or brutal beatings and other physical harm. 474 U.S. at 109 ; see, e.g., Ashcraft v. Tennessee, 322 U.S. 143, 153-54 , 64 S. Ct. 921 , 88 L.

11
United States v. Michael Lowrygreen
ca8 · 2019 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020Flagrant misconduct and the presence of an intervening factor may bear on each other, as the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals suggested in United States v. Lowry, 935 F.3d 638, 644 (8th Cir. 2019): "But Strieff did not announce a per se rule that the discovery of a warrant would always vitiate subsequent searches.

11
State v. Ewertzgreen
kanctapp · 2013 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020But Judge Tom Malone wrote a separate concurring opinion, suggesting that Kansas courts should reject a per se rule of a categorical link between an arrest for DUI and the right to search the driver's vehicle. 49 Kan.

11
Brown v. Stategreen
fladistctapp · 2009 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018See, e.g., Brown v. State , 24 So.3d 671 , 679 (Fla. Dist.

11
Faustin v. Lewisgreen
nj · 1981 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017See Faustin v. Lewis, 85 N.J. 507, 512 , 427 A.2d 1105 (1981) (“[I]t does not always further the public interest to have equitable defenses act as a per se bar to judicial consideration of questions concerning marital status.”).

2017See Faustin v. Lewis, 85 N.J. 507, 512 , 427 A.2d 1105 (1981) (“[I]t does not always further the public interest to have equitable defenses act as a per se bar to judicial consideration of questions concerning marital status.”).

11
Gregory v. Shurtleffgreen
utah · 2013 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017Office of State Finance, 184 P.3d 467, 476 (Okla. 2008) (constitutional provision requiring special appropriations bills to address single subject permits mixing appropriations and substantive legislation, but all provisions must be closely related to the bill's subject); Gregory v. Shurtleff, 299 P.3d 1098, 1114-15 (Utah 2013) (declining a per se rule that appropriations cannot mix with substantive legislation under single- subject rule); State v. Acevedo, 78 Wash. App. 886, 891 , 899 P.2d 31 (1995) (holding appropriations and substantive legislation may be in the same bill so long as one-sub

11
Fent v. STATE EX REL. OFFICE OF STATE FIN.green
okla · 2008 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017Office of State Finance, 184 P.3d 467, 476 (Okla. 2008) (constitutional provision requiring special appropriations bills to address single subject permits mixing appropriations and substantive legislation, but all provisions must be closely related to the bill's subject); Gregory v. Shurtleff, 299 P.3d 1098, 1114-15 (Utah 2013) (declining a per se rule that appropriations cannot mix with substantive legislation under single- subject rule); State v. Acevedo, 78 Wash. App. 886, 891 , 899 P.2d 31 (1995) (holding appropriations and substantive legislation may be in the same bill so long as one-sub

11
People v. Harrisgreen
calappdeptsuper · 2014 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016See, e.g; People v. Harris, 225 Cal. App. 4th Supp. 1, 8, 10 , 170 Cal. Rptr. 3d 729 (2014) (reading McNeely to suggest that “refusal to submit to a chemical test under an implied consent law operates as a withdrawal of consent and renders any subsequent test noncon-sensual” but deciding testing in that case was permitted on grounds that “there is nothing in the implied consent law to indicate that such measures are within the scope of the consent, and so in these cases the implied consent law gives way to the constitutional rules of Schmerber and its progeny”); State v. Wulff, 157 Idaho 416 ,

2016See, e.g; People v. Harris, 225 Cal. App. 4th Supp. 1, 8, 10 , 170 Cal. Rptr. 3d 729 (2014) (reading McNeely to suggest that “refusal to submit to a chemical test under an implied consent law operates as a withdrawal of consent and renders any subsequent test noncon-sensual” but deciding testing in that case was permitted on grounds that “there is nothing in the implied consent law to indicate that such measures are within the scope of the consent, and so in these cases the implied consent law gives way to the constitutional rules of Schmerber and its progeny”); State v. Wulff, 157 Idaho 416 ,

11
State v. Brooksgreen
minn · 2013 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016See, e.g; People v. Harris, 225 Cal. App. 4th Supp. 1, 8, 10 , 170 Cal. Rptr. 3d 729 (2014) (reading McNeely to suggest that “refusal to submit to a chemical test under an implied consent law operates as a withdrawal of consent and renders any subsequent test noncon-sensual” but deciding testing in that case was permitted on grounds that “there is nothing in the implied consent law to indicate that such measures are within the scope of the consent, and so in these cases the implied consent law gives way to the constitutional rules of Schmerber and its progeny”); State v. Wulff, 157 Idaho 416 ,

11
State v. Micah Abraham Wulffgreen
idaho · 2014 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016See, e.g; People v. Harris, 225 Cal. App. 4th Supp. 1, 8, 10 , 170 Cal. Rptr. 3d 729 (2014) (reading McNeely to suggest that “refusal to submit to a chemical test under an implied consent law operates as a withdrawal of consent and renders any subsequent test noncon-sensual” but deciding testing in that case was permitted on grounds that “there is nothing in the implied consent law to indicate that such measures are within the scope of the consent, and so in these cases the implied consent law gives way to the constitutional rules of Schmerber and its progeny”); State v. Wulff, 157 Idaho 416 ,

2016See, e.g; People v. Harris, 225 Cal. App. 4th Supp. 1, 8, 10 , 170 Cal. Rptr. 3d 729 (2014) (reading McNeely to suggest that “refusal to submit to a chemical test under an implied consent law operates as a withdrawal of consent and renders any subsequent test noncon-sensual” but deciding testing in that case was permitted on grounds that “there is nothing in the implied consent law to indicate that such measures are within the scope of the consent, and so in these cases the implied consent law gives way to the constitutional rules of Schmerber and its progeny”); State v. Wulff, 157 Idaho 416 ,

11
Rowley v. Commonwealthgreen
vactapp · 2006 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016We recognize Virginia has reached a contrary conclusion based on its caselaw holding that a drivers implied consent “is not ‘qualified’ or ‘conditional’” and thus “allow[ing] it to be unilaterally withdrawn would ‘virtually nullify the implied Consent Law.’ [Citation omitted.]” Rowley v. Commonwealth, 48 Va. App. 181, 187 , 629 S.E.2d 188 (2006) (“The act of driving constitutes an irrevocable, albeit implied, consent to the officer’s demand for a breath sample.”).

2016We recognize Virginia has reached a contrary conclusion based on its caselaw holding that a drivers implied consent “is not ‘qualified’ or ‘conditional’” and thus “allow[ing] it to be unilaterally withdrawn would ‘virtually nullify the implied Consent Law.’ [Citation omitted.]” Rowley v. Commonwealth, 48 Va. App. 181, 187 , 629 S.E.2d 188 (2006) (“The act of driving constitutes an irrevocable, albeit implied, consent to the officer’s demand for a breath sample.”).

11
Cook v. McKunegreen
ca10 · 2003 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Felix Martinez v. George Sullivangreen
ca10 · 1989 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
cluster 24427green
· · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
Revell v. Lidovgreen
ca5 · 2002 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
cluster 330515green
ca9 · 1975 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Grace United Methodist Church v. City Of Cheyennegreen
ca10 · 2006 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Ede v. Atrium South OB-GYN, Inc.green
ohio · 1994 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
11
State v. Hobbsgreen
kan · 2003 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
State v. Campbellgreen
iowa · 1980 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
In Re Jonesgreen
kan · 1992 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
Florida v. Royergreen
scotus · 1983 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (1)

CaseNegativeCited
United States v. Duane R. Olson, Also Known as Duke, and George Morrisgreen
ca7 · 1992 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
11

Also cited on this issue (43)

CaseCitedYears
United States v. Sharpe green
scotus · 1985
2 sentences

2021The Sharpe Court found a per se rule that 20-minute detentions are too long is "clearly and fundamentally at odds with our approach in this area." 470 U.S. at 686 .

2019The Court also found that establishing a per se rule that 20-minute detentions are too long is "clearly and fundamentally at odds with our approach in this area." 470 U.S. at 686 , 105 S.Ct. 1568 .

22019–2021
Missouri v. McNeely green
scotus · 2013
2 sentences

2017The Supreme Court concluded that "while the natural dissipation of alcohol in the blood may support a finding of exigency in a specific case, . . . [w]hether a warrantless blood test of a drunk-driving suspect is reasonable must be determined case by case based on the totality of the circumstances." 569 U.S. at ___ , 133 S. Ct. at 1563 . 29 Importantly, in McNeely, given the circumstances of an ordinary DUI car stop, the State argued for a per se rule and did not contend there were additional exigent factors to justify a warrantless blood draw.

2017The Supreme Court concluded that "while the natural dissipation of alcohol in the blood may support a finding of exigency in a specific case, . . . [w]hether a warrantless blood test of a drunk-driving suspect is reasonable must be determined case by case based on the totality of the circumstances." 569 U.S. at ___ , 133 S. Ct. at 1563 . 29 Importantly, in McNeely, given the circumstances of an ordinary DUI car stop, the State argued for a per se rule and did not contend there were additional exigent factors to justify a warrantless blood draw.

22016–2017
Strickland v. Washington green
scotus · 1984
2 sentences

2008On the other hand, the Court observed that the type of claim presented in Cuyler warrants a more limited presumption which does not equal a per se rule of prejudice, but rather requires a showing of an actual conflict that affects the lawyer’s performance. 466 U.S. at 692 .

2008On the other hand, the Court observed that the type of claim presented in Cuyler warrants a more limited presumption which does not equal a per se rule of prejudice, but rather requires a showing of an actual conflict that affects the lawyer's performance. 466 U.S. at 692 , 104 S.Ct. 2052 .

22008–2008
State v. Ryan green
kanctapp · 2001
2 sentences

2008This court considered the issue in State v. Ryan, 29 Kan.

2008This court considered the issue in State v. Ryan, 29 Kan.App.2d 297, 299 , 26 P.3d 707 , rev. denied 272 Kan. 1422 (2001).

22008–2008
State v. Gamble green
kanctapp · 1995
1 sentence

2026Another panel of this court in State v. Gamble, 20 Kan.

12026–2026
State v. G.O. green
kan · 2024
1 sentence

2025State v. G.O., 318 Kan. 386 , 397-98, 543 P.3d 1096 (2024).

12025–2025
Miller v. Fenton green
scotus · 1985
2 sentences

2024Fenton noted two paths for applying due process protection against involuntary confessions: (1) Those that are inherently coercive and a per se violation of the Due Process Clause and (2) those where a state actor uses interrogation techniques that because of the unique circumstances of the suspect are coercive. 474 U.S. at 109 .

2024The first path relates to interrogation techniques that in isolation are inherently offensive to a civilized system of justice. 474 U.S. at 109 .

12024–2024
AEROFLEX WICHITA, INC. v. Filardo green
kan · 2012
2 sentences

2022That said, this basis for personal jurisdiction does not "replace the need to demonstrate minimum contacts that constitute purposeful availment, that is conduct by the nonresident defendant that invoked the benefits and protections of the state or was otherwise purposely directed toward a state resident." (Emphasis added.) Aeroflex Wichita, Inc. v. Filardo, 294 Kan. 258, 282 , 275 P.3d 869 (2012); see also Far West Capital, Inc. v. Towne, 46 F.3d 1071, 1078 (10th Cir. 1995) ("[C]ourts finding personal jurisdiction based upon an intentional tort analysis have not created a per se rule that an a

2022That said, this basis for personal jurisdiction does not "replace the need to demonstrate minimum contacts that constitute purposeful availment, that is conduct by the nonresident defendant that invoked the benefits and protections of the state or was otherwise purposely directed toward a state resident." (Emphasis added.) Aeroflex Wichita, Inc. v. Filardo, 294 Kan. 258, 282 , 275 P.3d 869 (2012); see also Far West Capital, Inc. v. Towne, 46 F.3d 1071, 1078 (10th Cir. 1995) ("[C]ourts finding personal jurisdiction based upon an intentional tort analysis have not created a per se rule that an a

12022–2022
In the Matter of Talley green
kan · 2008
1 sentence

2018In Cahow , 286 Kan. 1134 , 192 P.3d 614 , the issue was whether a claims-made insurance policy covered the claim when the insured did not disclose the potential claim during the insurance application.

12018–2018
American Special Risk Management Corp. v. Cahow green
kan · 2008
1 sentence

2018In Cahow , 286 Kan. 1134 , 192 P.3d 614 , the issue was whether a claims-made insurance policy covered the claim when the insured did not disclose the potential claim during the insurance application.

12018–2018
State v. Acevedo green
washctapp · 1995
2 sentences

2017Office of State Finance, 184 P.3d 467, 476 (Okla. 2008) (constitutional provision requiring special appropriations bills to address single subject permits mixing appropriations and substantive legislation, but all provisions must be closely related to the bill's subject); Gregory v. Shurtleff, 299 P.3d 1098, 1114-15 (Utah 2013) (declining a per se rule that appropriations cannot mix with substantive legislation under single- subject rule); State v. Acevedo, 78 Wash. App. 886, 891 , 899 P.2d 31 (1995) (holding appropriations and substantive legislation may be in the same bill so long as one-sub

2017Office of State Finance, 184 P.3d 467, 476 (Okla. 2008) (constitutional provision requiring special appropriations bills to address single subject permits mixing appropriations and substantive legislation, but all provisions must be closely related to the bill's subject); Gregory v. Shurtleff, 299 P.3d 1098, 1114-15 (Utah 2013) (declining a per se rule that appropriations cannot mix with substantive legislation under single- subject rule); State v. Acevedo, 78 Wash. App. 886, 891 , 899 P.2d 31 (1995) (holding appropriations and substantive legislation may be in the same bill so long as one-sub

12017–2017
State v. Dennis John Halseth green
idaho · 2014
2 sentences

2016See, e.g; People v. Harris, 225 Cal. App. 4th Supp. 1, 8, 10 , 170 Cal. Rptr. 3d 729 (2014) (reading McNeely to suggest that “refusal to submit to a chemical test under an implied consent law operates as a withdrawal of consent and renders any subsequent test noncon-sensual” but deciding testing in that case was permitted on grounds that “there is nothing in the implied consent law to indicate that such measures are within the scope of the consent, and so in these cases the implied consent law gives way to the constitutional rules of Schmerber and its progeny”); State v. Wulff, 157 Idaho 416 ,

2016See, e.g; People v. Harris, 225 Cal. App. 4th Supp. 1, 8, 10 , 170 Cal. Rptr. 3d 729 (2014) (reading McNeely to suggest that “refusal to submit to a chemical test under an implied consent law operates as a withdrawal of consent and renders any subsequent test noncon-sensual” but deciding testing in that case was permitted on grounds that “there is nothing in the implied consent law to indicate that such measures are within the scope of the consent, and so in these cases the implied consent law gives way to the constitutional rules of Schmerber and its progeny”); State v. Wulff, 157 Idaho 416 ,

12016–2016
Newbold v. United States green
scotus · 2014
2 sentences

2016And while McNeely clearly set aside refiance on a per se rule relating to evanescent evidence, some courts have interpreted the United States Supreme Courts subsequent remand of Aviles v. Texas, 571 U.S. _ , 134 S. Ct. 902 , 187 L.

2016And while McNeely clearly set aside refiance on a per se rule relating to evanescent evidence, some courts have interpreted the United States Supreme Courts subsequent remand of Aviles v. Texas, 571 U.S. _ , 134 S. Ct. 902 , 187 L.

12016–2016
Lassiter v. City of Phila. green
scotus · 2014
2 sentences

2016And while McNeely clearly set aside refiance on a per se rule relating to evanescent evidence, some courts have interpreted the United States Supreme Courts subsequent remand of Aviles v. Texas, 571 U.S. _ , 134 S. Ct. 902 , 187 L.

2016And while McNeely clearly set aside refiance on a per se rule relating to evanescent evidence, some courts have interpreted the United States Supreme Courts subsequent remand of Aviles v. Texas, 571 U.S. _ , 134 S. Ct. 902 , 187 L.

12016–2016
State v. Fierro green
sd · 2014
2 sentences

2016See, e.g; People v. Harris, 225 Cal. App. 4th Supp. 1, 8, 10 , 170 Cal. Rptr. 3d 729 (2014) (reading McNeely to suggest that “refusal to submit to a chemical test under an implied consent law operates as a withdrawal of consent and renders any subsequent test noncon-sensual” but deciding testing in that case was permitted on grounds that “there is nothing in the implied consent law to indicate that such measures are within the scope of the consent, and so in these cases the implied consent law gives way to the constitutional rules of Schmerber and its progeny”); State v. Wulff, 157 Idaho 416 ,

2016See, e.g; People v. Harris, 225 Cal. App. 4th Supp. 1, 8, 10 , 170 Cal. Rptr. 3d 729 (2014) (reading McNeely to suggest that “refusal to submit to a chemical test under an implied consent law operates as a withdrawal of consent and renders any subsequent test noncon-sensual” but deciding testing in that case was permitted on grounds that “there is nothing in the implied consent law to indicate that such measures are within the scope of the consent, and so in these cases the implied consent law gives way to the constitutional rules of Schmerber and its progeny”); State v. Wulff, 157 Idaho 416 ,

12016–2016
Illinois v. McArthur green
scotus · 2001
12014–2014
Newman v. Newman green
iowa · 1990
12013–2013
Cypress Media, Inc. v. City of Overland Park green
kan · 2000
12009–2009
Massiah v. United States green
scotus · 1964
12008–2008
Holloway v. Arkansas green
scotus · 1978
12008–2008
Cuyler v. Sullivan green
scotus · 1980
12008–2008
United States v. Henry green
scotus · 1980
12008–2008
State v. Hartman green
kanctapp · 2000
12008–2008
Kolender v. Lawson green
scotus · 1983
12008–2008
People v. Gainer green
cal · 1977
12005–2005
Jabri v. Jabri neutral
nyappdiv · 1993
12005–2005
State v. Weaver green
mont · 1998
12002–2002
State v. Zuniga green
kan · 1985
12000–2000
Matter of Williams green
ga · 1996
11999–1999
Mathis v. United States green
scotus · 1968
11995–1995
Florida v. Bostick green
scotus · 1991
11994–1994
State v. Kimball green
nd · 1985
11993–1993
State v. Zito green
kanctapp · 1986
11993–1993
Lockard v. Town of Killen green
alacrimapp · 1990
11993–1993
Rock v. Arkansas green
scotus · 1987
11990–1990
Jones v. Barnes green
scotus · 1983
11988–1988
Murdock v. Pennsylvania green
scotus · 1943
11980–1980
Coolidge v. New Hampshire green
scotus · 1971
11979–1979
In re William C. neutral
nyfamct · 1971
11976–1976
People v. Stephen J. B. green
ny · 1969
11976–1976

Statutes the citing opinions construe

KS § K.S.A. § 60-2101 (5) KS § K.S.A. § 8-1001 (5) KS § K.S.A. § 8-1567 (5) KS § K.S.A. § 20-2616 (4) KS § K.S.A. § 20-3018 (3) KS § K.S.A. § 21-3720 (3) KS § K.S.A. § 22-3602 (3) KS § K.S.A. § 22-3603 (3) KS § K.S.A. § 60-2102 (3) KS § K.S.A. § 60-404 (3) KS § K.S.A. § 60-455 (3) KS § K.S.A. § 8-1012 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

IL 638 (1974–2026) PA 546 (1966–2026) TX 343 (1971–2025) NY 323 (1952–2026) CA 266 (1961–2026) NJ 263 (1971–2026) WA 240 (1973–2026) FL 232 (1968–2026) CT 206 (1970–2025) OH 196 (1969–2026) MO 155 (1967–2024) MD 149 (1973–2026) WI 143 (1974–2025) VA 124 (1977–2026) NC 123 (1971–2026) DC 118 (1977–2026) IN 116 (1967–2025) TN 111 (1987–2026) CO 109 (1977–2026) IA 103 (1976–2025) NM 99 (1978–2025) MA 96 (1977–2025) OR 93 (1979–2025) MN 91 (1975–2025) GA 88 (1970–2024) ID 87 (1977–2026) MS 87 (1969–2026) AL 86 (1969–2026) LA 82 (1977–2023) AZ 80 (1971–2026) UT 71 (1981–2026) MI 71 (1974–2025) NH 58 (1974–2024) ME 56 (1973–2026) MT 56 (1976–2026) SC 53 (1985–2023) VT 53 (1981–2025) KS 48 (1969–2026) RI 43 (1973–2023) WV 40 (1975–2025) NE 37 (1979–2023) DE 36 (1983–2026) NV 36 (1965–2024) OK 35 (1978–2024) ND 34 (1974–2025) AK 34 (1979–2020) HI 33 (1977–2025) SD 29 (1975–2025) WY 23 (1978–2025) AR 20 (1973–2019) KY 18 (1971–2022) VI 11 (1986–2024) GU 2 (2021–2022)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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