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38 Maryland opinions name it 2 courts 1955–2025 6 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by Maryland courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
Attorney Grievance Commission of Maryland v. Frammgreen2 sentences2025See Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Framm, 449 Md. 620, 646 (2016) (failing to recognize an inherent conflict of interest fell “below the minimum standard of competence”). 2022First, by failing to 11 recognize the conflict of interest, Ms. Maiden violated Rule 1.1, which requires that an attorney “provide competent representation to a client.” This Court has previously held that the failure to recognize an inherent conflict of interest “falls below the minimum standard of competence.” See Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Framm, 449 Md. 620, 646 (2016). | 3 | 3 |
Faulcon v. Stategreen2 sentences2010“The common law standard of ‘gross negligence’ has been adopted in cases of automobile manslaughter as the minimum requirement for a conviction.” Skidmore v. State, 166 Md.App. 82, 86 , 887 A.2d 92 (2005) (quoting Faulcon v. State, 211 Md. 249, 257 , 126 A.2d 858 (1956); State v. Gibson, 4 Md.App. 236, 243-43 , 242 A.2d 575 (1968), aff'd, 254 Md. 399 , 254 A.2d 691 (1969)). 2010“The common law standard of ‘gross negligence’ has been adopted in cases of automobile manslaughter as the minimum requirement for a conviction.” Skidmore v. State, 166 Md.App. 82, 86 , 887 A.2d 92 (2005) (quoting Faulcon v. State, 211 Md. 249, 257 , 126 A.2d 858 (1956); State v. Gibson, 4 Md.App. 236, 243-43 , 242 A.2d 575 (1968), aff'd, 254 Md. 399 , 254 A.2d 691 (1969)). | 2 | 6 |
Attorney Grievance Commission v. Ellisongreen2 sentences2018Rule 16-603 : Duty to Maintain Account; Rule 16-604 : Trust Account Required Deposits; Rule 16-606.1: Attorney Trust Account Record-Keeping In Attorney Grievance Commission v. Ellison , 384 Md. 688 , 867 A.2d 259 (2005), we held that an attorney violated MLRPC 1.15(a) and Rules in Title 16, Chapter 600 because "a set of facts that constitutes a violation of one may violate also the other without there necessarily arising an unfairly duplicative set of sanctions." Id. at 709 , 867 A.2d 259 (violating MLRPC 1.15(a) and Rules 16-606 and 16-609); id. ("[I]t is not outside the purview of this Court 2018Rule 16-603 : Duty to Maintain Account; Rule 16-604 : Trust Account Required Deposits; Rule 16-606.1: Attorney Trust Account Record-Keeping In Attorney Grievance Commission v. Ellison , 384 Md. 688 , 867 A.2d 259 (2005), we held that an attorney violated MLRPC 1.15(a) and Rules in Title 16, Chapter 600 because "a set of facts that constitutes a violation of one may violate also the other without there necessarily arising an unfairly duplicative set of sanctions." Id. at 709 , 867 A.2d 259 (violating MLRPC 1.15(a) and Rules 16-606 and 16-609); id. ("[I]t is not outside the purview of this Court | 2 | 2 |
State v. Gibsongreen2 sentences2010“The common law standard of ‘gross negligence’ has been adopted in cases of automobile manslaughter as the minimum requirement for a conviction.” Skidmore v. State, 166 Md.App. 82, 86 , 887 A.2d 92 (2005) (quoting Faulcon v. State, 211 Md. 249, 257 , 126 A.2d 858 (1956); State v. Gibson, 4 Md.App. 236, 243-43 , 242 A.2d 575 (1968), aff'd, 254 Md. 399 , 254 A.2d 691 (1969)). 2010“The common law standard of ‘gross negligence’ has been adopted in cases of automobile manslaughter as the minimum requirement for a conviction.” Skidmore v. State, 166 Md.App. 82, 86 , 887 A.2d 92 (2005) (quoting Faulcon v. State, 211 Md. 249, 257 , 126 A.2d 858 (1956); State v. Gibson, 4 Md.App. 236, 243-43 , 242 A.2d 575 (1968), aff'd, 254 Md. 399 , 254 A.2d 691 (1969)). | 1 | 5 |
Hughes v. Stategreen2 sentences2001It was said in Volume 8, Maryland Law Review, page 51, note 14, as quoted in Hughes v. State, 198 Md. 424, 431 , 84 A. 2d 419 : “‘The common law standard of “gross negligence” as the minimum requirement for conviction of manslaughter when one unintentionally kills in the course of doing a dangerous act is carried over into the recent Maryland statute setting up the separate crime of manslaughter by automobile or other vehicle, Md. 2001It was said in Volume 8, Maryland Law Review, page 51, note 14, as quoted in Hughes v. State, 198 Md. 424, 431 , 84 A. 2d 419 : “‘The common law standard of “gross negligence” as the minimum requirement for conviction of manslaughter when one unintentionally kills in the course of doing a dangerous act is carried over into the recent Maryland statute setting up the separate crime of manslaughter by automobile or other vehicle, Md. | 1 | 4 |
Cassidy v. Baltimore County Board of Appealsgreen2 sentences2010O’Donnell v. Basslers, Inc., 56 Md.App. 507, 519 , 468 A.2d 383 (1983) (quoting Cassidy, 218 Md. at 424 , 146 A.2d 896 ). 1983If this minimum requirement is met, the notification is adequate, no matter how much it may fall short of the standards of pleading in judicial contests. [Id., at 424, 146 A.2d 896 ]. | 1 | 2 |
Thomas v. Stategreen2 sentences1999Hughes v. State, 198 Md. 424, 431 , 84 A.2d 419 (1951)(“The *299 common law standard of ‘gross negligence’ as the minimum requirement for conviction of manslaughter where one unintentionally kills in the course of doing a dangerous act is carried over into the recent Maryland statute setting up the separate crime of manslaughter by automobile or other vehicle.”); Thomas v. State, 206 Md. 49, 51 , 109 A.2d 909 (1954)(“This statute has been interpreted to have the common law meaning of gross negligence so that, in order to establish guilt, there must be a ‘wanton or reckless disregard for human 1999Hughes v. State, 198 Md. 424, 431 , 84 A.2d 419 (1951)(“The *299 common law standard of ‘gross negligence’ as the minimum requirement for conviction of manslaughter where one unintentionally kills in the course of doing a dangerous act is carried over into the recent Maryland statute setting up the separate crime of manslaughter by automobile or other vehicle.”); Thomas v. State, 206 Md. 49, 51 , 109 A.2d 909 (1954)(“This statute has been interpreted to have the common law meaning of gross negligence so that, in order to establish guilt, there must be a ‘wanton or reckless disregard for human | 1 | 2 |
Mobile, Jackson & Kansas City Railroad v. Turnipseedgreen2 sentences1983Therefore, the court holds that Art. 16, Sec. 76 (c) is unconstitutional.” The appellant asserts that "[t]he Chancellor’s reliance on Santosky was misplaced” as that case "does not prohibit the use of presumptions in cases involving the termination of parental rights.” Relying on Mobile, Jackson, & Kansas City Railroad v. Turnipseed, 219 U.S. 35, 43 , 31 S.Ct. 136, 138 , 55 L.Ed. 78, 80 (1910), appellant contends that a presumption is constitutional when there is "some rational connection between the fact proved and the ultimate fact presumed” and that this standard is met in Art. 16, § 76 (c) 1983Therefore, the court holds that Art. 16, Sec. 76 (c) is unconstitutional.” The appellant asserts that "[t]he Chancellor’s reliance on Santosky was misplaced” as that case "does not prohibit the use of presumptions in cases involving the termination of parental rights.” Relying on Mobile, Jackson, & Kansas City Railroad v. Turnipseed, 219 U.S. 35, 43 , 31 S.Ct. 136, 138 , 55 L.Ed. 78, 80 (1910), appellant contends that a presumption is constitutional when there is "some rational connection between the fact proved and the ultimate fact presumed” and that this standard is met in Art. 16, § 76 (c) | 1 | 2 |
Attorney Grievance Commission v. Olszewskigreen2 sentences2016See Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Olszewski, 441 Md. 248, 266 , 107 A.3d 1159 (2015) (“We agree with the hearing judge that, on the facts of this case, ‘a minimal threshold of competent representation was breached when [Respondent] agreed to represent one client against another[.]’ ” (alteration in original)). 2016See Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Olszewski, 441 Md. 248, 266 , 107 A.3d 1159 (2015) (“We agree with the hearing judge that, on the facts of this case, ‘a minimal threshold of competent representation was breached when [Respondent] agreed to represent one client against another[.]’ ” (alteration in original)). | 1 | 1 |
Mason v. Porsche Cars of North Americagreen2 sentences2008Three of those cases, Mason v. Porsche Cars of North America, Inc., 688 So.2d 361 (Fla. 5th Dist.Ct.App.1997); Universal Motors, Inc. v. Waldock, 719 P.2d 254 (Alaska 1986); and Cline v. DaimlerChrysler Co., 114 P.3d 468 (Okla.Civ.App.2005), rely on the minimum standard requirements for a full warranty in 15 U.S.C. § 2304 . 2008Three of those cases, Mason v. Porsche Cars of North America, Inc., 688 So.2d 361 (Fla. 5th Dist.Ct.App.1997); Universal Motors, Inc. v. Waldock, 719 P.2d 254 (Alaska 1986); and Cline v. DaimlerChrysler Co., 114 P.3d 468 (Okla.Civ.App.2005), rely on the minimum standard requirements for a full warranty in 15 U.S.C. § 2304 . | 1 | 1 |
Cline v. DaimlerChrysler Co., Corp.green2 sentences2008Three of those cases, Mason v. Porsche Cars of North America, Inc., 688 So.2d 361 (Fla. 5th Dist.Ct.App.1997); Universal Motors, Inc. v. Waldock, 719 P.2d 254 (Alaska 1986); and Cline v. DaimlerChrysler Co., 114 P.3d 468 (Okla.Civ.App.2005), rely on the minimum standard requirements for a full warranty in 15 U.S.C. § 2304 . 2008Three of those cases, Mason v. Porsche Cars of North America, Inc., 688 So.2d 361 (Fla. 5th Dist.Ct.App.1997); Universal Motors, Inc. v. Waldock, 719 P.2d 254 (Alaska 1986); and Cline v. DaimlerChrysler Co., 114 P.3d 468 (Okla.Civ.App.2005), rely on the minimum standard requirements for a full warranty in 15 U.S.C. § 2304 . | 1 | 1 |
Universal Motors, Inc. v. Waldockgreen2 sentences2008Three of those cases, Mason v. Porsche Cars of North America, Inc., 688 So.2d 361 (Fla. 5th Dist.Ct.App.1997); Universal Motors, Inc. v. Waldock, 719 P.2d 254 (Alaska 1986); and Cline v. DaimlerChrysler Co., 114 P.3d 468 (Okla.Civ.App.2005), rely on the minimum standard requirements for a full warranty in 15 U.S.C. § 2304 . 2008Three of those cases, Mason v. Porsche Cars of North America, Inc., 688 So.2d 361 (Fla. 5th Dist.Ct.App.1997); Universal Motors, Inc. v. Waldock, 719 P.2d 254 (Alaska 1986); and Cline v. DaimlerChrysler Co., 114 P.3d 468 (Okla.Civ.App.2005), rely on the minimum standard requirements for a full warranty in 15 U.S.C. § 2304 . | 1 | 1 |
Delaware v. Prousegreen2 sentences2007In Delaware v. Prouse, supra, 440 U.S. 648 , 99 S.Ct. 1391 , 59 L.Ed.2d 660 , the Court considered whether a police officer violates the Fourth Amendment by randomly stopping a car for the sole purpose of checking the operator's driver's license and the vehicle registration "where there is neither probable cause to believe nor reasonable suspicion that the car is being driven contrary to the laws governing the operation of motor vehicles or that either the car or any of its occupants is subject to seizure or detention in connection with the violation of any other applicable law." Id. at 650 , 2007In Delaware v. Prouse, supra, 440 U.S. 648 , 99 S.Ct. 1391 , 59 L.Ed.2d 660 , the Court considered whether a police officer violates the Fourth Amendment by randomly stopping a car for the sole purpose of checking the operator's driver's license and the vehicle registration "where there is neither probable cause to believe nor reasonable suspicion that the car is being driven contrary to the laws governing the operation of motor vehicles or that either the car or any of its occupants is subject to seizure or detention in connection with the violation of any other applicable law." Id. at 650 , | 1 | 1 |
Connor v. Stategreen2 sentences1999See Connor v. State, 225 Md. 543, 558 , 171 A.2d 699, 707 (1961)(Section 388 “adopted the common-law standard of gross negligence as the minimum requirement to convict a defendant for an unintentional killing in the course of doing a lawful act in an unlawful *96 manner____”). 1999See Connor v. State, 225 Md. 543, 558 , 171 A.2d 699, 707 (1961)(Section 388 “adopted the common-law standard of gross negligence as the minimum requirement to convict a defendant for an unintentional killing in the course of doing a lawful act in an unlawful *96 manner____”). | 1 | 1 |
Rolfes v. Stategreen2 sentences1994See also Rolfes v. State, 10 Md.App. 204, 207 , 268 A.2d 795 (1970). 1994See also Rolfes v. State, 10 Md.App. 204, 207 , 268 A.2d 795 (1970). | 1 | 1 |
Lore v. Board of Public Worksgreen2 sentences1984See Lore v. Board of Public Works, 277 Md. 356, 358-59 , 354 A.2d 812 (1976). 1984See Lore v. Board of Public Works, 277 Md. 356, 358-59 , 354 A.2d 812 (1976). | 1 | 1 |
| Miller v. Michalekgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Baker v. Stategreen | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
| No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Maryland. Read the followed side critically anyway. | ||
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
Small MS4 Coalition v. Dept. of Environment
green
2 sentences2024“In both types of permits,” the Court continued, “there is a minimum standard, and in both types of permits the permitting authority may increase the stringency of those standards to protect water quality.” Id. 2024“In both types of permits,” the Court continued, “there is a minimum standard, and in both types of permits the permitting authority may increase the stringency of those standards to protect water quality.” Id. | 3 | 2024–2024 |
State v. Gibson
green
2 sentences2010“The common law standard of ‘gross negligence’ has been adopted in cases of automobile manslaughter as the minimum requirement for a conviction.” Skidmore v. State, 166 Md.App. 82, 86 , 887 A.2d 92 (2005) (quoting Faulcon v. State, 211 Md. 249, 257 , 126 A.2d 858 (1956); State v. Gibson, 4 Md.App. 236, 243-43 , 242 A.2d 575 (1968), aff'd, 254 Md. 399 , 254 A.2d 691 (1969)). 2010“The common law standard of ‘gross negligence’ has been adopted in cases of automobile manslaughter as the minimum requirement for a conviction.” Skidmore v. State, 166 Md.App. 82, 86 , 887 A.2d 92 (2005) (quoting Faulcon v. State, 211 Md. 249, 257 , 126 A.2d 858 (1956); State v. Gibson, 4 Md.App. 236, 243-43 , 242 A.2d 575 (1968), aff'd, 254 Md. 399 , 254 A.2d 691 (1969)). | 3 | 1994–2010 |
O'Donnell v. Basslers, Inc.
neutral
2 sentences2015O’Donnell v. Basslers, Inc., 56 Md.App. 507, 519 , 468 A.2d 383 (1983) (emphasis added) (quoting Cassidy v. Cnty. 2015O’Donnell v. Basslers, Inc., 56 Md.App. 507, 519 , 468 A.2d 383 (1983) (emphasis added) (quoting Cassidy v. Cnty. | 2 | 2010–2015 |
In the Matter of Cromwell
green
2 sentences1975Four years before the Supreme Court’s decision in In re Gault, 387 U. S. 1 , 87 S. Ct. 1428 , 18 L.Ed.2d 527 (1967), this Court held in In Matter of Cromwell, 232 Md. 409, 415 , 194 A. 2d 88 (1963), that although juvenile proceedings may be conducted without strict regard for the usual court rules, “we think there is at least a minimum standard of fairness that must be observed.” That standard precluded “the introduction of . . . evidence, without advance notice and in a form that prevented cross-examination and clarification,” an act which the Court said “was prejudicial and unfair,” leading 1975Four years before the Supreme Court’s decision in In re Gault, 387 U. S. 1 , 87 S. Ct. 1428 , 18 L.Ed.2d 527 (1967), this Court held in In Matter of Cromwell, 232 Md. 409, 415 , 194 A. 2d 88 (1963), that although juvenile proceedings may be conducted without strict regard for the usual court rules, “we think there is at least a minimum standard of fairness that must be observed.” That standard precluded “the introduction of . . . evidence, without advance notice and in a form that prevented cross-examination and clarification,” an act which the Court said “was prejudicial and unfair,” leading | 2 | 1968–1975 |
Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of Hialeah
green
2 sentences2011A law lacks facial neutrality if it refers to a religious practice without a secular meaning discernible from the language or context.” Id. 2011A law lacks facial neutrality if it refers to a religious practice without a secular meaning discernible from the language or context." Id. | 1 | 2011–2011 |
Garnett v. State
green
2 sentences2011In Garnett v. State 332 Md. 571, 580 , 632 A.2d 797 (1993), the Court of Appeals stated that: Conscious of the disfavor in which strict criminal liability resides, the Model Penal Code states generally as a minimum requirement of culpability that a person is not guilty of a criminal offense unless he acts purposely, knowingly, recklessly, or negligently, ie., with some degree of mens rea. 2011In Garnett v. State 332 Md. 571, 580 , 632 A.2d 797 (1993), the Court of Appeals stated that: Conscious of the disfavor in which strict criminal liability resides, the Model Penal Code states generally as a minimum requirement of culpability that a person is not guilty of a criminal offense unless he acts purposely, knowingly, recklessly, or negligently, ie., with some degree of mens rea. | 1 | 2011–2011 |
State v. Kramer
green
2 sentences2010In the context of manslaughter by vehicle, “gross negligence” has been defined as “ ‘a wanton or reckless disregard for human life.’ ” Skidmore, 166 Md.App. at 86 , 887 A.2d 92 (quoting State v. Kramer, 318 Md. 576, 590 , 569 A.2d 674 (1990)) (citation omitted). 2010In the context of manslaughter by vehicle, “gross negligence” has been defined as “ ‘a wanton or reckless disregard for human life.’ ” Skidmore, 166 Md.App. at 86 , 887 A.2d 92 (quoting State v. Kramer, 318 Md. 576, 590 , 569 A.2d 674 (1990)) (citation omitted). | 1 | 2010–2010 |
Skidmore v. State
green
2 sentences2010“The common law standard of ‘gross negligence’ has been adopted in cases of automobile manslaughter as the minimum requirement for a conviction.” Skidmore v. State, 166 Md.App. 82, 86 , 887 A.2d 92 (2005) (quoting Faulcon v. State, 211 Md. 249, 257 , 126 A.2d 858 (1956); State v. Gibson, 4 Md.App. 236, 243-43 , 242 A.2d 575 (1968), aff'd, 254 Md. 399 , 254 A.2d 691 (1969)). 2010“The common law standard of ‘gross negligence’ has been adopted in cases of automobile manslaughter as the minimum requirement for a conviction.” Skidmore v. State, 166 Md.App. 82, 86 , 887 A.2d 92 (2005) (quoting Faulcon v. State, 211 Md. 249, 257 , 126 A.2d 858 (1956); State v. Gibson, 4 Md.App. 236, 243-43 , 242 A.2d 575 (1968), aff'd, 254 Md. 399 , 254 A.2d 691 (1969)). | 1 | 2010–2010 |
Knowles v. Iowa
green
2 sentences2007Knowles v. Iowa, 525 U.S. 113 , 119 S.Ct. 484 , 142 L.Ed.2d 492 (1998), decided two years after Whren , lends support to the notion that a routine traffic stop may be based on reasonable articulable suspicion. 2007Knowles v. Iowa, 525 U.S. 113 , 119 S.Ct. 484 , 142 L.Ed.2d 492 (1998), decided two years after Whren , lends support to the notion that a routine traffic stop may be based on reasonable articulable suspicion. | 1 | 2007–2007 |
Forbes v. State
green
2 sentences1999See also Faulcon v. State, 211 Md. 249, 257 , 126 A.2d 858 (1956); State v. Gibson, 4 Md.App. 236, 242-43 , 242 A.2d 575 (1968); Boyd v. State, 22 Md.App. 539, 550 , 323 A.2d 684 (1974); Forbes v. State, 324 Md. 335 , 340-41 n. 2, 597 A.2d 427 (1991). 1999See also Faulcon v. State, 211 Md. 249, 257 , 126 A.2d 858 (1956); State v. Gibson, 4 Md.App. 236, 242-43 , 242 A.2d 575 (1968); Boyd v. State, 22 Md.App. 539, 550 , 323 A.2d 684 (1974); Forbes v. State, 324 Md. 335 , 340-41 n. 2, 597 A.2d 427 (1991). | 1 | 1999–1999 |
Boyd v. State
green
2 sentences1999See also Faulcon v. State, 211 Md. 249, 257 , 126 A.2d 858 (1956); State v. Gibson, 4 Md.App. 236, 242-43 , 242 A.2d 575 (1968); Boyd v. State, 22 Md.App. 539, 550 , 323 A.2d 684 (1974); Forbes v. State, 324 Md. 335 , 340-41 n. 2, 597 A.2d 427 (1991). 1999See also Faulcon v. State, 211 Md. 249, 257 , 126 A.2d 858 (1956); State v. Gibson, 4 Md.App. 236, 242-43 , 242 A.2d 575 (1968); Boyd v. State, 22 Md.App. 539, 550 , 323 A.2d 684 (1974); Forbes v. State, 324 Md. 335 , 340-41 n. 2, 597 A.2d 427 (1991). | 1 | 1999–1999 |
Reid v. State
green
2 sentences1996We interpreted a prior version of the PSI statute, then codified as Md.Code (1957, 1982 Repl.Vol.), Art. 41, § 124, as setting “a minimum standard for what the sentencing judge ... must consider....” Reid, 302 Md. at 821 , 490 A.2d at 1294 . 1996We interpreted a prior version of the PSI statute, then codified as Md.Code (1957, 1982 Repl.Vol.), Art. 41, § 124, as setting “a minimum standard for what the sentencing judge ... must consider....” Reid, 302 Md. at 821 , 490 A.2d at 1294 . | 1 | 1996–1996 |
Strickland v. Washington
green
2 sentences1992When evaluating the performance of counsel to determine whether it meets the minimum standard of effectiveness, the inquiry must be whether "counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the `counsel' guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment." Id. at 466 U.S. at 687 , 104 S.Ct. at 2064 , 80 L.Ed.2d at 693 . 1992When evaluating the performance of counsel to determine whether it meets the minimum standard of effectiveness, the inquiry must be whether "counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the `counsel' guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment." Id. at 466 U.S. at 687 , 104 S.Ct. at 2064 , 80 L.Ed.2d at 693 . | 1 | 1992–1992 |
Loucks v. . Standard Oil Co.
green
2 sentences1985In attempting to put to rest in that state the notion that a forum could enforce claims under a foreign wrongful death statute only if it were similar to the wrongful death statute of the forum state, the Loucks opinion said that courts do not “close their doors, unless help would violate some fundamental principle of justice, some prevalent conception of good morals, some deep-rooted tradition of the common weal.” Id. at 111 , 120 N.E. at 202 . 4 Judge Cardozo’s words are adopted to express the minimum standard for the lex loci qualification in H. 1985In attempting to put to rest in that state the notion that a forum could enforce claims under a foreign wrongful death statute only if it were similar to the wrongful death statute of the forum state, the Loucks opinion said that courts do not “close their doors, unless help would violate some fundamental principle of justice, some prevalent conception of good morals, some deep-rooted tradition of the common weal.” Id. at 111 , 120 N.E. at 202 . 4 Judge Cardozo’s words are adopted to express the minimum standard for the lex loci qualification in H. | 1 | 1985–1985 |
| State v. Bd. of Ed. of Elizabeth green | 1 | 1984–1984 |
| Clark v. Wolman green | 1 | 1983–1983 |
| Aerojet-General Corporation v. The American Arbitration Association green | 1 | 1978–1978 |
| State v. Fearing green | 1 | 1976–1976 |
| In Re GAULT green | 1 | 1975–1975 |
| Montague v. State green | 1 | 1968–1968 |
| Lilly v. State green | 1 | 1968–1968 |
| Duren v. State green | 1 | 1968–1968 |
| Price v. Cohen green | 1 | 1958–1958 |
| Kirkwood v. Provident Savings Bank green | 1 | 1955–1955 |
Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.