minimum standard (Connecticut) · Go Syfert
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minimum standard in Connecticut

22 Connecticut opinions name it 3 courts 1983–2026 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Connecticut courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (6)

CaseFollowedCited
State v. Geislergreen
conn · 1992 · cited in 2 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1993–2019
2 sentences

2019After applying the factors established in State v. Geisler , 222 Conn. 672 , 684-85, 610 A.2d 1225 (1992), it concluded that our state constitution afforded greater protection than the minimum standard set forth in the federal constitution.

2019After applying the factors established in State v. Geisler , 222 Conn. 672 , 684-85, 610 A.2d 1225 (1992), it concluded that our state constitution afforded greater protection than the minimum standard set forth in the federal constitution.

12
See's Candy Shops, Inc. v. Superior Courtgreen
calctapp · 2012 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
2 sentences

2026See, e.g., Aguilar v. Management & Training Corp., 948 F.3d 1270 , 1287–88 (10th Cir. 2020); See’s Candy Shops, Inc. v. Superior Court, 210 Cal. App. 4th 889 , 901–902, 148 Cal. Rptr. 3d 690 (2012), review denied, California Supreme Court, Docket No. S207212 (Febru- ary 13, 2013).

2026See, e.g., Aguilar v. Management & Training Corp., 948 F.3d 1270 , 1287–88 (10th Cir. 2020); See’s Candy Shops, Inc. v. Superior Court, 210 Cal. App. 4th 889 , 901–902, 148 Cal. Rptr. 3d 690 (2012), review denied, California Supreme Court, Docket No. S207212 (Febru- ary 13, 2013).

11
Del Rio v. Amazon.com Services, Inc.green
conn · 2026 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026The perform both service and nonservice duties seeking to recover unpaid wages for nonservice duties. 16 A state law rounding rule complies with the minimum standard established by federal law only if “it will not result, over a period of time, in a failure to compensate the employees properly for all the time they have actually worked.” 29 C.F.R. § 785.48 (b) (2025); see, e.g., Aguilar v. Management & Training Corp., 948 F.3d 1270, 1288 (10th Cir. 2020) (rounding policy is valid only if it is “neutral, both facially and as applied,” and “allow[s] for rounding both up and down, so that an empl

11
Aguilar v. Management & Traininggreen
ca10 · 2020 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
2 sentences

2026The perform both service and nonservice duties seeking to recover unpaid wages for nonservice duties. 16 A state law rounding rule complies with the minimum standard established by federal law only if “it will not result, over a period of time, in a failure to compensate the employees properly for all the time they have actually worked.” 29 C.F.R. § 785.48 (b) (2025); see, e.g., Aguilar v. Management & Training Corp., 948 F.3d 1270, 1288 (10th Cir. 2020) (rounding policy is valid only if it is “neutral, both facially and as applied,” and “allow[s] for rounding both up and down, so that an empl

2026The perform both service and nonservice duties seeking to recover unpaid wages for nonservice duties. 16 A state law rounding rule complies with the minimum standard established by federal law only if “it will not result, over a period of time, in a failure to compensate the employees properly for all the time they have actually worked.” 29 C.F.R. § 785.48 (b) (2025); see, e.g., Aguilar v. Management & Training Corp., 948 F.3d 1270, 1288 (10th Cir. 2020) (rounding policy is valid only if it is “neutral, both facially and as applied,” and “allow[s] for rounding both up and down, so that an empl

11
Moore v. Ganimgreen
conn · 1995 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010See, e.g., Moore v. Ganim, 233 Conn. 557, 595 , 660 A.2d 742 (1995) (“We are especially hesitant to read into the constitution unenumerated affirmative governmental obligations.

2010See, e.g., Moore v. Ganim, 233 Conn. 557, 595 , 660 A.2d 742 (1995) (“We are especially hesitant to read into the constitution unenumerated affirmative governmental obligations.

11
West Hartford Education Assn., Inc. v. DeCourcygreen
conn · 1972 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010In his dissent, Justice Zarella reviews the education statutory scheme, General Statutes § 10-1 et seq., under which local school boards are agents of the state that are responsible for implementing the principle of a free public education in accordance with General Statutes § 10-218 et seq.; see, e.g., West Hartford Education Assn. v. DeCourcy, 162 Conn. 566, 573 , 295 A.2d 526 (1972); under the supervision of the state board of education; see General Statutes § 10-4; and agrees with the defendants that our conclusion herein will have the effect of “wrestpng] control of education from the loc

2010In his dissent, Justice Zarella reviews the education statutory scheme, General Statutes § 10-1 et seq., under which local school boards are agents of the state that are responsible for implementing the principle of a free public education in accordance with General Statutes § 10-218 et seq.; see, e.g., West Hartford Education Assn. v. DeCourcy, 162 Conn. 566, 573 , 295 A.2d 526 (1972); under the supervision of the state board of education; see General Statutes § 10-4; and agrees with the defendants that our conclusion herein will have the effect of “wrestpng] control of education from the loc

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Connecticut. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (29)

CaseCitedYears
State v. Weinberg green
conn · 1990
2 sentences

2009State v. Ritrovato, 280 Conn. 36, 51-52 , 905 A.2d 1079 (2006). “[A] [trial] court maintains the obligation to ensure [only] that a witness’ testimony meets the minimum standard of credibility necessary to permit a reasonable person to put any credence in that testimony.” (Emphasis added.) State v. Weinberg, 215 Conn. 231, 243 , 575 A.2d 1003 , cert. denied, 498 U.S. 967 , 111 S. Ct. 430 , 112 L.

2009State v. Ritrovato, 280 Conn. 36, 51-52 , 905 A.2d 1079 (2006). “[A] [trial] court maintains the obligation to ensure [only] that a witness’ testimony meets the minimum standard of credibility necessary to permit a reasonable person to put any credence in that testimony.” (Emphasis added.) State v. Weinberg, 215 Conn. 231, 243 , 575 A.2d 1003 , cert. denied, 498 U.S. 967 , 111 S. Ct. 430 , 112 L.

22006–2009
Wisconsin Education Ass'n Council v. Wisconsin State Elections Board green
scotus · 1990
2 sentences

2009State v. Ritrovato, 280 Conn. 36, 51-52 , 905 A.2d 1079 (2006). “[A] [trial] court maintains the obligation to ensure [only] that a witness’ testimony meets the minimum standard of credibility necessary to permit a reasonable person to put any credence in that testimony.” (Emphasis added.) State v. Weinberg, 215 Conn. 231, 243 , 575 A.2d 1003 , cert. denied, 498 U.S. 967 , 111 S. Ct. 430 , 112 L.

2006Turning first to the court’s credibility determination, it has long been established that “a court maintains the *52 obligation to ensure [only] that a witness’ testimony meets the minimum standard of credibility necessary to permit a reasonable person to put any credence in that testimony.” (Emphasis added.) State v. Weinberg, 215 Conn. 231, 243 , 575 A.2d 1003 , cert. denied, 498 U.S. 967 , 111 S. Ct. 430 , 112 L.

22006–2009
Netzley v. Celebrezze green
scotus · 1990
2 sentences

2009State v. Ritrovato, 280 Conn. 36, 51-52 , 905 A.2d 1079 (2006). “[A] [trial] court maintains the obligation to ensure [only] that a witness’ testimony meets the minimum standard of credibility necessary to permit a reasonable person to put any credence in that testimony.” (Emphasis added.) State v. Weinberg, 215 Conn. 231, 243 , 575 A.2d 1003 , cert. denied, 498 U.S. 967 , 111 S. Ct. 430 , 112 L.

2006Turning first to the court’s credibility determination, it has long been established that “a court maintains the *52 obligation to ensure [only] that a witness’ testimony meets the minimum standard of credibility necessary to permit a reasonable person to put any credence in that testimony.” (Emphasis added.) State v. Weinberg, 215 Conn. 231, 243 , 575 A.2d 1003 , cert. denied, 498 U.S. 967 , 111 S. Ct. 430 , 112 L.

22006–2009
Sentell v. Norris Cotton Mills green
sc · 1919
2 sentences

2009State v. Ritrovato, 280 Conn. 36, 51-52 , 905 A.2d 1079 (2006). “[A] [trial] court maintains the obligation to ensure [only] that a witness’ testimony meets the minimum standard of credibility necessary to permit a reasonable person to put any credence in that testimony.” (Emphasis added.) State v. Weinberg, 215 Conn. 231, 243 , 575 A.2d 1003 , cert. denied, 498 U.S. 967 , 111 S. Ct. 430 , 112 L.

2006Turning first to the court’s credibility determination, it has long been established that “a court maintains the *52 obligation to ensure [only] that a witness’ testimony meets the minimum standard of credibility necessary to permit a reasonable person to put any credence in that testimony.” (Emphasis added.) State v. Weinberg, 215 Conn. 231, 243 , 575 A.2d 1003 , cert. denied, 498 U.S. 967 , 111 S. Ct. 430 , 112 L.

22006–2009
Farmer v. United Brotherhood of Carpenters & Joiners of America, Local 25 green
scotus · 1977
2 sentences

1997In Farmer v. United Brotherhood of Carpenters Joiners of America, supra, 430 U.S. 290 , the petitioner brought a claim, against the defendants in the Superior Court of California for intentional infliction of emotional distress.

1997In Farmer v. United Brotherhood of Carpenters Joiners of America, supra, 430 U.S. 290 , the petitioner brought a claim against the defendants in the Superior Court of California for intentional infliction of emotional distress.

21997–1997
Roviaro v. United States green
scotus · 1957
2 sentences

2019State v. Harris , supra, at 116 , 191 A.3d 119 . 7 See, e.g., State v. Dickson , 322 Conn. 410 , 420, 141 A.3d 810 (2016) (both initial identification, if unduly suggestive, and in-court identification may be excluded if improper procedure in former created substantial likelihood of misidentification), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 137 S.Ct. 2263 , 198 L.Ed.2d 713 (2017). 8 The defendant does not argue that there was a violation of her constitutional rights under the confrontation clause of the sixth amendment to the United States constitution but relies solely on the due process clause of the

2019State v. Harris , supra, at 116 , 191 A.3d 119 . 7 See, e.g., State v. Dickson , 322 Conn. 410 , 420, 141 A.3d 810 (2016) (both initial identification, if unduly suggestive, and in-court identification may be excluded if improper procedure in former created substantial likelihood of misidentification), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 137 S.Ct. 2263 , 198 L.Ed.2d 713 (2017). 8 The defendant does not argue that there was a violation of her constitutional rights under the confrontation clause of the sixth amendment to the United States constitution but relies solely on the due process clause of the

12019–2019
State v. Harris green
conn · 2018
1 sentence

2019State v. Harris , supra, at 116 , 191 A.3d 119 . 7 See, e.g., State v. Dickson , 322 Conn. 410 , 420, 141 A.3d 810 (2016) (both initial identification, if unduly suggestive, and in-court identification may be excluded if improper procedure in former created substantial likelihood of misidentification), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 137 S.Ct. 2263 , 198 L.Ed.2d 713 (2017). 8 The defendant does not argue that there was a violation of her constitutional rights under the confrontation clause of the sixth amendment to the United States constitution but relies solely on the due process clause of the

12019–2019
State v. Dickson green
conn · 2016
2 sentences

2019State v. Harris , supra, at 116 , 191 A.3d 119 . 7 See, e.g., State v. Dickson , 322 Conn. 410 , 420, 141 A.3d 810 (2016) (both initial identification, if unduly suggestive, and in-court identification may be excluded if improper procedure in former created substantial likelihood of misidentification), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 137 S.Ct. 2263 , 198 L.Ed.2d 713 (2017). 8 The defendant does not argue that there was a violation of her constitutional rights under the confrontation clause of the sixth amendment to the United States constitution but relies solely on the due process clause of the

2019State v. Harris , supra, at 116 , 191 A.3d 119 . 7 See, e.g., State v. Dickson , 322 Conn. 410 , 420, 141 A.3d 810 (2016) (both initial identification, if unduly suggestive, and in-court identification may be excluded if improper procedure in former created substantial likelihood of misidentification), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 137 S.Ct. 2263 , 198 L.Ed.2d 713 (2017). 8 The defendant does not argue that there was a violation of her constitutional rights under the confrontation clause of the sixth amendment to the United States constitution but relies solely on the due process clause of the

12019–2019
Verdin-Garcia v. United States green
scotus · 2017
1 sentence

2019State v. Harris , supra, at 116 , 191 A.3d 119 . 7 See, e.g., State v. Dickson , 322 Conn. 410 , 420, 141 A.3d 810 (2016) (both initial identification, if unduly suggestive, and in-court identification may be excluded if improper procedure in former created substantial likelihood of misidentification), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 137 S.Ct. 2263 , 198 L.Ed.2d 713 (2017). 8 The defendant does not argue that there was a violation of her constitutional rights under the confrontation clause of the sixth amendment to the United States constitution but relies solely on the due process clause of the

12019–2019
Connecticut v. Dickson green
scotus · 2017
1 sentence

2019State v. Harris , supra, at 116 , 191 A.3d 119 . 7 See, e.g., State v. Dickson , 322 Conn. 410 , 420, 141 A.3d 810 (2016) (both initial identification, if unduly suggestive, and in-court identification may be excluded if improper procedure in former created substantial likelihood of misidentification), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 137 S.Ct. 2263 , 198 L.Ed.2d 713 (2017). 8 The defendant does not argue that there was a violation of her constitutional rights under the confrontation clause of the sixth amendment to the United States constitution but relies solely on the due process clause of the

12019–2019
State v. Cutler green
conn · 2009
2 sentences

2013“We are mindful that a trial court, in considering whether there is evidence from which the jury reasonably could conclude that the defendant actually committed the prior act of misconduct, acts as an evidentiary gatekeeper when considering the admissibility of such evidence. . . . [A]s a gatekeeper, the trial court . . . considers whether evidence reasonably supports the finding for which it is offered.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Cutler, 293 Conn. 303 , 319 n.17, 977 A.2d 209 (2009). “[I]t has long been established that a court maintains the obligation to ensure [only] that a witness’ tes

2013“We are mindful that a trial court, in considering whether there is evidence from which the jury reasonably could conclude that the defendant actually committed the prior act of misconduct, acts as an evidentiary gatekeeper when considering the admissibility of such evidence. . . . [A]s a gatekeeper, the trial court . . . considers whether evidence reasonably supports the finding for which it is offered.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Cutler, 293 Conn. 303 , 319 n.17, 977 A.2d 209 (2009). “[I]t has long been established that a court maintains the obligation to ensure [only] that a witness’ tes

12013–2013
State v. Ritrovato green
conn · 2006
2 sentences

2009State v. Ritrovato, 280 Conn. 36, 51-52 , 905 A.2d 1079 (2006). “[A] [trial] court maintains the obligation to ensure [only] that a witness’ testimony meets the minimum standard of credibility necessary to permit a reasonable person to put any credence in that testimony.” (Emphasis added.) State v. Weinberg, 215 Conn. 231, 243 , 575 A.2d 1003 , cert. denied, 498 U.S. 967 , 111 S. Ct. 430 , 112 L.

2009State v. Ritrovato, 280 Conn. 36, 51-52 , 905 A.2d 1079 (2006). “[A] [trial] court maintains the obligation to ensure [only] that a witness’ testimony meets the minimum standard of credibility necessary to permit a reasonable person to put any credence in that testimony.” (Emphasis added.) State v. Weinberg, 215 Conn. 231, 243 , 575 A.2d 1003 , cert. denied, 498 U.S. 967 , 111 S. Ct. 430 , 112 L.

12009–2009
Santosky v. Kramer green
scotus · 1982
2 sentences

2008It is well settled that "[t]he function of a standard of proof, as that concept is embodied in the [d]ue [p]rocess [c]lause and in the realm of factfinding, is to instruct the factfinder concerning the degree of confidence our society thinks he should have in the correctness of factual conclusions for a particular type of adjudication. . . . [I]n any given proceeding, the minimum standard of proof tolerated by the due process requirement reflects not only the weight of the private and public interests affected, but also a societal judgment about how the risk of error should be distributed betw

2008It is well settled that "[t]he function of a standard of proof, as that concept is embodied in the [d]ue [p]rocess [c]lause and in the realm of factfinding, is to instruct the factfinder concerning the degree of confidence our society thinks he should have in the correctness of factual conclusions for a particular type of adjudication. . . . [I]n any given proceeding, the minimum standard of proof tolerated by the due process requirement reflects not only the weight of the private and public interests affected, but also a societal judgment about how the risk of error should be distributed betw

12008–2008
Picketts v. International Playtex, Inc. green
conn · 1990
1 sentence

2001The facts of this case distinguish it from Picketts v. International Playtex, Inc., supra, 215 Conn. 490 .

12001–2001
Brooklyn Savings Bank v. O'Neil green
scotus · 1945
2 sentences

2000“It constitutes a Congressional recognition that failure to pay the statutory minimum on time may be so detrimental to maintenance of the minimum standard of living necessary for health, efficiency and general well-being of workers and to the free flow of commerce, that double payment must be paid in the event of delay in order to insure restoration of the worker to that minimum standard of well-being.” Brooklyn Savings Bank v. O’Neil, 324 U.S. 697, 707 , 65 S. Ct. 895 , 89 L.

2000“It constitutes a Congressional recognition that failure to pay the statutory minimum on time may be so detrimental to maintenance of the minimum standard of living necessary for health, efficiency and general well-being of workers and to the free flow of commerce, that double payment must be paid in the event of delay in order to insure restoration of the worker to that minimum standard of well-being.” Brooklyn Savings Bank v. O’Neil, 324 U.S. 697, 707 , 65 S. Ct. 895 , 89 L.

12000–2000
Addington v. Texas green
scotus · 1979
1 sentence

2000Addington [v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418 (1979)] teaches that, in any given proceeding, the minimum standard of proof tolerated by the due process requirement reflects not only the weight of the private and public interests affected, but also a societal judgment about how the risk of error should be distributed between the CT Page 6172 litigants.

12000–2000
State v. Barton green
conn · 1991
2 sentences

1998State v. Barton , 219 Conn. 529 , S46, 594 A.2d 917 (1991).

1998State v. Barton , 219 Conn. 529 , S46, 594 A.2d 917 (1991).

11998–1998
Fulco v. Norwich Roman Catholic Diocesan Corp. green
connappct · 1992
1 sentence

1998The defendant makes persuasive arguments to the effect that even if there had been deductions of leave time taken from the plaintiff no deduction in "pay" would have been made because fringe benefits are not pay under the Wage Payment Act, Fulco v. Norwich Roman Catholic Diocesan Corp., 27 Conn. App. 800 , 804 (1992) "the definition of wages is limited to remuneration for labor or services rendered, and does not include vacation pay which is compensation for loss of wages", id., p. 804.

11998–1998
Gupta v. New Britain General Hospital green
conn · 1996
2 sentences

1997The defendants argue that the court should strike counts one through six as they CT Page 13245 constitute a claim for educational malpractice, a claim the Connecticut Supreme Court declined to recognize in Gupta v. New Britain General Hospital , 239 Conn. 574 , 687 A.2d 111 (1996).

1997The defendants argue that the court should strike counts one through six as they CT Page 13245 constitute a claim for educational malpractice, a claim the Connecticut Supreme Court declined to recognize in Gupta v. New Britain General Hospital , 239 Conn. 574 , 687 A.2d 111 (1996).

11997–1997
Smith v. Nationwide Mutual Insurance neutral
nyappdiv · 1992
1 sentence

1997Co., 181 App. Div. 2d 342, 343, 585 N.Y.S.2d 899 (1992), the New York Supreme Court Appellate Division held that since Ontario, Canada’s Compulsory Automobile Insurance Act had a minimum requirement of $200,000 of uninsured motorist coverage, that the limits of $10,000 of uninsured motorist coverage in the insured’s New York policy became $200,000 for the accident in Ontario.

11997–1997
Gagnon v. Scarpelli red
scotus · 1973
2 sentences

1994Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778 , 789 n.12, 93 S. Ct. 1756 , 36 L.

1994Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778 , 789 n.12, 93 S. Ct. 1756 , 36 L.

11994–1994
State v. Miller green
conn · 1993
1 sentence

1993See, e.g., State v. Geisler, 222 Conn. 672 , 610 A.2d 1225 (1992) (exclusionary rule provided by the state constitution affords a higher level of protection than the minimum standard provided by the federal constitution); State v. Miller, 29 Conn. App. 207 , 614 A.2d 1229 (1992), aff'd, 227 Conn. 363 , 630 A.2d 1027 (1993) (exception to warrant requirement of state constitution for cases involving automobile searches is narrower than exception to federal constitution).

11993–1993
Crochiere v. Board of Education of Town of Enfield green
conn · 1993
1 sentence

1993See, e.g., State v. Geisler, 222 Conn. 672 , 610 A.2d 1225 (1992) (exclusionary rule provided by the state constitution affords a higher level of protection than the minimum standard provided by the federal constitution); State v. Miller, 29 Conn. App. 207 , 614 A.2d 1229 (1992), aff'd, 227 Conn. 363 , 630 A.2d 1027 (1993) (exception to warrant requirement of state constitution for cases involving automobile searches is narrower than exception to federal constitution).

11993–1993
State v. Miller green
connappct · 1992
2 sentences

1993See, e.g., State v. Geisler, 222 Conn. 672 , 610 A.2d 1225 (1992) (exclusionary rule provided by the state constitution affords a higher level of protection than the minimum standard provided by the federal constitution); State v. Miller, 29 Conn. App. 207 , 614 A.2d 1229 (1992), aff'd, 227 Conn. 363 , 630 A.2d 1027 (1993) (exception to warrant requirement of state constitution for cases involving automobile searches is narrower than exception to federal constitution).

1993See, e.g., State v. Geisler, 222 Conn. 672 , 610 A.2d 1225 (1992) (exclusionary rule provided by the state constitution affords a higher level of protection than the minimum standard provided by the federal constitution); State v. Miller, 29 Conn. App. 207 , 614 A.2d 1229 (1992), aff'd, 227 Conn. 363 , 630 A.2d 1027 (1993) (exception to warrant requirement of state constitution for cases involving automobile searches is narrower than exception to federal constitution).

11993–1993
In re Juvenile Appeal (83-BC) green
conn · 1983
11992–1992
Brady v. United States green
scotus · 1970
11992–1992
Buckley v. Lovallo green
connappct · 1984
11985–1985
Katsetos v. Nolan green
conn · 1976
11985–1985
In Re William L. green
pa · 1978
11983–1983

Where else courts name it

TX 134 (1885–2025) NY 103 (1926–2026) CA 93 (1943–2025) IL 92 (1956–2026) PA 73 (1942–2025) LA 67 (1959–2021) OH 51 (1948–2026) MO 47 (1941–2024) NJ 45 (1959–2026) FL 41 (1956–2026) MD 38 (1955–2025) WA 35 (1955–2025) TN 34 (1956–2023) MA 33 (1918–2025) GA 31 (1974–2025) NC 29 (1941–2022) OR 28 (1953–2026) MS 28 (1967–2020) MI 27 (1943–2021) ND 25 (1962–2016) NM 25 (1943–2025) CT 22 (1983–2026) AZ 20 (1971–2023) AL 20 (1926–2024) CO 19 (1975–2026) WI 17 (1969–2020) IA 16 (1961–2022) DC 16 (1950–2015) MT 16 (1925–2026) IN 16 (1953–2017) OK 16 (1945–2025) MN 14 (1960–2017) AK 14 (1961–2016) KS 12 (1967–2026) SC 11 (1987–2026) RI 11 (1977–2020) HI 11 (1961–2025) VA 11 (1955–2024) ID 10 (1967–2023) KY 10 (1923–2026) NE 9 (1942–2018) UT 9 (1978–2024) WV 8 (1968–2021) ME 8 (1973–2021) WY 8 (1981–2006) VT 8 (1988–2023) DE 6 (1971–2025) NH 5 (1945–2007) SD 4 (1980–2014) NV 3 (1981–2022) AR 3 (1982–2018) PR 2 (1943–1963)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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