personal privilege (North Carolina) · Go Syfert
← North Carolina issues

personal privilege in North Carolina

27 North Carolina opinions name it 2 courts 1895–2025 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by North Carolina courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (7)

CaseFollowedCited
State v. Braswellgreen
nc · 1985 · cited in 5 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2005–2025
2 sentences

2025“The constitutional right of an accused to be confronted by the witnesses against him is a personal privilege which he may waive expressly or by a failure to assert it in apt time even in a capital case.” Braswell, 312 N.C. at 558 (cleaned up).

2019It is true that “[t]he constitutional right of an accused to be confronted by the witnesses against him is a personal privilege which he may waive expressly or by a failure to assert it in apt time even in a capital case.” State v. Braswell, 312 N.C. 553, 558 , 324 S.E.2d 241, 246 (1985) (citation and emphasis removed).

55
State v. Mooregreen
nc · 1969 · cited in 3 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 1985–2005
2 sentences

2005Our Supreme Court has held that "the constitutional right of an accused to be confronted by the witness against him is a personal privilege, which [the accused] may waive even in a capital case." State v. Moore, 275 N.C. 198, 210 , 166 S.E.2d 652, 660 (1969); see also State v. Braswell, 312 N.C. 553, 558 , 324 S.E.2d 241, 246 (1985) ("The constitutional right of an accused to be confronted by the witnesses against him is a personal privilege which he may waive expressly or by a failure to assert it in apt time even in a capital case."); State v. Hutchins, 303 N.C. 321, 341-42 , 279 S.E.2d 788,

2005Our Supreme Court has held that "the constitutional right of an accused to be confronted by the witness against him is a personal privilege, which [the accused] may waive even in a capital case." State v. Moore, 275 N.C. 198, 210 , 166 S.E.2d 652, 660 (1969); see also State v. Braswell, 312 N.C. 553, 558 , 324 S.E.2d 241, 246 (1985) ("The constitutional right of an accused to be confronted by the witnesses against him is a personal privilege which he may waive expressly or by a failure to assert it in apt time even in a capital case."); State v. Hutchins, 303 N.C. 321, 341-42 , 279 S.E.2d 788,

23
In re: J.B.green
ncctapp · 2018 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019However, Section 7B-2405 of our General Statutes provides that our courts are to protect the rights of a juvenile defendant during a delinquency hearing, and has been considered a “statutory mandate.” Matter of J.B., __ N.C. App. __, __, 820 S.E.2d 369, 371 (2018) (citations omitted).

11
State v. Hutchinsgreen
nc · 1981 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005Our Supreme Court has held that "the constitutional right of an accused to be confronted by the witness against him is a personal privilege, which [the accused] may waive even in a capital case." State v. Moore, 275 N.C. 198, 210 , 166 S.E.2d 652, 660 (1969); see also State v. Braswell, 312 N.C. 553, 558 , 324 S.E.2d 241, 246 (1985) ("The constitutional right of an accused to be confronted by the witnesses against him is a personal privilege which he may waive expressly or by a failure to assert it in apt time even in a capital case."); State v. Hutchins, 303 N.C. 321, 341-42 , 279 S.E.2d 788,

2005Our Supreme Court has held that "the constitutional right of an accused to be confronted by the witness against him is a personal privilege, which [the accused] may waive even in a capital case." State v. Moore, 275 N.C. 198, 210 , 166 S.E.2d 652, 660 (1969); see also State v. Braswell, 312 N.C. 553, 558 , 324 S.E.2d 241, 246 (1985) ("The constitutional right of an accused to be confronted by the witnesses against him is a personal privilege which he may waive expressly or by a failure to assert it in apt time even in a capital case."); State v. Hutchins, 303 N.C. 321, 341-42 , 279 S.E.2d 788,

11
Jones v. Brinsongreen
nc · 1953 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
2 sentences

1993Jones v. Brinson, 238 N.C. 506, 509 , 78 S.E.2d 334, 337 (1953).

1993Jones v. Brinson, 238 N.C. 506, 509 , 78 S.E.2d 334, 337 (1953).

11
United States v. Whitegreen
scotus · 1944 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 1982–1982
2 sentences

1982The requested discovery to which the court ordered response sought information which the corporate records should have contained and which plaintiffs thus would have received had defendants complied with the statutory requirements for maintenance of corporate records and observed plaintiffs’ right to inspect. “[T]he privilege against self-incrimination is a purely personal one,” and “the official records and documents of [a corporation] that are held by [an individual] in a representative rather than in a personal capacity cannot be the subject of the personal privilege against self-incriminat

1982The requested discovery to which the court ordered response sought information which the corporate records should have contained and which plaintiffs thus would have received had defendants complied with the statutory requirements for maintenance of corporate records and observed plaintiffs’ right to inspect. “[T]he privilege against self-incrimination is a purely personal one,” and “the official records and documents of [a corporation] that are held by [an individual] in a representative rather than in a personal capacity cannot be the subject of the personal privilege against self-incriminat

11
Waters v. McBeegreen
nc · 1956 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 1961–1961
2 sentences

1961See Waters v. McBee, 244 N.C. 540 , 94 S.E. 2d 640 . 21 C.J.S., Courts, § 108, says: “Jurisdiction of the subject matter cannot be conferred upon a court by, or be based on, the estoppel of a party to deny that it exists.

1961See Waters v. McBee, 244 N.C. 540 , 94 S.E. 2d 640 . 21 C.J.S., Courts, § 108, says: “Jurisdiction of the subject matter cannot be conferred upon a court by, or be based on, the estoppel of a party to deny that it exists.

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in North Carolina. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (27)

CaseCitedYears
Johnson v. United States green
scotus · 1913
2 sentences

2001As Mr. Justice Holmes put it: “A party is privileged from producing the evidence but not from its production.” Johnson v. United States, 228 U.S. 457, 458 , 57 L.

2001As Mr. Justice Holmes put it: “A party is privileged from producing the evidence but not from its production.” Johnson v. United States, 228 U.S. 457, 458 , 57 L.

21981–2001
Springer v. . Shavender green
nc · 1896
2 sentences

1953Springer v. Shavender, 118 N.C. 33 , 23 S.E. 976 ; 14 Am.

1953Springer v. Shavender, 118 N.C. 33 , 23 S.E. 976 ; 14 Am.

21953–1953
Elmore v. Fields green
ala · 1907
2 sentences

1922He stands, then, stripped of his official character, and confessing a personal violation of the plaintiff's rights, for which he must personally answer, he is without defense." This principle is sustained in Scott v. Donald , 165 U.S. 58 ; Elmore v. Fields , 153 Ala. 345 ; Burroughs v. Commonwealth , 224 Mass. 28 .

1922He stands, then, stripped of bis official character, and confessing a personal violation of tbe plaintiff’s rights, for which be must personally answer, be is without defense.” This principle is sustained in Scott v. Donald, 165 U. S., 58 ; Elmore v. Fields, 153 Ala., 345 ; Burroughs v. Commonwealth, 224 Mass., 28 .

21922–1922
Scott v. Donald green
scotus · 1897
2 sentences

1922He stands, then, stripped of his official character, and confessing a personal violation of the plaintiff's rights, for which he must personally answer, he is without defense." This principle is sustained in Scott v. Donald , 165 U.S. 58 ; Elmore v. Fields , 153 Ala. 345 ; Burroughs v. Commonwealth , 224 Mass. 28 .

1922He stands, then, stripped of bis official character, and confessing a personal violation of tbe plaintiff’s rights, for which be must personally answer, be is without defense.” This principle is sustained in Scott v. Donald, 165 U. S., 58 ; Elmore v. Fields, 153 Ala., 345 ; Burroughs v. Commonwealth, 224 Mass., 28 .

21922–1922
Hopkins v. Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina green
scotus · 1911
2 sentences

1922In Hopkin v. Clemson College , 221 U.S. 636 , on which the plaintiff chiefly relies, the facts were that the defendant maintained an embankment on the eastern side of the Seneca River to protect its lands from overflow, but its construction narrowed the channel of the river and caused the current of the stream to flow across the banks of the plaintiff's lands, causing injury.

1922In Hophin v. Clemson College, 221 U. S., 636 , on which tbe plaintiff chiefly relies, tbe facts were that tbe defendant maintained an embankment on tbe eastern side of tbe Seneca Eiver to protect its lands from overflow, but its construction narrowed tbe channel of tbe river and caused tbe current of tbe stream to flow across tbe banks of tbe plaintiff’s lands, causing injury.

21922–1922
Burroughs v. Commonwealth green
mass · 1916
2 sentences

1922He stands, then, stripped of his official character, and confessing a personal violation of the plaintiff's rights, for which he must personally answer, he is without defense." This principle is sustained in Scott v. Donald , 165 U.S. 58 ; Elmore v. Fields , 153 Ala. 345 ; Burroughs v. Commonwealth , 224 Mass. 28 .

1922He stands, then, stripped of bis official character, and confessing a personal violation of tbe plaintiff’s rights, for which be must personally answer, be is without defense.” This principle is sustained in Scott v. Donald, 165 U. S., 58 ; Elmore v. Fields, 153 Ala., 345 ; Burroughs v. Commonwealth, 224 Mass., 28 .

21922–1922
Emerald Partners v. Berlin green
del · 2001
2 sentences

2019Emerald Partners , 787 A.2d at 91 ; accord Unitrin, Inc. v. Am.

2019Emerald Partners, 787 A.2d at 91 ; accord Unitrin, Inc. v. Am. Gen.

12019–2019
Rock v. Arkansas green
scotus · 1987
2 sentences

2008A defendant’s opportunity to conduct his own defense by calling witnesses is incomplete if he may not present himself as a witness.” 483 U.S. at 52 , 45 L.

2008A defendant's opportunity to conduct his own defense by calling witnesses is incomplete if he may not present himself as a witness." 483 U.S. at 52 , 107 S.Ct. at 2709 , 97 L.Ed.2d at 47 .

12008–2008
Faretta v. California green
scotus · 1975
1 sentence

2008A defendant’s opportunity to conduct his own defense by calling witnesses is incomplete if he may not present himself as a witness.” 483 U.S. at 52 , 45 L.

12008–2008
Carpenter v. . R. R. green
nc · 1922
2 sentences

1996The public official “stands, then, stripped of his official *206 character, and confessing a personal violation of the plaintiffs rights, for which he must personally answer, he is without defense.” Carpenter, 184 N.C. at 405 , 114 S.E. at 695 .

1996The public official “stands, then, stripped of his official *206 character, and confessing a personal violation of the plaintiffs rights, for which he must personally answer, he is without defense.” Carpenter, 184 N.C. at 405 , 114 S.E. at 695 .

11996–1996
State v. Payne green
nc · 1987
2 sentences

1989Our Court has repeatedly stated that the accused cannot waive the right to be present at a capital trial, State v. Payne, 320 N.C. 138 , 357 S.E. 2d 612 (1987); State v. Moore, 275 N.C. 198 , 166 S.E. 2d 652 (1969); State v. Pope, 257 N.C. 326 , 126 S.E. 2d 126 (1962); State v. O’Neal, 197 N.C. 548 , 149 S.E. 860 (1929); State v. Cherry, 154 N.C. 624 , 70 S.E. 294 (1911); State v. Dry, 152 N.C. 813 , 67 S.E. 1000 (1910), which the law permits him to do with other, personal trial rights, State v. Moore, 275 N.C. 198, 208-09 , 166 S.E. 2d 652, 659 (defendant’s federal constitutional right to con

1989Our Court has repeatedly stated that the accused cannot waive the right to be present at a capital trial, State v. Payne, 320 N.C. 138 , 357 S.E. 2d 612 (1987); State v. Moore, 275 N.C. 198 , 166 S.E. 2d 652 (1969); State v. Pope, 257 N.C. 326 , 126 S.E. 2d 126 (1962); State v. O’Neal, 197 N.C. 548 , 149 S.E. 860 (1929); State v. Cherry, 154 N.C. 624 , 70 S.E. 294 (1911); State v. Dry, 152 N.C. 813 , 67 S.E. 1000 (1910), which the law permits him to do with other, personal trial rights, State v. Moore, 275 N.C. 198, 208-09 , 166 S.E. 2d 652, 659 (defendant’s federal constitutional right to con

11989–1989
State v. Pope green
nc · 1962
2 sentences

1989Our Court has repeatedly stated that the accused cannot waive the right to be present at a capital trial, State v. Payne, 320 N.C. 138 , 357 S.E. 2d 612 (1987); State v. Moore, 275 N.C. 198 , 166 S.E. 2d 652 (1969); State v. Pope, 257 N.C. 326 , 126 S.E. 2d 126 (1962); State v. O’Neal, 197 N.C. 548 , 149 S.E. 860 (1929); State v. Cherry, 154 N.C. 624 , 70 S.E. 294 (1911); State v. Dry, 152 N.C. 813 , 67 S.E. 1000 (1910), which the law permits him to do with other, personal trial rights, State v. Moore, 275 N.C. 198, 208-09 , 166 S.E. 2d 652, 659 (defendant’s federal constitutional right to con

1989Our Court has repeatedly stated that the accused cannot waive the right to be present at a capital trial, State v. Payne, 320 N.C. 138 , 357 S.E. 2d 612 (1987); State v. Moore, 275 N.C. 198 , 166 S.E. 2d 652 (1969); State v. Pope, 257 N.C. 326 , 126 S.E. 2d 126 (1962); State v. O’Neal, 197 N.C. 548 , 149 S.E. 860 (1929); State v. Cherry, 154 N.C. 624 , 70 S.E. 294 (1911); State v. Dry, 152 N.C. 813 , 67 S.E. 1000 (1910), which the law permits him to do with other, personal trial rights, State v. Moore, 275 N.C. 198, 208-09 , 166 S.E. 2d 652, 659 (defendant’s federal constitutional right to con

11989–1989
State v. . Dry green
nc · 1910
2 sentences

1989Our Court has repeatedly stated that the accused cannot waive the right to be present at a capital trial, State v. Payne, 320 N.C. 138 , 357 S.E. 2d 612 (1987); State v. Moore, 275 N.C. 198 , 166 S.E. 2d 652 (1969); State v. Pope, 257 N.C. 326 , 126 S.E. 2d 126 (1962); State v. O’Neal, 197 N.C. 548 , 149 S.E. 860 (1929); State v. Cherry, 154 N.C. 624 , 70 S.E. 294 (1911); State v. Dry, 152 N.C. 813 , 67 S.E. 1000 (1910), which the law permits him to do with other, personal trial rights, State v. Moore, 275 N.C. 198, 208-09 , 166 S.E. 2d 652, 659 (defendant’s federal constitutional right to con

1989Our Court has repeatedly stated that the accused cannot waive the right to be present at a capital trial, State v. Payne, 320 N.C. 138 , 357 S.E. 2d 612 (1987); State v. Moore, 275 N.C. 198 , 166 S.E. 2d 652 (1969); State v. Pope, 257 N.C. 326 , 126 S.E. 2d 126 (1962); State v. O’Neal, 197 N.C. 548 , 149 S.E. 860 (1929); State v. Cherry, 154 N.C. 624 , 70 S.E. 294 (1911); State v. Dry, 152 N.C. 813 , 67 S.E. 1000 (1910), which the law permits him to do with other, personal trial rights, State v. Moore, 275 N.C. 198, 208-09 , 166 S.E. 2d 652, 659 (defendant’s federal constitutional right to con

11989–1989
State v. . Cherry green
nc · 1911
2 sentences

1989Our Court has repeatedly stated that the accused cannot waive the right to be present at a capital trial, State v. Payne, 320 N.C. 138 , 357 S.E. 2d 612 (1987); State v. Moore, 275 N.C. 198 , 166 S.E. 2d 652 (1969); State v. Pope, 257 N.C. 326 , 126 S.E. 2d 126 (1962); State v. O’Neal, 197 N.C. 548 , 149 S.E. 860 (1929); State v. Cherry, 154 N.C. 624 , 70 S.E. 294 (1911); State v. Dry, 152 N.C. 813 , 67 S.E. 1000 (1910), which the law permits him to do with other, personal trial rights, State v. Moore, 275 N.C. 198, 208-09 , 166 S.E. 2d 652, 659 (defendant’s federal constitutional right to con

1989Our Court has repeatedly stated that the accused cannot waive the right to be present at a capital trial, State v. Payne, 320 N.C. 138 , 357 S.E. 2d 612 (1987); State v. Moore, 275 N.C. 198 , 166 S.E. 2d 652 (1969); State v. Pope, 257 N.C. 326 , 126 S.E. 2d 126 (1962); State v. O’Neal, 197 N.C. 548 , 149 S.E. 860 (1929); State v. Cherry, 154 N.C. 624 , 70 S.E. 294 (1911); State v. Dry, 152 N.C. 813 , 67 S.E. 1000 (1910), which the law permits him to do with other, personal trial rights, State v. Moore, 275 N.C. 198, 208-09 , 166 S.E. 2d 652, 659 (defendant’s federal constitutional right to con

11989–1989
State v. . O'Neal green
nc · 1929
2 sentences

1989Our Court has repeatedly stated that the accused cannot waive the right to be present at a capital trial, State v. Payne, 320 N.C. 138 , 357 S.E. 2d 612 (1987); State v. Moore, 275 N.C. 198 , 166 S.E. 2d 652 (1969); State v. Pope, 257 N.C. 326 , 126 S.E. 2d 126 (1962); State v. O’Neal, 197 N.C. 548 , 149 S.E. 860 (1929); State v. Cherry, 154 N.C. 624 , 70 S.E. 294 (1911); State v. Dry, 152 N.C. 813 , 67 S.E. 1000 (1910), which the law permits him to do with other, personal trial rights, State v. Moore, 275 N.C. 198, 208-09 , 166 S.E. 2d 652, 659 (defendant’s federal constitutional right to con

1989Our Court has repeatedly stated that the accused cannot waive the right to be present at a capital trial, State v. Payne, 320 N.C. 138 , 357 S.E. 2d 612 (1987); State v. Moore, 275 N.C. 198 , 166 S.E. 2d 652 (1969); State v. Pope, 257 N.C. 326 , 126 S.E. 2d 126 (1962); State v. O’Neal, 197 N.C. 548 , 149 S.E. 860 (1929); State v. Cherry, 154 N.C. 624 , 70 S.E. 294 (1911); State v. Dry, 152 N.C. 813 , 67 S.E. 1000 (1910), which the law permits him to do with other, personal trial rights, State v. Moore, 275 N.C. 198, 208-09 , 166 S.E. 2d 652, 659 (defendant’s federal constitutional right to con

11989–1989
Midgett v. North Carolina State Highway Commission green
nc · 1963
2 sentences

1978As was said in Midgett v. Highway Commission, 260 N.C. 241, 249 , 132 S.E. 2d 599 (1963), “[o]nce the cause of action has occurred by the infliction of damage to the property, the taking is a fait-accompli." In 2 Nichols, Eminent Domain (Rev. 3 ed.), § 521, we find: “If a parcel of land is sold after a portion of it has been taken (or after it has been injuriously affected by the construction of some authorized public work), the right to compensation, constitutional or statutory, does not run with the land but remains a personal claim in the hands of the vendor, unless it has been assigned by

1978As was said in Midgett v. Highway Commission, 260 N.C. 241, 249 , 132 S.E. 2d 599 (1963), “[o]nce the cause of action has occurred by the infliction of damage to the property, the taking is a fait-accompli." In 2 Nichols, Eminent Domain (Rev. 3 ed.), § 521, we find: “If a parcel of land is sold after a portion of it has been taken (or after it has been injuriously affected by the construction of some authorized public work), the right to compensation, constitutional or statutory, does not run with the land but remains a personal claim in the hands of the vendor, unless it has been assigned by

11978–1978
State v. . Mitchell green
nc · 1896
2 sentences

1969State v. Hartsfield, supra; State v. Mitchell, 119 N.C. 784, 25 S.E. 783 .

1969State v. Hartsfield, supra; State v. Mitchell, 119 N.C. 784, 25 S.E. 783 .

11969–1969
In Re Donnelly green
nc · 1963
2 sentences

1967In Re Donnelly, 260 N.C. 375 , 132 S.E. 2d 904 ; Beaver v. Scheldt, 251 N.C. 671 , 111 S.E. 2d 881 .

1967In Re Donnelly, 260 N.C. 375 , 132 S.E. 2d 904 ; Beaver v. Scheldt, 251 N.C. 671 , 111 S.E. 2d 881 .

11967–1967
Beaver v. Scheidt green
nc · 1960
2 sentences

1967In Re Donnelly, 260 N.C. 375 , 132 S.E. 2d 904 ; Beaver v. Scheldt, 251 N.C. 671 , 111 S.E. 2d 881 .

1967In Re Donnelly, 260 N.C. 375 , 132 S.E. 2d 904 ; Beaver v. Scheldt, 251 N.C. 671 , 111 S.E. 2d 881 .

11967–1967
Foy v. Electric Co. neutral
nc · 1949
1 sentence

1965In affirming the judgment for the plaintiff, this Court, speaking through Seawell, J., said: “The personal immunity from suit because of the domestic relation does not extend to the employer so as to cancel his liability or defeat recovery on the principle of respondeat superior when the injury was inflicted by the servant acting as such.” Id. at 507 , 50 S.E. 2d at 544 .

11965–1965
Wright Ex Rel. Wright v. Wright green
nc · 1948
1 sentence

1965In affirming the judgment for the plaintiff, this Court, speaking through Seawell, J., said: “The personal immunity from suit because of the domestic relation does not extend to the employer so as to cancel his liability or defeat recovery on the principle of respondeat superior when the injury was inflicted by the servant acting as such.” Id. at 507 , 50 S.E. 2d at 544 .

11965–1965
Byers v. McAuley green
scotus · 1893
1 sentence

1963Byers v. McAuley, 149 U.S. 608 , 37 L. ed. 867.

11963–1963
Harry's Cadillac-Pontiac Co. v. Norburn neutral
nc · 1949
2 sentences

1955It was held in Cadillac-Pontiac Co. v. Norburn, 230 N.C. 23 , 51 S.E. 2d 916 , that an assignment by parol by the purchaser of a contract to convey real estate is no defense to an action on tbe contract by tbe assignee against the vendor, since tbe Statute of Frauds is a personal defense which may be set up only inter partes.

1955It was held in Cadillac-Pontiac Co. v. Norburn, 230 N.C. 23 , 51 S.E. 2d 916 , that an assignment by parol by the purchaser of a contract to convey real estate is no defense to an action on tbe contract by tbe assignee against the vendor, since tbe Statute of Frauds is a personal defense which may be set up only inter partes.

11955–1955
People Ex Rel. Attorney General Ex Rel. Boyer v. Teague green
nc · 1890
11904–1904
State v. . Fleming green
nc · 1890
11904–1904
Campbell v. . White neutral
nc · 1886
11895–1895
Markham v. W. H. Hicks & Co. neutral
nc · 1884
11895–1895

Statutes the citing opinions construe

NC § N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1 (4) NC § N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1443 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 343 (1887–2026) IL 202 (1880–2026) NY 167 (1807–2025) CT 122 (1921–2026) MO 87 (1885–2025) PA 85 (1888–2026) TX 73 (1877–2024) OK 69 (1910–2020) IN 66 (1873–2025) GA 62 (1849–2024) OH 58 (1818–2025) MD 53 (1870–2023) AL 51 (1844–2025) MI 50 (1860–2026) TN 47 (1877–2019) FL 45 (1899–2025) WI 38 (1876–2021) AZ 37 (1913–2026) CO 37 (1887–2026) LA 37 (1936–2026) MA 33 (1825–2024) NJ 32 (1877–2026) IA 30 (1865–2026) VA 30 (1851–2026) OR 29 (1877–2023) MN 28 (1877–2026) WA 28 (1916–2024) NC 27 (1895–2025) NE 24 (1893–2018) MS 22 (1899–2020) WV 20 (1898–2023) RI 20 (1928–2017) SD 20 (1894–2023) KS 20 (1889–2026) SC 18 (1886–2025) DC 18 (1970–2022) HI 18 (1908–2025) MT 15 (1918–2019) ND 15 (1895–2025) KY 15 (1910–2025) ID 14 (1908–2026) WY 14 (1924–2013) NM 13 (1973–2022) NH 13 (1857–2023) DE 12 (1911–2025) AR 11 (1883–2001) AK 11 (1963–2024) ME 8 (1909–2023) NV 8 (1943–2008) UT 7 (1905–2020) VT 6 (1912–2011) VI 5 (1997–2025) PR 2 (1907–1949)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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