equitable estoppel doctrine (Oregon) · Go Syfert
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equitable estoppel doctrine in Oregon

22 Oregon opinions name it 3 courts 1894–2025 4 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Oregon courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (5)

CaseFollowedCited
Coos County v. Stategreen
or · 1987 · cited in 3 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 1998–2020
2 sentences

2020ORS 10.095(5) (“[I]n civil cases the affirmative of the issue shall be proved, and when the evidence is contradictory, the finding shall be according to the preponderance of evidence[.]”); Coos County, 303 Or at 181 (“The facts creat- ing an estoppel must be proved by a preponderance of the evidence.”). 282 Vukanovich v. Kine bonds was material to the agreement between Kine and Plaintiff as memorialized by the Letter of Understanding.” Plaintiff does not cite any law regarding the legal standard of materiality for an omission of fact in the context of an equitable estoppel defense.

2004Equitable estoppel has five elements: “ ‘To constitute estoppel by conduct there must (1) be a false representation; (2) it must be made with knowledge of *519 the facts; (3) the other party must have been ignorant of the truth; (4) it must have been made with the intention that it should be acted upon by the other party; (5) the other party must have been induced to act upon it[.]’ ” Coos County, 303 Or at 180 -81 (quoting Oregon v. Portland Gen.

13
Pilgrim Turkey Packers, Inc. v. Department of Revenuegreen
or · 1972 · cited in 2 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 1983–2001
2 sentences

2001Id. at 309 .

1983See Pilgrim Turkey Packers v. Dept. of Rev., 261 Or 305 , 493 P2d 1372 (1972); Johnson v. Tax Commission, 248 Or 460 , 435 P2d 302 (1967); Belton v. Buesing, 240 Or 399, 411 , 402 P2d 98 (1965); Thrift v. Adult & Family Services Div., 58 Or App 13 , 646 P2d 1358 (1982); Glover v. Adult and Family Services Division, 46 Or App 829 , 613 P2d 495 (1980); Shiloh Youth Revival Center v. Emp.

12
Herman v. Valley Insurancegreen
orctapp · 1996 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017Herman, 145 Or App at 134 (internal quotation marks omitted); see Lyden v. Goldberg, 260 Or 301, 304-05 , 490 P2d 181 (1971).

11
Lyden v. Goldberggreen
or · 1971 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017Herman, 145 Or App at 134 (internal quotation marks omitted); see Lyden v. Goldberg, 260 Or 301, 304-05 , 490 P2d 181 (1971).

2017Herman, 145 Or App at 134 (internal quotation marks omitted); see Lyden v. Goldberg, 260 Or 301, 304-05 , 490 P2d 181 (1971).

11
D'Oench, Duhme & Co. v. Federal Deposit Insurancegreen
scotus · 1942 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987
2 sentences

1987The special facts present in D’Oench, 315 U.S. at 474 , 62 S.Ct. at 687 the equitable estoppel doctrine should not apply, [sic] As Justice Jackson stated, concurring in D’Oench, ‘where ordinary and good-faith transactions are involved,’ the FDIC succeeds ‘only to the rights which the bank itself acquired.’ D’Oench, 315 U.S. at 474 , 62 S.Ct. at 687 (Jackson, J., concurring) (emphasis supplied). * * * “A bona fide borrower, like Meo, is not an insurer of financial representations of the bank with whom he conducts business.

1987The special facts present in D’Oench, 315 U.S. at 474 , 62 S.Ct. at 687 the equitable estoppel doctrine should not apply, [sic] As Justice Jackson stated, concurring in D’Oench, ‘where ordinary and good-faith transactions are involved,’ the FDIC succeeds ‘only to the rights which the bank itself acquired.’ D’Oench, 315 U.S. at 474 , 62 S.Ct. at 687 (Jackson, J., concurring) (emphasis supplied). * * * “A bona fide borrower, like Meo, is not an insurer of financial representations of the bank with whom he conducts business.

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Oregon. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (29)

CaseCitedYears
Geoghegan v. SAIF neutral
orctapp · 2025
2 sentences

2025After acknowledging that “claimant contends that the employee email establishes the work event caused the T5 compression fracture,” the board found that “the record does not establish that the employee email constitutes an accep- tance of the T5 compression fracture.” In a footnote, the board stated: “To the extent that claimant’s argument raises an equi- table estoppel theory, we would find that the doctrine does not apply because the record does not persuasively estab- lish that the employee email represented that the employer was accepting claimant’s T5 compression fracture claim.” Nonprece

2025After acknowledging that “claimant contends that the employee email establishes the work event caused the T5 compression fracture,” the board found that “the record does not establish that the employee email constitutes an accep- tance of the T5 compression fracture.” In a footnote, the board stated: “To the extent that claimant’s argument raises an equi- table estoppel theory, we would find that the doctrine does not apply because the record does not persuasively estab- lish that the employee email represented that the employer was accepting claimant’s T5 compression fracture claim.” Nonprece

22025–2025
SAIF v. Williams green
orctapp · 2020
2 sentences

2025After acknowledging that “claimant contends that the employee email establishes the work event caused the T5 compression fracture,” the board found that “the record does not establish that the employee email constitutes an accep- tance of the T5 compression fracture.” In a footnote, the board stated: “To the extent that claimant’s argument raises an equi- table estoppel theory, we would find that the doctrine does not apply because the record does not persuasively estab- lish that the employee email represented that the employer was accepting claimant’s T5 compression fracture claim.” Nonprece

2025After acknowledging that “claimant contends that the employee email establishes the work event caused the T5 compression fracture,” the board found that “the record does not establish that the employee email constitutes an accep- tance of the T5 compression fracture.” In a footnote, the board stated: “To the extent that claimant’s argument raises an equi- table estoppel theory, we would find that the doctrine does not apply because the record does not persuasively estab- lish that the employee email represented that the employer was accepting claimant’s T5 compression fracture claim.” Nonprece

22025–2025
Knapp v. Daily green
orctapp · 1989
2 sentences

2025“Under the doctrine of equitable estoppel, a person’s acts or conduct, or silence when it was the person’s duty to speak, may preclude the person from asserting a right that the person otherwise would have had.” Knapp v. Daily, 96 Or App 327, 332 , 772 P2d 1363 (1989).

2025“Under the doctrine of equitable estoppel, a person’s acts or conduct, or silence when it was the person’s duty to speak, may preclude the person from asserting a right that the person otherwise would have had.” Knapp v. Daily, 96 Or App 327, 332 , 772 P2d 1363 (1989).

22025–2025
Brockway v. Allstate Property & Casualty Insurance Co. green
orctapp · 2017
2 sentences

2025Co., 284 Or App 83, 90 , 391 P3d 871 (2017) (stat- ing the elements of equitable estoppel).

2025Co., 284 Or App 83, 90 , 391 P3d 871 (2017) (stat- ing the elements of equitable estoppel).

22025–2025
Day v. Advanced M & D Sales, Inc. green
or · 2004
2 sentences

2020Under the doctrine of equitable estoppel, “a person may be precluded by his act or conduct, or silence when it was his duty to speak, from asserting a right which he otherwise would have had.” Day v. Advanced M&D Sales, Inc., 336 Or 511, 518 , 86 P3d 678 (2004) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

2020Under the doctrine of equitable estoppel, “a person may be precluded by his act or conduct, or silence when it was his duty to speak, from asserting a right which he otherwise would have had.” Day v. Advanced M&D Sales, Inc., 336 Or 511, 518 , 86 P3d 678 (2004) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

22017–2020
Marshall v. Wilson green
or · 1944
2 sentences

2017Specifically, in plaintiffs’ view, the evidence presented on summary judgment “clearly demonstrates issues of fact on the issue of estoppel; i.e. affirmative conduct on the part of Allstate * * * which [plaintiffs were] reasonably justified in relying upon.” “Under the doctrine of equitable estoppel, ‘a person may be precluded by his act or conduct, or silence when it is his duty to speak, from asserting a right which he otherwise would have had.’” Day v. Advanced M&D Sales, 336 Or 511, 518 , 86 P3d 678 (2004) (quoting Marshall v. Wilson, 175 Or 506, 518 , 154 P2d 547 (1944)).

2017Specifically, in plaintiffs’ view, the evidence presented on summary judgment “clearly demonstrates issues of fact on the issue of estoppel; i.e. affirmative conduct on the part of Allstate * * * which [plaintiffs were] reasonably justified in relying upon.” “Under the doctrine of equitable estoppel, ‘a person may be precluded by his act or conduct, or silence when it is his duty to speak, from asserting a right which he otherwise would have had.’” Day v. Advanced M&D Sales, 336 Or 511, 518 , 86 P3d 678 (2004) (quoting Marshall v. Wilson, 175 Or 506, 518 , 154 P2d 547 (1944)).

22004–2017
Stovall v. Sally Salmon Seafood green
or · 1988
2 sentences

2001However, he contends that he “accepted the state’s decision to allege that all the charges arose from a single criminal episode, and he relied on the state’s choice of theories in deciding on a plea and preparing for trial.” From that argument, we infer that defendant relies on the doctrine of equitable estoppel. 8 *292 The doctrine of equitable estoppel is “employed to prevent one from proving an important fact to be something other than what by act or omission he has led another party justifiably to believe.” Stovall v. Sally Salmon Seafood, 306 Or 25, 33 , 757 P2d 410 (1988) (quoting Wiggin

2001However, he contends that he “accepted the state’s decision to allege that all the charges arose from a single criminal episode, and he relied on the state’s choice of theories in deciding on a plea and preparing for trial.” From that argument, we infer that defendant relies on the doctrine of equitable estoppel. 8 *292 The doctrine of equitable estoppel is “employed to prevent one from proving an important fact to be something other than what by act or omission he has led another party justifiably to believe.” Stovall v. Sally Salmon Seafood, 306 Or 25, 33 , 757 P2d 410 (1988) (quoting Wiggin

21992–2001
Johnson v. State Tax Commission green
or · 1967
2 sentences

1980In the case of Johnson v. Commission, 2 OTR 504 (1967), and the appeal therefrom, Johnson v. Tax Commission, 248 Or 460 , *[387] 435 P2d 302 (1967), the equitable estoppel doctrine in Oregon as applied to a tax case was first formulated and invoked.

1980In the case of Johnson v. Commission, 2 OTR 504 (1967), and the appeal therefrom, Johnson v. Tax Commission, 248 Or 460 , *[387] 435 P2d 302 (1967), the equitable estoppel doctrine in Oregon as applied to a tax case was first formulated and invoked.

21980–1983
Paulson v. Western Life Insurance green
or · 1981
2 sentences

2001In order to establish equitable estoppel, a party must offer evidence from which the trier of fact could find that: “(1) a false representation (albeit an innocent one) was made (2) by someone having knowledge of the facts to (3) one who was ignorant of the truth, (4) that the statement was made with the intention that it be acted upon by the [ignorant party] and (5) that [the ignorant party] acted upon it.” Paulson v. Western Life Insurance Co., 292 Or 38, 52-53 , 636 P2d 935 (1981).

2001In order to establish equitable estoppel, a party must offer evidence from which the trier of fact could find that: “(1) a false representation (albeit an innocent one) was made (2) by someone having knowledge of the facts to (3) one who was ignorant of the truth, (4) that the statement was made with the intention that it be acted upon by the [ignorant party] and (5) that [the ignorant party] acted upon it.” Paulson v. Western Life Insurance Co., 292 Or 38, 52-53 , 636 P2d 935 (1981).

12001–2001
Wiggins v. Barrett & Associates, Inc. green
or · 1983
2 sentences

2001However, he contends that he “accepted the state’s decision to allege that all the charges arose from a single criminal episode, and he relied on the state’s choice of theories in deciding on a plea and preparing for trial.” From that argument, we infer that defendant relies on the doctrine of equitable estoppel. 8 *292 The doctrine of equitable estoppel is “employed to prevent one from proving an important fact to be something other than what by act or omission he has led another party justifiably to believe.” Stovall v. Sally Salmon Seafood, 306 Or 25, 33 , 757 P2d 410 (1988) (quoting Wiggin

2001However, he contends that he “accepted the state’s decision to allege that all the charges arose from a single criminal episode, and he relied on the state’s choice of theories in deciding on a plea and preparing for trial.” From that argument, we infer that defendant relies on the doctrine of equitable estoppel. 8 *292 The doctrine of equitable estoppel is “employed to prevent one from proving an important fact to be something other than what by act or omission he has led another party justifiably to believe.” Stovall v. Sally Salmon Seafood, 306 Or 25, 33 , 757 P2d 410 (1988) (quoting Wiggin

12001–2001
Knapp v. JOSEPHINE COUNTY green
or · 1951
2 sentences

1992As such, we hold that a tax assessment itself can not be the basis for an equitable estoppel claim, in the absence of misrepresentations of fact. *718 Taxpayers have a duty “to keep themselves informed about the recurrent liability of their property for taxes.” Knapp v. Josephine County, 192 Or 327, 353 , 235 P2d 564 (1951).

1992As such, we hold that a tax assessment itself can not be the basis for an equitable estoppel claim, in the absence of misrepresentations of fact. *718 Taxpayers have a duty “to keep themselves informed about the recurrent liability of their property for taxes.” Knapp v. Josephine County, 192 Or 327, 353 , 235 P2d 564 (1951).

11992–1992
ESCO Corp. v. Department of Revenue green
or · 1989
1 sentence

1992Moreover, “[t]axpayers, not the Department, have responsibility for keeping track of their property’s value.” ESCO Corp. v. Dept. of Rev., supra, 307 Or at 647 .

11992–1992
Seguin v. Maloney-Chambers Lumber Co. green
or · 1953
2 sentences

1989Seguin et al. v. Maloney-Chambers, 198 Or 272, 287 , 253 P2d 252 , 256 P2d 514 (1953).

1989Seguin et al. v. Maloney-Chambers, 198 Or 272, 287 , 253 P2d 252 , 256 P2d 514 (1953).

11989–1989
Glover v. Adult & Family Services Division green
orctapp · 1980
2 sentences

1983See Pilgrim Turkey Packers v. Dept. of Rev., 261 Or 305 , 493 P2d 1372 (1972); Johnson v. Tax Commission, 248 Or 460 , 435 P2d 302 (1967); Belton v. Buesing, 240 Or 399, 411 , 402 P2d 98 (1965); Thrift v. Adult & Family Services Div., 58 Or App 13 , 646 P2d 1358 (1982); Glover v. Adult and Family Services Division, 46 Or App 829 , 613 P2d 495 (1980); Shiloh Youth Revival Center v. Emp.

1983See Pilgrim Turkey Packers v. Dept. of Rev., 261 Or 305 , 493 P2d 1372 (1972); Johnson v. Tax Commission, 248 Or 460 , 435 P2d 302 (1967); Belton v. Buesing, 240 Or 399, 411 , 402 P2d 98 (1965); Thrift v. Adult & Family Services Div., 58 Or App 13 , 646 P2d 1358 (1982); Glover v. Adult and Family Services Division, 46 Or App 829 , 613 P2d 495 (1980); Shiloh Youth Revival Center v. Emp.

11983–1983
Thrift v. Adult & Family Services Division green
orctapp · 1982
2 sentences

1983See Pilgrim Turkey Packers v. Dept. of Rev., 261 Or 305 , 493 P2d 1372 (1972); Johnson v. Tax Commission, 248 Or 460 , 435 P2d 302 (1967); Belton v. Buesing, 240 Or 399, 411 , 402 P2d 98 (1965); Thrift v. Adult & Family Services Div., 58 Or App 13 , 646 P2d 1358 (1982); Glover v. Adult and Family Services Division, 46 Or App 829 , 613 P2d 495 (1980); Shiloh Youth Revival Center v. Emp.

1983See Pilgrim Turkey Packers v. Dept. of Rev., 261 Or 305 , 493 P2d 1372 (1972); Johnson v. Tax Commission, 248 Or 460 , 435 P2d 302 (1967); Belton v. Buesing, 240 Or 399, 411 , 402 P2d 98 (1965); Thrift v. Adult & Family Services Div., 58 Or App 13 , 646 P2d 1358 (1982); Glover v. Adult and Family Services Division, 46 Or App 829 , 613 P2d 495 (1980); Shiloh Youth Revival Center v. Emp.

11983–1983
Belton v. Buesing green
or · 1965
2 sentences

1983See Pilgrim Turkey Packers v. Dept. of Rev., 261 Or 305 , 493 P2d 1372 (1972); Johnson v. Tax Commission, 248 Or 460 , 435 P2d 302 (1967); Belton v. Buesing, 240 Or 399, 411 , 402 P2d 98 (1965); Thrift v. Adult & Family Services Div., 58 Or App 13 , 646 P2d 1358 (1982); Glover v. Adult and Family Services Division, 46 Or App 829 , 613 P2d 495 (1980); Shiloh Youth Revival Center v. Emp.

1983See Pilgrim Turkey Packers v. Dept. of Rev., 261 Or 305 , 493 P2d 1372 (1972); Johnson v. Tax Commission, 248 Or 460 , 435 P2d 302 (1967); Belton v. Buesing, 240 Or 399, 411 , 402 P2d 98 (1965); Thrift v. Adult & Family Services Div., 58 Or App 13 , 646 P2d 1358 (1982); Glover v. Adult and Family Services Division, 46 Or App 829 , 613 P2d 495 (1980); Shiloh Youth Revival Center v. Emp.

11983–1983
Johnson v. State Tax Commission green
ortc · 1967
1 sentence

1980In the case of Johnson v. Commission, 2 OTR 504 (1967), and the appeal therefrom, Johnson v. Tax Commission, 248 Or 460 , *[387] 435 P2d 302 (1967), the equitable estoppel doctrine in Oregon as applied to a tax case was first formulated and invoked.

11980–1980
Oregon v. Portland Gen. Elec. Co. green
· 1908
2 sentences

1951Co., 52 Or. 502 , 95 P. 722 , 98 P. 160 ; Lowell et al. v. Pendleton Auto Co., supra. It is because of these conflicts that the courts have frequently cautioned that the doctrine of equitable estoppel should be applied in street eases only in exceptional instances of extraordinry hardship.

1951Co., 52 Or. 502 , 95 P. 722 , 98 P. 160 ; Lowell et al. v. Pendleton Auto Co., supra. It is because of these conflicts that the courts have frequently cautioned that the doctrine of equitable estoppel should be applied in street eases only in exceptional instances of extraordinry hardship.

11951–1951
Heisley v. Eastman green
or · 1921
2 sentences

1926In this jurisdiction it is well established that a license is irrevocable when the licensee, in good, faith and upon reliance of his agreement, makes such valuable and permanent improvements that it would amount to the perpetration of a fraud if the license were revoked: Heisley v. Eastman, 102 Or. 137 ( 201 Pac. 872 ); Shaw v. Profit, 57 Or. 192 ( 109 Pac. 584 , 110 Pac. 1092 , Ann.

1926In this jurisdiction it is well established that a license is irrevocable when the licensee, in good, faith and upon reliance of his agreement, makes such valuable and permanent improvements that it would amount to the perpetration of a fraud if the license were revoked: Heisley v. Eastman, 102 Or. 137 ( 201 Pac. 872 ); Shaw v. Profit, 57 Or. 192 ( 109 Pac. 584 , 110 Pac. 1092 , Ann.

11926–1926
Shaw v. Proffitt green
· 1910
2 sentences

1926In this jurisdiction it is well established that a license is irrevocable when the licensee, in good, faith and upon reliance of his agreement, makes such valuable and permanent improvements that it would amount to the perpetration of a fraud if the license were revoked: Heisley v. Eastman, 102 Or. 137 ( 201 Pac. 872 ); Shaw v. Profit, 57 Or. 192 ( 109 Pac. 584 , 110 Pac. 1092 , Ann.

1926In this jurisdiction it is well established that a license is irrevocable when the licensee, in good, faith and upon reliance of his agreement, makes such valuable and permanent improvements that it would amount to the perpetration of a fraud if the license were revoked: Heisley v. Eastman, 102 Or. 137 ( 201 Pac. 872 ); Shaw v. Profit, 57 Or. 192 ( 109 Pac. 584 , 110 Pac. 1092 , Ann.

11926–1926
Giervolini v. Succession of Rodríguez green
prsupreme · 1916
1 sentence

1921Nothing that was said in Curtis v. La Grande Water Co., 20 Or. 34 ( 23 Pac. 808 , 25 Pac. 378 , 10 L.

11921–1921
Curtis v. La Grande Hydraulic Water Co. green
or · 1890
1 sentence

1921Nothing that was said in Curtis v. La Grande Water Co., 20 Or. 34 ( 23 Pac. 808 , 25 Pac. 378 , 10 L.

11921–1921
Schooling v. Harrisburg green
or · 1903
2 sentences

1914The doctrine of equitable estoppel, which in some jurisdictions is enforced against municipal corporations, is based upon the assumed injustice which would result to private parties who, relying for many years upon the tacit acquiescence of public officers to assert a right to the use of a street, have made permanent and valuable improvements therein, if they were deprived thereof by opening the highway would sustain great pecuniary loss: Schooling v. Harrisburg, 42 Or. 494 ( 71 Pac. 605 ); Oliver v. Synhorst, 48 Or. 292 ( 86 Pac. 376 , 7 L.

1914The doctrine of equitable estoppel, which in some jurisdictions is enforced against municipal corporations, is based upon the assumed injustice which would result to private parties who, relying for many years upon the tacit acquiescence of public officers to assert a right to the use of a street, have made permanent and valuable improvements therein, if they were deprived thereof by opening the highway would sustain great pecuniary loss: Schooling v. Harrisburg, 42 Or. 494 ( 71 Pac. 605 ); Oliver v. Synhorst, 48 Or. 292 ( 86 Pac. 376 , 7 L.

11914–1914
Oliver v. Synhorst neutral
· 1906
2 sentences

1914The doctrine of equitable estoppel, which in some jurisdictions is enforced against municipal corporations, is based upon the assumed injustice which would result to private parties who, relying for many years upon the tacit acquiescence of public officers to assert a right to the use of a street, have made permanent and valuable improvements therein, if they were deprived thereof by opening the highway would sustain great pecuniary loss: Schooling v. Harrisburg, 42 Or. 494 ( 71 Pac. 605 ); Oliver v. Synhorst, 48 Or. 292 ( 86 Pac. 376 , 7 L.

1914The doctrine of equitable estoppel, which in some jurisdictions is enforced against municipal corporations, is based upon the assumed injustice which would result to private parties who, relying for many years upon the tacit acquiescence of public officers to assert a right to the use of a street, have made permanent and valuable improvements therein, if they were deprived thereof by opening the highway would sustain great pecuniary loss: Schooling v. Harrisburg, 42 Or. 494 ( 71 Pac. 605 ); Oliver v. Synhorst, 48 Or. 292 ( 86 Pac. 376 , 7 L.

11914–1914
Shepard v. Briggs neutral
vt · 1853
11905–1905
Currie v. Bowman green
or · 1894
2 sentences

1905This rule is as applicable to corporations as individuals (Currie v. Bowman, 25 Or. 364 , 35 Pac. 848 ; Shepard v. Briggs, 26 Vt. 149 ), and has its foundation in the doctrine of equitable estoppel.

1905This rule is as applicable to corporations as individuals (Currie v. Bowman, 25 Or. 364 , 35 Pac. 848 ; Shepard v. Briggs, 26 Vt. 149 ), and has its foundation in the doctrine of equitable estoppel.

11905–1905
Rodríguez v. Registrar of Mayagüez neutral
prsupreme · 1917
11894–1894
Coffman v. Robbins neutral
· 1880
11894–1894
Combs v. Slayton green
or · 1890
11894–1894

Where else courts name it

CA 338 (1920–2026) NY 334 (1878–2026) IL 183 (1885–2026) TX 170 (1876–2026) PA 92 (1939–2024) FL 82 (1956–2025) NJ 80 (1926–2026) AL 67 (1884–2026) NC 66 (1926–2023) WA 65 (1910–2024) CT 61 (1860–2021) TN 55 (1902–2024) ME 54 (1938–2023) MS 53 (1896–2026) MD 51 (1917–2026) OH 50 (1901–2026) NE 42 (1896–2023) MI 41 (1901–2025) WI 41 (1882–2024) LA 37 (1926–2025) RI 34 (1990–2022) MN 32 (1896–2024) IN 30 (1893–2026) MT 29 (1910–2022) NM 29 (1944–2025) CO 27 (1911–2025) MO 27 (1900–2023) ND 26 (1959–2025) UT 23 (1994–2025) OR 22 (1894–2025) GA 21 (1975–2025) VA 21 (1897–2024) ID 20 (1909–2024) VT 20 (1895–2026) KS 20 (1892–2022) HI 19 (1942–2021) AZ 19 (1900–2023) WY 18 (1891–2025) SD 17 (1942–2026) DC 17 (1975–2012) SC 17 (1903–2025) KY 16 (1923–2023) IA 16 (1911–2024) MA 15 (1900–2024) AR 14 (1922–2024) DE 14 (1966–2025) WV 13 (1918–2022) AK 12 (1906–2022) OK 9 (1924–2024) NV 9 (1980–2018) VI 2 (2017–2025) NH 2 (1992–2018)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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