equitable estoppel doctrine (Ohio) · Go Syfert
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equitable estoppel doctrine in Ohio

50 Ohio opinions name it 4 courts 1901–2026 6 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Ohio courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (18)

CaseFollowedCited
Ohio State Board of Pharmacy v. Frantzgreen
ohio · 1990 · cited in 7 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2000–2026
2 sentences

2025Oil Co. v. Orteca, 63 Ohio St.2d 295, 299 (1980) (explaining the doctrine of equitable estoppel “precludes a party from asserting certain facts where the party, by his conduct, has induced another to change his [or her] position in good faith reliance upon that conduct”). {¶ 39} Implicit in this exception “is the principle that ‘[t]he purpose of equitable estoppel is to prevent actual or constructive fraud and to promote the ends of justice.’ ” Archdiocese of Cincinnati at ¶ 7 , quoting Ohio State Bd. of Pharmacy v. Frantz, 51 Ohio St.3d 143, 145 (1990).

2022Under the doctrine of equitable estoppel, “‘a representation of past or existing fact made to a party who relies upon it reasonably may not thereafter be denied by the party making the representation if permitting the denial would result in injury or damage to the party who so relies.’” Hortman v. Miamisburg, 110 Ohio St.3d 194 , 2006-Ohio-4251 , 852 N.E.2d 716, ¶ 20 , quoting 4 Richard A. Lord, Williston on Contracts, Section 8:3, at 28-31 (4th Ed.1992). “‘The purpose of equitable estoppel is to prevent actual or constructive fraud and to promote the ends of justice.’” Doe v. Archdiocese of C

37
State ex rel. Cities Service Oil Co. v. Ortecagreen
ohio · 1980 · cited in 2 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2018–2025
2 sentences

2025Oil Co. v. Orteca, 63 Ohio St.2d 295, 299 (1980) (explaining the doctrine of equitable estoppel “precludes a party from asserting certain facts where the party, by his conduct, has induced another to change his [or her] position in good faith reliance upon that conduct”). {¶ 39} Implicit in this exception “is the principle that ‘[t]he purpose of equitable estoppel is to prevent actual or constructive fraud and to promote the ends of justice.’ ” Archdiocese of Cincinnati at ¶ 7 , quoting Ohio State Bd. of Pharmacy v. Frantz, 51 Ohio St.3d 143, 145 (1990).

2018Oil Co. v. Orteca, 63 Ohio St.2d 295, 299 (1980).

22
Helman v. Epl Prolong, Inc.green
ohioctapp · 2000 · cited in 4 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2006–2018
2 sentences

2018Appellants assert that equitable estoppel is applicable based on representations made by appellees regarding the distribution of assets under Ohio's anti-lapse statute, i.e., representations by Freed and Panitch that the assets of the Greenawalt Estate would be distributed to all ten nieces and nephews. {¶ 34} The doctrine of equitable estoppel "precludes a party from asserting certain facts where the party, by his conduct, has induced another to change his position in good- faith reliance upon that conduct." Helman v. EPL Prolong, Inc., 139 Ohio App.3d 231, 245-46 (7th Dist.2000), citing Stat

2006While hardly perfect, this meets the minimal criteria of Civ.R. 56(E). 2 {¶ 27} JRC further contends that Samsel’s reliance on the statute of limitations is defeated by the doctrine of equitable estoppel. {¶ 28} “ ‘A prima facie case for equitable estoppel requires a plaintiff to prove four elements: (1) that the defendant made a factual misrepresentation; (2) that it is misleading; (3) [that it induced] actual reliance which is reasonable and in good faith; and (4) [that the reliance caused] detriment to the relying party.’ ” Helman v. EPL Prolong, Inc. (2000), 139 Ohio App.3d 231, 246 , 743

14
State ex rel. Polo v. Cuyahoga County Boardgreen
ohio · 1995 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026Bd. of Elections, 74 Ohio St.3d 143, 145 (1995); accord Blankenship v. Blackwell, 2004-Ohio-5596 , ¶ 19. {¶ 78} Like the doctrine of equitable estoppel, the equitable doctrine of laches may not be applied to prevent local governments from enforcing a zoning regulation.

11
Cain v. Panitchgreen
ohioctapp · 2018 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025“In this context, ‘courts have held that when applied to a limitations No. 25AP-128 13 defense, a plaintiff must show that the defendant misrepresented the length of the limitations period, or promised a better settlement if the plaintiff did not bring suit.’ ” (Emphasis added.) Cain v. Panitch, 2018-Ohio-1595, ¶ 35 (10th Dist.), quoting JRC Holdings, Inc. v. Samsel Servs.

11
Kim Ngo v. Bmw of North America, LLCgreen
ca9 · 2022 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023L.L.C., 23 F.4th 942, 949 (9th Cir.2022), quoting Goldman v. KPMG L.L.P., 173 Cal.App.4th 209, 220 (2009) (the doctrine of equitable estoppel “prevents a plaintiff from having it ‘both ways’ by seeking to hold a non-signatory [defendant] liable for obligations ‘imposed by [an] agreement,’ while at the same time ‘repudiating the arbitration clause of that very agreement’ ” because the defendant is a non-signatory); Muecke Co., Inc. v. CVS Caremark Corp., 615 Fed.Appx. 837, 842 (5th Cir.2015) (“Because the plaintiffs are suing the defendants as if the defendants were parties to the contract, the

11
Goldman v. KPMG, LLPgreen
calctapp · 2009 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023L.L.C., 23 F.4th 942, 949 (9th Cir.2022), quoting Goldman v. KPMG L.L.P., 173 Cal.App.4th 209, 220 (2009) (the doctrine of equitable estoppel “prevents a plaintiff from having it ‘both ways’ by seeking to hold a non-signatory [defendant] liable for obligations ‘imposed by [an] agreement,’ while at the same time ‘repudiating the arbitration clause of that very agreement’ ” because the defendant is a non-signatory); Muecke Co., Inc. v. CVS Caremark Corp., 615 Fed.Appx. 837, 842 (5th Cir.2015) (“Because the plaintiffs are suing the defendants as if the defendants were parties to the contract, the

11
Muecke Company, Incorporated v. CVS Caremargreen
ca5 · 2015 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023L.L.C., 23 F.4th 942, 949 (9th Cir.2022), quoting Goldman v. KPMG L.L.P., 173 Cal.App.4th 209, 220 (2009) (the doctrine of equitable estoppel “prevents a plaintiff from having it ‘both ways’ by seeking to hold a non-signatory [defendant] liable for obligations ‘imposed by [an] agreement,’ while at the same time ‘repudiating the arbitration clause of that very agreement’ ” because the defendant is a non-signatory); Muecke Co., Inc. v. CVS Caremark Corp., 615 Fed.Appx. 837, 842 (5th Cir.2015) (“Because the plaintiffs are suing the defendants as if the defendants were parties to the contract, the

11
Gore v. Mohamodgreen
ohioctapp · 2022 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022Gore at ¶ 11 (no allegations in the complaint supporting the application of the equitable estoppel doctrine); Omobien v. Flinn, 9th Dist.

11
Engler v. Adjutant Gen.green
ohioctapp · 2018 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022No. 17AP-814, 2018-Ohio-2273, ¶ 10-11 (no allegations in the complaint supporting the application of the equitable estoppel doctrine); Rankin v. Rosolowski, 8th Dist.

11
Omobien v. Flinngreen
ohioctapp · 2021 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022No. C.A. 29841, 2021-Ohio-2096, ¶ 8-11 (no allegations in the complaint supporting the application of the savings statute); Engler v. Adjutant Gen. of Ohio, 10th Dist.

11
Jefferson Place Condominium Assn. v. Naplesgreen
ohioctapp · 1998 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020Butler No. CA2001-02-047, 2001 Ohio App. LEXIS 5100 , *5 (Nov. 13, 2001), citing Jefferson Place Condominium Assn. v. Naples, 125 Ohio App. 3d 394, 401 (7th Dist.1998). {¶ 13} In so holding, we note that Gray did not specifically raise equitable estoppel as a defense before the trial court.

11
Javitch v. First Union Securities, Inc.green
ca1 · 2003 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016Further, Appellees argue that DRI cannot separately pursue its claims against Scherzer because E&Y is a necessary and indispensable party to those claims. {¶23} As the Magistrate’s decision notes, the “application of equitable estoppel is warranted . . . when the signatory [to the contract containing the arbitration clause] raises allegations of . . . substantially interdependent and concerted misconduct by both the nonsignatory and one or more of the signatories to the contract.” (Internal quotations and citations omitted.) Liedtke v. Frank, 437 F.Supp.2d 696, 699 (N.D.Ohio 2006); see Javitch

11
Liedtke v. Frankgreen
ohnd · 2006 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016Further, Appellees argue that DRI cannot separately pursue its claims against Scherzer because E&Y is a necessary and indispensable party to those claims. {¶23} As the Magistrate’s decision notes, the “application of equitable estoppel is warranted . . . when the signatory [to the contract containing the arbitration clause] raises allegations of . . . substantially interdependent and concerted misconduct by both the nonsignatory and one or more of the signatories to the contract.” (Internal quotations and citations omitted.) Liedtke v. Frank, 437 F.Supp.2d 696, 699 (N.D.Ohio 2006); see Javitch

11
Cohen v. Estate of Cohengreen
ohio · 1986 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
1 sentence

2012Cohen, 23 Ohio St.3d at 91 (1986).

11
Metalworking MacHinery Co. v. Fabco, Inc.green
ohioctapp · 1984 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
11
Welsh v. Tontigreen
ohctcomplfrankl · 1958 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1984–1984
11
Springdale Plant Farm, Inc. v. Lindleygreen
ohio · 1981 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1984–1984
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Ohio. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (40)

CaseCitedYears
Doe v. Archdiocese of Cincinnati green
ohio · 2006
2 sentences

2022Under the doctrine of equitable estoppel, “‘a representation of past or existing fact made to a party who relies upon it reasonably may not thereafter be denied by the party making the representation if permitting the denial would result in injury or damage to the party who so relies.’” Hortman v. Miamisburg, 110 Ohio St.3d 194 , 2006-Ohio-4251 , 852 N.E.2d 716, ¶ 20 , quoting 4 Richard A. Lord, Williston on Contracts, Section 8:3, at 28-31 (4th Ed.1992). “‘The purpose of equitable estoppel is to prevent actual or constructive fraud and to promote the ends of justice.’” Doe v. Archdiocese of C

2022Under the doctrine of equitable estoppel, “‘a representation of past or existing fact made to a party who relies upon it reasonably may not thereafter be denied by the party making the representation if permitting the denial would result in injury or damage to the party who so relies.’” Hortman v. Miamisburg, 110 Ohio St.3d 194 , 2006-Ohio-4251 , 852 N.E.2d 716, ¶ 20 , quoting 4 Richard A. Lord, Williston on Contracts, Section 8:3, at 28-31 (4th Ed.1992). “‘The purpose of equitable estoppel is to prevent actual or constructive fraud and to promote the ends of justice.’” Doe v. Archdiocese of C

42018–2022
Bank One Trust Co. v. Lacour green
ohioctapp · 1999
2 sentences

2010Bank One Trust Co., N.A. v. LaCour (1999), 131 Ohio App.3d 48, 55 , 721 N.E.2d 491 .

2010Bank One Trust Co., N.A. v. LaCour (1999), 131 Ohio App.3d 48, 55 , 721 N.E.2d 491 .

42002–2010
Hortman v. City of Miamisburg green
ohio · 2006
2 sentences

2022Under the doctrine of equitable estoppel, “‘a representation of past or existing fact made to a party who relies upon it reasonably may not thereafter be denied by the party making the representation if permitting the denial would result in injury or damage to the party who so relies.’” Hortman v. Miamisburg, 110 Ohio St.3d 194 , 2006-Ohio-4251 , 852 N.E.2d 716, ¶ 20 , quoting 4 Richard A. Lord, Williston on Contracts, Section 8:3, at 28-31 (4th Ed.1992). “‘The purpose of equitable estoppel is to prevent actual or constructive fraud and to promote the ends of justice.’” Doe v. Archdiocese of C

2022Under the doctrine of equitable estoppel, “‘a representation of past or existing fact made to a party who relies upon it reasonably may not thereafter be denied by the party making the representation if permitting the denial would result in injury or damage to the party who so relies.’” Hortman v. Miamisburg, 110 Ohio St.3d 194 , 2006-Ohio-4251 , 852 N.E.2d 716, ¶ 20 , quoting 4 Richard A. Lord, Williston on Contracts, Section 8:3, at 28-31 (4th Ed.1992). “‘The purpose of equitable estoppel is to prevent actual or constructive fraud and to promote the ends of justice.’” Doe v. Archdiocese of C

32020–2022
Allen v. Andersen Windows, Inc. green
ohsd · 2012
2 sentences

2018No. 2000CA00311 (Apr. 30, 2001), in which that court "rejected the application of equitable estoppel when the alleged representations related to the merits of plaintiff's claims and were 'in no way related to misrepresentations concerning the statute of limitations or a promise of settlement.' " Lottridge at ¶ 21, quoting Kegg. {¶ 40} This court's decision in Lottridge also cited with approval a federal decision, Allen v. Andersen Windows, Inc., 913 F.Supp.2d 490 (S.D.Ohio 2012), in which that court construed Ohio law with respect to the doctrine of equitable estoppel.

2018Id., quoting Kegg. {¶ 38} Similarly, in the instant case, the identical purported misrepresentations by appellees (i.e., that the Greenawalt estate assets were required to be divided among all ten nieces and nephews), while related to the merits of the claim, are " 'in no way related to misrepresentations concerning the statute of limitations.' " Accordingly, we find no error by the trial court in failing to apply the doctrine of equitable estoppel. {¶ 39} Based on this court's de novo review, we conclude the trial court properly granted summary judgment in favor of appellees on appellants' cl

22018–2018
Gerig v. Kahn green
ohio · 2002
2 sentences

2017Gerig v. Kahn, 95 Ohio St.3d 478 , 2002-Ohio-2581, ¶ 19 .

2006Gerig v. Kahn, 95 Ohio St.3d 478 , 2002-Ohio-2581 , at ¶ 19 .

22006–2017
Gerig v. Kahn green
ohio · 2002
2 sentences

2017Gerig v. Kahn, 95 Ohio St.3d 478 , 2002-Ohio-2581, ¶ 19 .

2006Gerig v. Kahn, 95 Ohio St.3d 478 , 2002-Ohio-2581 , at ¶ 19 .

22006–2017
Doe v. Blue cross/blue Shield of Ohio green
ohioctapp · 1992
2 sentences

2006While hardly perfect, this meets the minimal criteria of Civ.R. 56(E). 2 {¶ 27} JRC further contends that Samsel’s reliance on the statute of limitations is defeated by the doctrine of equitable estoppel. {¶ 28} “ ‘A prima facie case for equitable estoppel requires a plaintiff to prove four elements: (1) that the defendant made a factual misrepresentation; (2) that it is misleading; (3) [that it induced] actual reliance which is reasonable and in good faith; and (4) [that the reliance caused] detriment to the relying party.’ ” Helman v. EPL Prolong, Inc. (2000), 139 Ohio App.3d 231, 246 , 743

2006While hardly perfect, this meets the minimal criteria of Civ.R. 56(E). 2 {¶ 27} JRC further contends that Samsel’s reliance on the statute of limitations is defeated by the doctrine of equitable estoppel. {¶ 28} “ ‘A prima facie case for equitable estoppel requires a plaintiff to prove four elements: (1) that the defendant made a factual misrepresentation; (2) that it is misleading; (3) [that it induced] actual reliance which is reasonable and in good faith; and (4) [that the reliance caused] detriment to the relying party.’ ” Helman v. EPL Prolong, Inc. (2000), 139 Ohio App.3d 231, 246 , 743

22002–2006
Freedom Ford, Inc. v. Sun Bank & Trust Co. (In Re Freedom Ford, Inc.) green
flmb · 1992
2 sentences

2004Auto Ctr., Inc. (N.D.Ohio 1991), 130 B.R. 247 ; Matter of Freedom Ford, Inc. (M.D.Fla. 1992), 140 B.R. 585 ." Bruck Mfg.

1992Auto Ctr., Inc. (N.D.Ohio 1991), 130 B.R. 247 ; Matter of Freedom Ford, Inc. (M.D.Fla.1992), 140 B.R. 585 .

21992–2004
Ohio, Department of Taxation v. H.R.P. Auto Center, Inc. (In Re H.R.P. Auto Center, Inc.) green
ohnb · 1991
2 sentences

2004Auto Ctr., Inc. (N.D.Ohio 1991), 130 B.R. 247 ; Matter of Freedom Ford, Inc. (M.D.Fla. 1992), 140 B.R. 585 ." Bruck Mfg.

1992Auto Ctr., Inc. (N.D.Ohio 1991), 130 B.R. 247 ; Matter of Freedom Ford, Inc. (M.D.Fla.1992), 140 B.R. 585 .

21992–2004
Pate v. Elliott green
ohioctapp · 1978
2 sentences

2004Williams Co. (1969), 17 Ohio Misc. 219 . {¶ 75} The common law doctrine of equitable estoppel, if it would apply in this case, is described by the court of appeals in Pate v. Elliot (1978), 61 Ohio App.2d 144 , 146-147, 15 O.O.3d 275 , 400 N.E.2d 910 , as follows: [ Ogden v. Ogden (1854), 4 Ohio St. 182 , 195 ] merely states a basic tenet of American property law: a purchaser of property acquires only as sound a title as was held by the seller.

2004Williams Co. (1969), 17 Ohio Misc. 219 . {¶ 75} The common law doctrine of equitable estoppel, if it would apply in this case, is described by the court of appeals in Pate v. Elliot (1978), 61 Ohio App.2d 144 , 146-147, 15 O.O.3d 275 , 400 N.E.2d 910 , as follows: [ Ogden v. Ogden (1854), 4 Ohio St. 182 , 195 ] merely states a basic tenet of American property law: a purchaser of property acquires only as sound a title as was held by the seller.

21998–2004
Whiteco Metrocom, Inc. v. City of Columbus green
ohioctapp · 1994
2 sentences

2002Id. "[A] municipality will be bound only by the representations authorized to be made by its officers and agents." Id.

2002Id. "[A] municipality will be bound only by the representations authorized to be made by its officers and agents." Id.

21999–2002
Ford v. Industrial Commission green
· 1945
1 sentence

2023Instead, it is “determined by the statutes that are applicable.” Id. at 5 . {¶44} Further, a mistake does not provide a basis for the application of the doctrine of equitable estoppel.

12023–2023
Chubb v. Ohio Bureau of Workers' Compensation green
ohio · 1998
1 sentence

2019The doctrine of equitable estoppel “‘prevents relief when one party induces another to believe certain facts exist and the other party changes his position in reasonable reliance on those facts to his detriment.’” Id., quoting State ex rel.

12019–2019
Ruther v. Kaiser green
ohio · 2012
2 sentences

2019This demonstrates that the General Assembly intentionally chose not to create a fraud exception or an equitable-estoppel exception for medical claims. {¶12} “The General Assembly has the right to define the contours of a cause of action.” Ruther v. Kaiser, 134 Ohio St.3d 408 , 2012-Ohio-5686 , 983 N.E.2d 291, ¶ 26 . 5 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS By enacting R.C. 2305.113(C), the General Assembly chose up to four years for an action on a medical claim to arise.

2019This demonstrates that the General Assembly intentionally chose not to create a fraud exception or an equitable-estoppel exception for medical claims. {¶12} “The General Assembly has the right to define the contours of a cause of action.” Ruther v. Kaiser, 134 Ohio St.3d 408 , 2012-Ohio-5686 , 983 N.E.2d 291, ¶ 26 . 5 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS By enacting R.C. 2305.113(C), the General Assembly chose up to four years for an action on a medical claim to arise.

12019–2019
Xtreme Elements, L.L.C. v. Foti Contracting, L.L.C. neutral
ohioctapp · 2017
1 sentence

2018Lake No. 2016-L-043, 2017-Ohio-254 , 2017 WL 283382 , ¶ 25.

12018–2018
Perkins v. Falke & Dunphy, L.L.C. green
ohioctapp · 2012
12012–2012
Abdallah v. Doctor's Assoc., Unpublished Decision (11-15-2007) neutral
ohioctapp · 2007
12008–2008
Heskett v. Paulig green
ohioctapp · 1999
12007–2007
Byrd v. Smith green
ohio · 2006
12007–2007
Chase Manhattan Bank v. Parker, Unpublished Decision (4-18-2005) green
ohioctapp · 2005
12007–2007
Zumpano v. Quinn green
ny · 2006
12006–2006
State v. Jones green
ohio · 1980
12006–2006
Gullatte v. Rion green
ohioctapp · 2000
12005–2005
General Motors Acceptance Corp. v. Birkett L. Williams Co. green
ohctcomplcuyaho · 1969
12004–2004
Carr v. Michigan Real Estate Insurance Trust (In Re Michigan Real Estate Insurance Trust) green
mied · 1988
12004–2004
Payne v. Cartee green
ohioctapp · 1996
12004–2004
Walworth v. Bp Oil Co. green
ohioctapp · 1996
12002–2002
Egan v. National Distillers & Chemical Corp. green
ohio · 1986
12002–2002
Village of Oakwood v. Clark Oil & Refining Corp. neutral
ohioctapp · 1986
12000–2000
Halluer v. Emigh green
ohioctapp · 1992
12000–2000
Griffith v. J.C. Penney Co. green
ohio · 1986
11999–1999
Lovejoy v. MacEk green
ohioctapp · 1997
11999–1999
Bendix Autolite Corp. v. Midwesco Enterprises, Inc. green
scotus · 1988
11999–1999
State v. Payton green
ohioctapp · 1997
11999–1999
Ruozzo v. Giles neutral
ohioctapp · 1982
11999–1999
First Federal Savings & Loan Ass'n of Toledo v. Perry's Landing, Inc. green
ohioctapp · 1983
11996–1996
Baxter, Trustee v. Village of Manchester green
ohioctapp · 1940
11994–1994
Pedler v. Aetna Life Insurance green
ohio · 1986
11990–1990
City of Cincinnati v. Evans green
· 1855
11901–1901
Lane v. Kennedy green
ohio · 1861
11901–1901

Statutes the citing opinions construe

OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2305.10 (3) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2305.11 (3) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2305.19 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 338 (1920–2026) NY 334 (1878–2026) IL 183 (1885–2026) TX 170 (1876–2026) PA 92 (1939–2024) FL 82 (1956–2025) NJ 80 (1926–2026) AL 67 (1884–2026) NC 66 (1926–2023) WA 65 (1910–2024) CT 61 (1860–2021) TN 55 (1902–2024) ME 54 (1938–2023) MS 53 (1896–2026) MD 51 (1917–2026) OH 50 (1901–2026) NE 42 (1896–2023) MI 41 (1901–2025) WI 41 (1882–2024) LA 37 (1926–2025) RI 34 (1990–2022) MN 32 (1896–2024) IN 30 (1893–2026) MT 29 (1910–2022) NM 29 (1944–2025) CO 27 (1911–2025) MO 27 (1900–2023) ND 26 (1959–2025) UT 23 (1994–2025) OR 22 (1894–2025) GA 21 (1975–2025) VA 21 (1897–2024) ID 20 (1909–2024) VT 20 (1895–2026) KS 20 (1892–2022) HI 19 (1942–2021) AZ 19 (1900–2023) WY 18 (1891–2025) SD 17 (1942–2026) DC 17 (1975–2012) SC 17 (1903–2025) KY 16 (1923–2023) IA 16 (1911–2024) MA 15 (1900–2024) AR 14 (1922–2024) DE 14 (1966–2025) WV 13 (1918–2022) AK 12 (1906–2022) OK 9 (1924–2024) NV 9 (1980–2018) VI 2 (2017–2025) NH 2 (1992–2018)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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