good faith exception (Arkansas) · Go Syfert
← Arkansas issues

good faith exception in Arkansas

87 Arkansas opinions name it 2 courts 1981–2025 5 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Arkansas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (21)

CaseFollowedCited
United States v. Leongreen
scotus · 1984 · cited in 52 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 1985–2025
2 sentences

2025The good-faith exception was set out in United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984).

2025He acknowledges that the Supreme Court of the United States established the good faith exception in United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984).

852
Starr v. Stategreen
ark · 1988 · cited in 4 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 1991–2016
2 sentences

2016See Starr v. State, 297 Ark. 26, 31 , 759 S.W.2d 535, 537 (1988); see also Abbott v. State, 307 Ark. 278, 283 , 819 S.W.2d 694, 698 (1991).

2016See Starr v. State, 297 Ark. 26, 31 , 759 S.W.2d 535, 537 (1988); see also Abbott v. State, 307 Ark. 278, 283 , 819 S.W.2d 694, 698 (1991).

34
Feland v. Stategreen
ark · 2004 · cited in 3 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2005–2006
2 sentences

2006See, e.g., Feland v. State, 355 Ark. 573 , 142 S.W.3d 631 (2004).

2006See, e.g., Feland v. State, 355 Ark. 573 , 142 S.W.3d 631 (2004).

23
Brown v. Illinoisgreen
scotus · 1975 · cited in 2 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 1985–1986
2 sentences

1986These occur (1) when the magistrate is misled by information the affiant knew was false; (2) if the magistrate wholly abandons his detached and neutral judicial role; (3) when the affidavit is “so lacking in indicia of probable cause as to render official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable”, quoting Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590, 610-11 (1975); and (4) when a warrant is so facially deficient “that the executing officers cannot reasonably presume it to be valid”, Leon, supra, at pp. 3421-22 .

1985These occur (1) when the magistrate is misled by information the affiant knew was false; (2) if the magistrate wholly abandons his detached and neutral judicial role; (3) when the affidavit is “so lacking in indicia of probable cause as to render official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable”, quoting Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590, 610-11 (1975); and (4) when a warrant is so facially deficient “that the executing officers cannot reasonably presume it to be valid”, Leon, supra, at pp. 3421-22 .

22
Arizona v. Evansgreen
scotus · 1995 · cited in 5 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2001–2021
2 sentences

2006At issue in Leon was a defective search warrant, but the Court has since extended the good-faith exception to a warrantless search permitted by a state statute that was later ruled unconstitutional, Illinois v. Krull, 480 U.S. 340 (1987), and to a search incident to an arrest that was based on erroneous information, Arizona v. Evans, 514 U.S. 1 (1995).

2005In Arizona v. Evans, 514 U.S. 1 (1995), the United States Supreme Court extended the good-faith exception to cover reliance on mistakes by any court employee.

15
Jackson v. Stategreen
ark · 1987 · cited in 4 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 1987–2005
2 sentences

1988We also find that this case should be affirmed under the good faith exception as set out in United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 In Jackson v. State, 291 Ark. 98 , 722 S.W.2d 831 (1987), the court said that the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule enunciated in Leon was adopted in McFarland v. State, 284 Ark. 533 , 684 S.W.2d 233 (1985).

1988We also find that this case should be affirmed under the good faith exception as set out in United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 In Jackson v. State, 291 Ark. 98 , 722 S.W.2d 831 (1987), the court said that the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule enunciated in Leon was adopted in McFarland v. State, 284 Ark. 533 , 684 S.W.2d 233 (1985).

14
Yancey v. Stategreen
ark · 2001 · cited in 4 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2002–2005
2 sentences

2002See Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335 (1986); Leon, supra; Yancey v. State, 345 Ark 103 , 44 S.W.3d 315 (2001). 1 In our determination of whether or not the good-faith exception applies, we look to the totality of the circumstances and may consider unrecorded testimony given to the magistrate as well as facts known by the officer but not communicated to the magistrate.

2002See Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335 (1986); Leon, supra; Yancey v. State, 345 Ark 103 , 44 S.W.3d 315 (2001). 1 In our determination of whether or not the good-faith exception applies, we look to the totality of the circumstances and may consider unrecorded testimony given to the magistrate as well as facts known by the officer but not communicated to the magistrate.

14
Illinois v. Krullgreen
scotus · 1987 · cited in 3 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2021
2 sentences

2021The Court extended the good-faith 4 exception to searches conducted in objectively reasonable reliance on statutes subsequently declared to be unconstitutional in Krull, supra. The Court also held that the good-faith exception applied when police officers seized evidence in reliance on incorrect computer records due to clerical errors of court employees.

2006At issue in Leon was a defective search warrant, but the Court has since extended the good-faith exception to a warrantless search permitted by a state statute that was later ruled unconstitutional, Illinois v. Krull, 480 U.S. 340 (1987), and to a search incident to an arrest that was based on erroneous information, Arizona v. Evans, 514 U.S. 1 (1995).

13
Abbott v. Stategreen
ark · 1991 · cited in 2 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2005–2016
2 sentences

2005However, my survey of cases since 1986 detected only nine published cases where Arkansas appellate courts did not apply the good-faith exception to salvage a search conducted pursuant to an invalid search warrant. [1] See Bennett v. State, 345 Ark. 48 , 44 S.W.3d 310 (2001); Stewart v. State, supra ; Bogard v. State, 88 Ark.App. 214 , 197 S.W.3d 1 (2004); Abbott v. State, 307 Ark. 278 , 819 S.W.2d 694 (1991); Smith v. State, 79 Ark.App. 79 , 84 S.W.3d 59 (2002); Jones v. State, 73 Ark.App. 432 , 44 S.W.3d 765 (2001); Henry v. State, 29 Ark.App. 5 , 775 S.W.2d 911 (1989); Lamb v. State, 23 Ark.

2005However, my survey of cases since 1986 detected only nine published cases where Arkansas appellate courts did not apply the good-faith exception to salvage a search conducted pursuant to an invalid search warrant. [1] See Bennett v. State, 345 Ark. 48 , 44 S.W.3d 310 (2001); Stewart v. State, supra ; Bogard v. State, 88 Ark.App. 214 , 197 S.W.3d 1 (2004); Abbott v. State, 307 Ark. 278 , 819 S.W.2d 694 (1991); Smith v. State, 79 Ark.App. 79 , 84 S.W.3d 59 (2002); Jones v. State, 73 Ark.App. 432 , 44 S.W.3d 765 (2001); Henry v. State, 29 Ark.App. 5 , 775 S.W.2d 911 (1989); Lamb v. State, 23 Ark.

12
Kelley v. Stategreen
ark · 2007 · cited in 2 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
2 sentences

2009Kelley v. State, 371 Ark. 599, 606 , 269 S.W.3d 326, 331 (2007) (quoting United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 928 , 104 S.Ct. 3405 , 82 L.Ed.2d 677 (1984)).

2009Kelley v. State, 371 Ark. 599, 606 , 269 S.W.3d 326, 331 (2007) (quoting United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 928 , 104 S.Ct. 3405 , 82 L.Ed.2d 677 (1984)).

12
Smith v. Stategreen
arkctapp · 2002 · cited in 2 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2003–2005
2 sentences

2005However, my survey of cases since 1986 detected only nine published cases where Arkansas appellate courts did not apply the good-faith exception to salvage a search conducted pursuant to an invalid search warrant. [1] See Bennett v. State, 345 Ark. 48 , 44 S.W.3d 310 (2001); Stewart v. State, supra ; Bogard v. State, 88 Ark.App. 214 , 197 S.W.3d 1 (2004); Abbott v. State, 307 Ark. 278 , 819 S.W.2d 694 (1991); Smith v. State, 79 Ark.App. 79 , 84 S.W.3d 59 (2002); Jones v. State, 73 Ark.App. 432 , 44 S.W.3d 765 (2001); Henry v. State, 29 Ark.App. 5 , 775 S.W.2d 911 (1989); Lamb v. State, 23 Ark.

2005However, my survey of cases since 1986 detected only nine published cases where Arkansas appellate courts did not apply the good-faith exception to salvage a search conducted pursuant to an invalid search warrant. [1] See Bennett v. State, 345 Ark. 48 , 44 S.W.3d 310 (2001); Stewart v. State, supra ; Bogard v. State, 88 Ark.App. 214 , 197 S.W.3d 1 (2004); Abbott v. State, 307 Ark. 278 , 819 S.W.2d 694 (1991); Smith v. State, 79 Ark.App. 79 , 84 S.W.3d 59 (2002); Jones v. State, 73 Ark.App. 432 , 44 S.W.3d 765 (2001); Henry v. State, 29 Ark.App. 5 , 775 S.W.2d 911 (1989); Lamb v. State, 23 Ark.

12
Pyle v. Stategreen
ark · 1993 · cited in 2 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 1998–2005
2 sentences

2005See Yancey v. State, supra (citing Pyle v. State, 314 Ark. 165 , 862 S.W.2d 823 (1993)).

2005See Yancey v. State, supra (citing Pyle v. State, 314 Ark. 165 , 862 S.W.2d 823 (1993)).

12
Toland v. Stategreen
ark · 1985 · cited in 2 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 1985–1986
2 sentences

1986See also Toland v. State, 285 Ark. 415 , 688 S.W.2d 718 (1985) (applying the good faith exception of Leon).

1986See also Toland v. State, 285 Ark. 415 , 688 S.W.2d 718 (1985) (applying the good faith exception of Leon).

12
State v. Blockgreen
ark · 1980 · cited in 1 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Gossett v. Stategreen
arkctapp · 2004 · cited in 1 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
Garner v. Stategreen
ark · 1991 · cited in 1 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11
Moore v. Stategreen
ark · 1988 · cited in 1 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
George v. Stategreen
ark · 2004 · cited in 1 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
Malley v. Briggsgreen
scotus · 1986 · cited in 1 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
11
McGhee v. Stategreen
arkctapp · 1988 · cited in 1 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
Johnson v. Safeco Insurance Co. of Americagreen
ark · 1979 · cited in 1 Arkansas opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Arkansas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (59)

CaseCitedYears
Moya v. State green
ark · 1998
2 sentences

2007Then, in Moya v. State, 335 Ark. 193 , 981 S.W.2d 521 (1998), this court decided to follow the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals’ approach for applying the good-faith exception.

2007Then, in Moya v. State, 335 Ark. 193 , 981 S.W.2d 521 (1998), this court decided to follow the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals’ approach for applying the good-faith exception.

62000–2025
McFarland v. State green
ark · 1985
2 sentences

2005McFarland v. State, 284 Ark. 533 , 684 S.W.2d 233 (1985), is the case often cited for the Arkansas Supreme Court’s adoption of Leon and the good-faith exception.

2005McFarland v. State, 284 Ark. 533 , 684 S.W.2d 233 (1985), is the case often cited for the Arkansas Supreme Court’s adoption of Leon and the good-faith exception.

61985–2005
Herrington v. State green
ark · 1985
2 sentences

2005After McFarland, it appeared that the good-faith exception would truly be an “exception” in Arkansas, as the supreme court refused to apply it to salvage unconstitutional searches in Stewart v. State, 289 Ark. 272 , 711 S.W.2d 787 (1986), and Herrington v. State, 287 Ark. 228 , 697 S.W.2d 899 (1985).

2005After McFarland, it appeared that the good-faith exception would truly be an “exception” in Arkansas, as the supreme court refused to apply it to salvage unconstitutional searches in Stewart v. State, 289 Ark. 272 , 711 S.W.2d 787 (1986), and Herrington v. State, 287 Ark. 228 , 697 S.W.2d 899 (1985).

41986–2005
Hoay v. State green
ark · 2002
2 sentences

2006However, Mrs. Blevins notes that it was the State’s burden to establish applicability of the good-faith exception, see Hoay v. State, 348 Ark. 80 , 71 S.W.3d 573 (2002), and argues that the State failed to meet its burden.

2006However, Mrs. Blevins notes that it was the State’s burden to establish applicability of the good-faith exception, see Hoay v. State, 348 Ark. 80 , 71 S.W.3d 573 (2002), and argues that the State failed to meet its burden.

32005–2006
State v. Anderson green
ark · 1985
2 sentences

1985The primary issue in this case involves the application of the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule enunciated by the United States Supreme Court in United States v. Leon, 104 S. Ct. 3405 (1984), and adopted by this court in McFarland & Soest v. State, 284 Ark. 533 , 684 S.W.2d 233 (1985); Lincoln v. State, 285 Ark. 107 , 685 S.W.2d 166 (1985); Toland v. State, 285 Ark. 415 , 688 S.W.2d 718 and State v. Anderson, 286 Ark. 58 , 688 S.W.2d 947 (1985).

1985The primary issue in this case involves the application of the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule enunciated by the United States Supreme Court in United States v. Leon, 104 S. Ct. 3405 (1984), and adopted by this court in McFarland & Soest v. State, 284 Ark. 533 , 684 S.W.2d 233 (1985); Lincoln v. State, 285 Ark. 107 , 685 S.W.2d 166 (1985); Toland v. State, 285 Ark. 415 , 688 S.W.2d 718 and State v. Anderson, 286 Ark. 58 , 688 S.W.2d 947 (1985).

31985–1998
Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. v. Broadway Arms Corp. green
ark · 1984
2 sentences

1994Co. v. Broadway Arms Corp., 281 Ark. 128 , 664 S.W.2d 463 (1983), we summarized some previous cases recognizing the tort of bad faith and described it as follows: [A] liability insurance company can be held accountable in tort for failure to settle a claim within the policy limits. . . . [A] claim based on the tort of bad faith must include affirmative misconduct by the insurance company, without a good faith defense, and that the misconduct must be dishonest, malicious, or oppressive in an attempt to avoid its liability under an insurance policy.

1994Co. v. Broadway Arms Corp., 281 Ark. 128 , 664 S.W.2d 463 (1983), we summarized some previous cases recognizing the tort of bad faith and described it as follows: [A] liability insurance company can be held accountable in tort for failure to settle a claim within the policy limits. . . . [A] claim based on the tort of bad faith must include affirmative misconduct by the insurance company, without a good faith defense, and that the misconduct must be dishonest, malicious, or oppressive in an attempt to avoid its liability under an insurance policy.

31985–1996
Bowen v. Danna green
ark · 1982
2 sentences

1984IV In Bowen v. Danna, 276 Ark. 528 , 637 S.W.2d 560 (1982), we found that the good faith requirement for acceleration, found in Ark.Stat.Ann. § 85-1-208 ( Add. 1961 ), does not apply to clauses which permit the acceleration of a debt upon the default of a specific condition which is in the exclusive control of the debtor.

1984IV In Bowen v. Danna, 276 Ark. 528 , 637 S.W.2d 560 (1982), we found that the good faith requirement for acceleration, found in Ark.Stat.Ann. § 85-1-208 ( Add. 1961 ), does not apply to clauses which permit the acceleration of a debt upon the default of a specific condition which is in the exclusive control of the debtor.

31982–1984
Menne v. State green
ark · 2012
2 sentences

2025Menne v. State, 2012 Ark. 37 , 386 S.W.3d 451 . 17 Because there was a lack of probable cause in the affidavit for search warrant and the trial court relied on good faith, we must focus on the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule.

2025Menne v. State, 2012 Ark. 37 , 386 S.W.3d 451 . 17 Because there was a lack of probable cause in the affidavit for search warrant and the trial court relied on good faith, we must focus on the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule.

22015–2025
Cagle v. State green
arkctapp · 2019
2 sentences

2023App. 69 , 571 S.W.3d 47 . 5 challenged the circuit court’s determination that the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule applies, I must concur with the majority’s conclusion that Erby’s conviction should be affirmed.

2023However, because Erby has not challenged the circuit court’s determination that the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule applies, I must concur with the majority’s conclusion that Erby’s conviction should be affirmed. 13 2019 Ark.

22023–2023
Franks v. Delaware green
scotus · 1978
2 sentences

2009Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 , 98 S.Ct. 2674 , 57 L.Ed.2d 667 (1978), provides the test for determining whether a warrant alleged to have such defects falls outside the Leon good-faith exception.

2009Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 , 98 S.Ct. 2674 , 57 L.Ed.2d 667 (1978), provides the test for determining whether a warrant alleged to have such defects falls outside the Leon good-faith exception.

21998–2009
Crain v. State green
arkctapp · 2002
2 sentences

2004App. 153 , 79 S.W.3d 406 (2002), this court held that although there was no justification for a nighttime search, the search was permissible under the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule.

2004In determining whether the good-faith exception is applicable, this court must decide whether it “was objectively reasonable for a ‘well-trained police officer’ to conclude that the nighttime search was supported by probable cause.” Crain, 78 Ark.

22004–2007
Stewart v. State green
ark · 1986
2 sentences

2005After McFarland, it appeared that the good-faith exception would truly be an “exception” in Arkansas, as the supreme court refused to apply it to salvage unconstitutional searches in Stewart v. State, 289 Ark. 272 , 711 S.W.2d 787 (1986), and Herrington v. State, 287 Ark. 228 , 697 S.W.2d 899 (1985).

2005After McFarland, it appeared that the good-faith exception would truly be an “exception” in Arkansas, as the supreme court refused to apply it to salvage unconstitutional searches in Stewart v. State, 289 Ark. 272 , 711 S.W.2d 787 (1986), and Herrington v. State, 287 Ark. 228 , 697 S.W.2d 899 (1985).

21988–2005
Chrobak v. State neutral
arkctapp · 2001
2 sentences

2005See Moore v. State, 297 Ark. 296 , 761 S.W.2d 894 (1988); Watson v. State, 291 Ark. 358 , 724 S.W.2d 478 (1987); Chrobak v. State, 75 Ark.

2004App. 281 , 58 S.W.3d 387 (2001), the court of appeals affirmed the denial of Chrobak’s motion to suppress on the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule in a case involving Chrobak’s transmittal of pornographic images of children from his home computer.

22004–2005
Seay v. Davis green
ark · 1969
2 sentences

1982Supplemental Opinion on Rehearing Seay v. Davis, 246 Ark. 627 , 438 S. W.2d 479 (1969).

1982"The note in this case falls within the intent of the code, its language being that in the event of default the note may be accelerated `at the option of the holder.'" However, in a supplemental opinion, Seay v. Davis, 246 Ark. 627 , 438 S.W.2d 479 (1969), we modified our opinion: *563 In a petition for rehearing the appellants insist that the Code applies only when the contract permits the creditor to accelerate the maturity "at will," or words to that effect, whereas here there is also a condition in the contract that the debtors must be in default.

21982–1982
Seay v. Davis green
ark · 1969
2 sentences

1982In the original opinion of Seay v. Davis, 246 Ark. 201 , 438 S.W.2d 479 (1969), we applied the good faith requirement to an acceleration clause in a note and mortgage even though there was default in a specific condition.

1982In the original opinion of Seay v. Davis, 246 Ark. 201 , 438 S.W.2d 479 (1969), we applied the good faith requirement to an acceleration clause in a note and mortgage even though there was default in a specific condition.

21982–1982
Stevens v. State green
arkctapp · 2005
1 sentence

2025However, the warrant did not specify items to be seized or even limit the search to photographic evidence, which was all the officer alleged was on the cell phone when obtaining the warrant, but instead broadly allowed a search of 1 The circuit court stated after the suppression hearing that it would adopt the reasoning of the circuit court in the second trial until it was informed by defense counsel that the circuit court in the second trial granted the motion to suppress, finding the affidavit and subsequent warrant “so lacking in probable cause so as to render belief in its existence entire

12025–2025
Townsend v. State green
arkctapp · 1999
1 sentence

2020Townsend v. State, 68 Ark.

12020–2020
State v. S.G. green
ark · 2008
12015–2015
State v. SG green
ark · 2008
12015–2015
State v. Hart green
ark · 1997
12015–2015
Seymour v. Biehslich green
ark · 2007
12014–2014
Wilson v. State green
ark · 2014
12014–2014
Fuentes v. State neutral
arkctapp · 2013
12013–2013
Hall v. State green
ark · 1990
12007–2007
State v. Broadway green
ark · 1980
12007–2007
Riggs v. State green
ark · 1999
12006–2006
State v. Blevins green
ark · 1991
12005–2005
Dred Scott v. Sandford red
· 1857
12005–2005
State v. Loston green
mo · 1950
12005–2005
Plessy v. Ferguson red
scotus · 1896
12005–2005
Sims v. State green
ark · 1998
12005–2005
McDaniel v. State green
arkctapp · 1987
12005–2005
Lamb v. State green
arkctapp · 1988
12005–2005
Brannon v. State neutral
arkctapp · 1988
12005–2005
Henry v. State green
arkctapp · 1989
12005–2005
Sossamon v. State green
arkctapp · 1990
12005–2005
Wray v. State neutral
arkctapp · 2000
12005–2005
Vanderkamp v. State neutral
arkctapp · 1986
12005–2005
Jones v. State green
arkctapp · 2001
12005–2005
Davidson v. State green
arkctapp · 2002
12005–2005

Statutes the citing opinions construe

AR § Ark. Code Ann. § 15 (11) AR § Ark. Code Ann. § 27-22-104 (3) AR § Ark. Code Ann. § 5-64-101 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 511 (1917–2026) CA 374 (1925–2026) IL 307 (1899–2026) OH 285 (1909–2026) FL 175 (1962–2026) LA 155 (1947–2023) PA 149 (1897–2025) IN 146 (1929–2025) VA 138 (1916–2026) MI 121 (1965–2026) WI 115 (1927–2026) NY 110 (1919–2025) WA 108 (1960–2024) KS 100 (1980–2026) MD 90 (1968–2026) AR 87 (1981–2025) AZ 85 (1966–2025) IA 85 (1900–2025) MN 83 (1971–2026) NJ 82 (1957–2026) GA 75 (1883–2025) CO 69 (1936–2026) CT 63 (1935–2025) KY 50 (1927–2025) NC 49 (1983–2026) MA 49 (1975–2025) NE 46 (1988–2024) HI 46 (1965–2025) AL 45 (1916–2026) TN 45 (1989–2026) MO 43 (1901–2025) ND 41 (1984–2020) OR 40 (1956–2026) NM 39 (1930–2024) ID 36 (1985–2025) MS 33 (1950–2026) UT 33 (1985–2026) OK 32 (1938–2023) DE 32 (1952–2026) SD 32 (1982–2020) SC 28 (1987–2026) DC 26 (1951–2026) AK 25 (1976–2017) RI 23 (1973–2026) WY 23 (1984–2025) ME 22 (1981–2023) VT 21 (1986–2023) NV 19 (1991–2024) WV 16 (1982–2026) NH 12 (1985–2020) MT 11 (1996–2024) VI 3 (2009–2026)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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