corollary rule (Missouri) · Go Syfert
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corollary rule in Missouri

65 Missouri opinions name it 3 courts 1905–2025 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Missouri courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (39)

CaseFollowedCited
First Community Bank v. Hubbell Power Systems, Inc.green
moctapp · 2009 · cited in 2 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2024–2025
2 sentences

2025The corollary to this rule is that allegations of legal error in the underlying default judgment are generally "moot unless the default is set aside." Wooten v. Wentworth Entm't Grp., LLC, 552 S.W.3d 118, 123 (Mo. App. 2018); see also First Cmty. Bank v. Hubbell Power Sys., Inc., 298 S.W.3d 534, 538 (Mo. App. 2009) (explaining that, because a Rule 74.05(d) motion is an independent action, the circuit court correctly concluded the "allegations of error relating to that underlying [default] judgment are moot unless the default is set aside").

2024The corollary to this rule is that allegations of legal error in the underlying default judgment are generally "moot unless the default is set aside." Wooten v. Wentworth Entm't Grp., LLC, 552 S.W.3d 118, 123 (Mo. App. 2018); see also First Cmty. Bank v. Hubbell Power Sys., Inc., 298 S.W.3d 534, 538 (Mo. App. 2009) (explaining that, because a Rule 74.05(d) motion is an independent action, the circuit court correctly concluded the "allegations of error relating to that underlying [default] judgment are moot unless the default is set aside").

22
Wooten v. Wentworth Entm't Grp., LLCgreen
moctapp · 2018 · cited in 2 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2024–2025
2 sentences

2025The corollary to this rule is that allegations of legal error in the underlying default judgment are generally "moot unless the default is set aside." Wooten v. Wentworth Entm't Grp., LLC, 552 S.W.3d 118, 123 (Mo. App. 2018); see also First Cmty. Bank v. Hubbell Power Sys., Inc., 298 S.W.3d 534, 538 (Mo. App. 2009) (explaining that, because a Rule 74.05(d) motion is an independent action, the circuit court correctly concluded the "allegations of error relating to that underlying [default] judgment are moot unless the default is set aside").

2024The corollary to this rule is that allegations of legal error in the underlying default judgment are generally "moot unless the default is set aside." Wooten v. Wentworth Entm't Grp., LLC, 552 S.W.3d 118, 123 (Mo. App. 2018); see also First Cmty. Bank v. Hubbell Power Sys., Inc., 298 S.W.3d 534, 538 (Mo. App. 2009) (explaining that, because a Rule 74.05(d) motion is an independent action, the circuit court correctly concluded the "allegations of error relating to that underlying [default] judgment are moot unless the default is set aside").

22
State v. Burkegreen
moctapp · 1986 · cited in 2 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989
2 sentences

1989“Common experience teaches us a sexual offense can cause behavioral and personality changes in the complainant.” State v. Burke, 719 S.W.2d 887, 890 (Mo.App.1986).

1989"Common experience teaches us a sexual offense can cause behavioral and personality changes in the complainant." State v. Burke, 719 S.W.2d 887, 890 (Mo.App.1986).

22
State v. Nealgreen
mo · 1974 · cited in 2 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1977–1985
2 sentences

1985These three cases are aptly described and summarized in State v. Johnson, 549 S.W.2d 627, 630 (Mo.App. 1977), where the court notes, “The law recognizes a correlative principle, invoked by the defendant, that a person convicted of an offense and then put on trial for an element of that offense has been put twice in jeopardy for the same accusation.” Johnson further states, “Implicit within this formula is the corollary and exception that a single act of force against one person allows only one criminal prosecution against the actor, however the essential elements of the offenses may be describ

1977Richardson , 1. c. 540; Parsons , 1. c. 438; Neal , 1. c. 548.

22
State v. Parsonsgreen
mo · 1974 · cited in 2 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1977–1985
2 sentences

1985These three cases are aptly described and summarized in State v. Johnson, 549 S.W.2d 627, 630 (Mo.App. 1977), where the court notes, “The law recognizes a correlative principle, invoked by the defendant, that a person convicted of an offense and then put on trial for an element of that offense has been put twice in jeopardy for the same accusation.” Johnson further states, “Implicit within this formula is the corollary and exception that a single act of force against one person allows only one criminal prosecution against the actor, however the essential elements of the offenses may be describ

1977Richardson , 1. c. 540; Parsons , 1. c. 438; Neal , 1. c. 548.

22
Houston v. Zanergreen
moctapp · 1984 · cited in 2 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2019–2020
2 sentences

2020In determining the amount of attorneys’ fees to which the guardian or conservator is entitled, the circuit court highlighted the factors to consider: “‘all circumstances of the guardianship, including the size of the estate, the productiveness of the estate, the disbursements from the estate, the nature and difficulty of the services performed, and what is a customary charge for similar services in the community.’” Id. (citing Houston, 683 S.W.2d at 280 ).

2019In determining the amount of attorneys’ fees to which the guardian or conservator is entitled, the circuit court is to consider “‘all circumstances of the guardianship, including the size of the estate, the productiveness of the estate, the disbursements from the estate, the nature and difficulty of the services performed, and what is a customary charge for similar services in the community.’” Houston v. Zaner, 683 S.W.2d 277, 280 (Mo. App. W.D. 1984) (quoting 5 Maus, Probate Law and Practice, § 1969, pp. 319–320). 14 In In re Estate of Walker, 16 S.W.3d 672, 676-678 (Mo. App. E.D. 2000), a co

12
Middleton v. Missouri Department of Correctionsgreen
mo · 2009 · cited in 2 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2010–2019
2 sentences

2019"The corollary to this rule is that a court should not interpret a statute so as to render some phrases mere surplusage." Bolt, 310 S.W.3d at 242 (quoting Middleton, 278 S.W.3d at 196 ).

2010“The corollary to this rule is that a court should not interpret a statute so as to render some phrases mere sur-plusage.” Middleton v. Missouri Dept. of Corr., 278 S.W.3d 193, 196 (Mo. banc 2009).

12
City of Peculiar v. Hunt Martin Materials, LLCgreen
moctapp · 2009 · cited in 2 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2015–2016
2 sentences

2016This is because reversal requires a finding "that all of the reasons that the circuit court articulated in its judgment were wrong." Id. (quoting City of Peculiar v. Hunt Martin Materials, LLC, 274 S.W.3d 588, 591 (Mo. App. W.D. 2009)).

2016This is because reversal requires a finding “that all of the reasons that the circuit court articulated in its judgment were wrong.” Id. (quoting City of Peculiar v. Hunt Martin Materials, LLC, 274 S.W.3d 588, 591 (Mo.App.

12
Ramirez v. Walkergreen
moctapp · 2000 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019In determining the amount of attorneys’ fees to which the guardian or conservator is entitled, the circuit court is to consider “‘all circumstances of the guardianship, including the size of the estate, the productiveness of the estate, the disbursements from the estate, the nature and difficulty of the services performed, and what is a customary charge for similar services in the community.’” Houston v. Zaner, 683 S.W.2d 277, 280 (Mo. App. W.D. 1984) (quoting 5 Maus, Probate Law and Practice, § 1969, pp. 319–320). 14 In In re Estate of Walker, 16 S.W.3d 672, 676-678 (Mo. App. E.D. 2000), a co

11
Diez v. Pearsongreen
moctapp · 1992 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015Diez v. Pearson, 834 S.W.2d 250, 253 (Mo.App.

11
Spradlin v. City of Fultongreen
mo · 1998 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
2 sentences

2009See Spradlin v. City of Fulton, 982 S.W.2d 255, 262 (Mo. banc 1998).

2009See Spradlin v. City of Fulton, 982 S.W.2d 255, 262 (Mo. banc 1998).

11
Care and Treatment of Schottel v. Stategreen
mo · 2005 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
2 sentences

2006That result, however, would not obtain under the above rules of construction, not to mention the corollary rule of construction that it is presumed "that the legislature did not intend to enact an absurd law." Care and Treatment of Schottel v. State, 159 S.W.3d 836, 842 (Mo. banc 2005).

2006That result, however, would not obtain under the above rules of construction, not to mention the corollary rule of construction that it is presumed “that the legislature did not intend to enact an absurd law.” Care and Treatment of Schottel v. State, 159 S.W.3d 836, 842 (Mo. banc 2005).

11
C.A.W. Ex Rel. Welch v. Westongreen
moctapp · 2001 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
1 sentence

2006C.A.W. v. Weston, 58 S.W.3d 909, 914 (Mo.App.2001).

11
In Re Marriage of Fuldnergreen
moctapp · 2001 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
2 sentences

2003In re Fuldner, 41 S.W.3d 581, 588 [8] (Mo.App.2001).

2003In re Fuldner, 41 S.W.3d 581, 588 [8] (Mo.App.2001).

11
In Re Estate of Weinsaftgreen
moctapp · 1983 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
1 sentence

2003Hammons, 924 S.W.2d at 850 [24]; Weinsaft, 647 S.W.2d at 183 [7].

11
Hammons v. Ehneygreen
mo · 1996 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
1 sentence

2003Hammons, 924 S.W.2d at 850 [24]; Weinsaft, 647 S.W.2d at 183 [7].

11
Steven Christopher v. Cutter Laboratoriesgreen
ca11 · 1995 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
1 sentence

1999Christopher v. Cutter Laboratories, 53 F.3d 1184, 1192 (11 th Cir.1995).

11
Vogel v. Director of Revenuegreen
moctapp · 1991 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
11
State v. Crossgreen
mo · 1858 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
11
State v. Ewanchengreen
mo · 1990 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
11
State v. Reyesgreen
moctapp · 1987 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
11
Anderson v. Abernathygreen
mo · 1960 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
11
In Re Adoption of W.B.L.green
mo · 1984 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987
11
State v. Degraffenreidgreen
mo · 1972 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987
11
Skipper v. South Carolinagreen
scotus · 1986 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987
11
State v. Hicksgreen
mo · 1969 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1986–1986
11
Anderson v. Stategreen
ind · 1977 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
11
Stowe v. Stategreen
oklacrimapp · 1979 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
11
State v. Johnsongreen
moctapp · 1977 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
11
Felts v. Stategreen
oklacrimapp · 1978 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
11
People v. Pottergreen
calctapp · 1978 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
11
Block v. Stategreen
nev · 1979 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
11
Russell v. Stategreen
ind · 1978 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
11
Teson v. Vasquezgreen
moctapp · 1977 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983
11
State v. Quigleygreen
moctapp · 1979 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1982–1982
11
Batye v. Stategreen
moctapp · 1980 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1982–1982
11
State v. Dennisgreen
moctapp · 1981 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1982–1982
11
Curtin-Clark Hardware Co. v. Churchillgreen
moctapp · 1907 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1979–1979
11
Crook v. Dooleygreen
mo · 1965 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1977–1977
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Missouri. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (41)

CaseCitedYears
Mullins v. Eveland green
moctapp · 1950
2 sentences

1981Bonsack Pearce, Inc. v. School District of Marceline, 226 Mo.App. 1238 , 49 S.W.2d 1085 (1932); Mullins v. Eveland, 234 S.W.2d 639 (Mo.App. 1950).

1978Bonsack & Pearce, Inc. v. School District of Marceline, 226 Mo.App. 1238 , 49 S.W.2d 1085 (1932); Mullins v. Eveland, 234 S.W.2d 639 (Mo.App.1950).

21978–1981
Bonsack & Pearce, Inc. v. School District green
moctapp · 1932
2 sentences

1981Bonsack Pearce, Inc. v. School District of Marceline, 226 Mo.App. 1238 , 49 S.W.2d 1085 (1932); Mullins v. Eveland, 234 S.W.2d 639 (Mo.App. 1950).

1981Bonsack Pearce, Inc. v. School District of Marceline, 226 Mo.App. 1238 , 49 S.W.2d 1085 (1932); Mullins v. Eveland, 234 S.W.2d 639 (Mo.App. 1950).

21978–1981
Priest v. Nichols green
mass · 1874
2 sentences

1914The corollary of this rule is that if the accident might have resulted from more than one cause, for one of which the master is liable and for the other he is not liable, it is necessary for the plaintiff to prove, in the first instance, that the injury arose from the cause for which the master is liable, for it is not the province of a court or jury to speculate or guess from which cause the accident happened. [Railroad v. Nelms, 83 Ga. 70 ; Searles v. Railroad, 101 N. Y. 661 ; Dobbins v. Brown, 119 N. Y. l. c. 193; Peirce v. Kile, 80 Fed. l. c. 867; Mining Co. v. Kitts, 42 Mich. l. c. 37; Pr

1905The corollary of this rule is that if the accident might have resulted from more than one cause, for one of which the master is liable and for the other he is not liable, it is necessary for the plaintiff to prove, in the first instance, that the injury arose from the cause for which the master is liable, for it is not the province of a court or jury to speculate or guess from which cause the accident happened. [Railroad v. Nelms, 83 Ga. 70 ; Searles v. Railroad, 101 N. Y. 661 ; Dobbins v. Brown, 119 N. Y. l. c. 193; Peirce v. Kile, 80 Fed. l. c. 867; Mining Co. v. Kitts, 42 Mich. l. c. 37; Pr

21905–1914
Georgia Railroad & Banking Co. v. Nelms green
ga · 1889
2 sentences

1914The corollary of this rule is that if the accident might have resulted from more than one cause, for one of which the master is liable and for the other he is not liable, it is necessary for the plaintiff to prove, in the first instance, that the injury arose from the cause for which the master is liable, for it is not the province of a court or jury to speculate or guess from which cause the accident happened. [Railroad v. Nelms, 83 Ga. 70 ; Searles v. Railroad, 101 N. Y. 661 ; Dobbins v. Brown, 119 N. Y. l. c. 193; Peirce v. Kile, 80 Fed. l. c. 867; Mining Co. v. Kitts, 42 Mich. l. c. 37; Pr

1905The corollary of this rule is that if the accident might have resulted from more than one cause, for one of which the master is liable and for the other he is not liable, it is necessary for the plaintiff to prove, in the first instance, that the injury arose from the cause for which the master is liable, for it is not the province of a court or jury to speculate or guess from which cause the accident happened. [Railroad v. Nelms, 83 Ga. 70 ; Searles v. Railroad, 101 N. Y. 661 ; Dobbins v. Brown, 119 N. Y. l. c. 193; Peirce v. Kile, 80 Fed. l. c. 867; Mining Co. v. Kitts, 42 Mich. l. c. 37; Pr

21905–1914
Epperson v. Postal Telegraph Cable Co. green
mo · 1900
2 sentences

1914The corollary of this rule is that if the accident might have resulted from more than one cause, for one of which the master is liable and for the other he is not liable, it is necessary for the plaintiff to prove, in the first instance, that the injury arose from the cause for which the master is liable, for it is not the province of a court or jury to speculate or guess from which cause the accident happened. [Railroad v. Nelms, 83 Ga. 70 ; Searles v. Railroad, 101 N. Y. 661 ; Dobbins v. Brown, 119 N. Y. l. c. 193; Peirce v. Kile, 80 Fed. l. c. 867; Mining Co. v. Kitts, 42 Mich. l. c. 37; Pr

1905The corollary of this rule is that if the accident might have resulted from more than one cause, for one of which the master is liable and for the other he is not liable, it is necessary for the plaintiff to prove, in the first instance, that the injury arose from the cause for which the master is liable, for it is not the province of a court or jury to speculate or guess from which cause the accident happened. [Railroad v. Nelms, 83 Ga. 70 ; Searles v. Railroad, 101 N. Y. 661 ; Dobbins v. Brown, 119 N. Y. l. c. 193; Peirce v. Kile, 80 Fed. l. c. 867; Mining Co. v. Kitts, 42 Mich. l. c. 37; Pr

21905–1914
Searles v. . Manhattan Railway Company green
ny · 1886
2 sentences

1914The corollary of this rule is that if the accident might have resulted from more than one cause, for one of which the master is liable and for the other he is not liable, it is necessary for the plaintiff to prove, in the first instance, that the injury arose from the cause for which the master is liable, for it is not the province of a court or jury to speculate or guess from which cause the accident happened. [Railroad v. Nelms, 83 Ga. 70 ; Searles v. Railroad, 101 N. Y. 661 ; Dobbins v. Brown, 119 N. Y. l. c. 193; Peirce v. Kile, 80 Fed. l. c. 867; Mining Co. v. Kitts, 42 Mich. l. c. 37; Pr

1905The corollary of this rule is that if the accident might have resulted from more than one cause, for one of which the master is liable and for the other he is not liable, it is necessary for the plaintiff to prove, in the first instance, that the injury arose from the cause for which the master is liable, for it is not the province of a court or jury to speculate or guess from which cause the accident happened. [Railroad v. Nelms, 83 Ga. 70 ; Searles v. Railroad, 101 N. Y. 661 ; Dobbins v. Brown, 119 N. Y. l. c. 193; Peirce v. Kile, 80 Fed. l. c. 867; Mining Co. v. Kitts, 42 Mich. l. c. 37; Pr

21905–1914
Brungard v. RISKY'S INC. green
mo · 2007
1 sentence

2024Further, because this Court's 2007 amendment to Rule 74.05(d) provides a motion to set aside a default judgment is an independent action resulting in an independent judgment, Brungard, 240 S.W.3d at 687 , the issues in an appeal from a judgment denying relief under Rule 74.05(d) are limited to whether the circuit court abused its discretion by finding there was no good cause or meritorious defense.

12024–2024
In the Matter of Virgil D. Williams Janet Rosenauer, Andrew County Public Administrator, as his Guardian and Conservator v. Betty Lou Williams green
moctapp · 2019
2 sentences

2020The court noted the corollary to this rule, that attorneys' fees may not be collected from the estate “unless it is made to appear affirmatively that the services were necessary, or were of benefit to the estate.” Id.

2020In determining the amount of attorneys’ fees to which the guardian or conservator is entitled, the circuit court highlighted the factors to consider: “‘all circumstances of the guardianship, including the size of the estate, the productiveness of the estate, the disbursements from the estate, the nature and difficulty of the services performed, and what is a customary charge for similar services in the community.’” Id. (citing Houston, 683 S.W.2d at 280 ).

12020–2020
Swan v. Ingersoll green
moctapp · 2010
1 sentence

2019"The corollary to this rule is that a court should not interpret a statute so as to render some phrases mere surplusage." Bolt, 310 S.W.3d at 242 (quoting Middleton, 278 S.W.3d at 196 ).

12019–2019
Grove v. Reynolds green
· 1903
1 sentence

2019As a corollary to this rule, attorneys’ fees may not be collected from the estate “unless it is made to appear affirmatively that the services were necessary, or were of benefit to the estate.” Id.

12019–2019
Lincoln Credit Co. v. Peach green
mo · 1982
1 sentence

2011Id. (citing Parsons Constr.

12011–2011
Tune v. Synergy Gas Corp. green
mo · 1994
1 sentence

2004This rule, as discussed in Tune by the Supreme Court, is not subject to the trial court’s discretion assuming that the defendant has not waived his objection in some manner. 883 S.W.2d at 20 .

12004–2004
Wolf v. Missouri State Training School for Boys green
mo · 1974
2 sentences

1998Wolf, 517 S.W.2d at 148 .

1998Wolf, 517 S.W.2d at 148 .

11998–1998
Cagle v. Regal Plastics Co. green
moctapp · 1975
11993–1993
Patterson v. Illinois green
scotus · 1988
11992–1992
State v. Smith green
moctapp · 1979
11989–1989
Porter v. State green
moctapp · 1984
11987–1987
Eddings v. Oklahoma green
scotus · 1982
11987–1987
State v. McCafferty green
moctapp · 1979
11985–1985
Laclede Gas Co. v. First National Bank in St. Louis green
moctapp · 1983
11985–1985
Olden v. Hendrick neutral
mo · 1890
11982–1982
Foster v. State green
mo · 1979
11982–1982
Greene v. Massey green
scotus · 1978
11982–1982
Burks v. United States green
scotus · 1978
11982–1982
Ashe v. Swenson green
scotus · 1970
11982–1982
Hudson v. Louisiana green
scotus · 1981
11982–1982
Shields v. Powers neutral
mo · 1860
11980–1980
Gott v. Powell neutral
mo · 1867
11980–1980
Vogler v. Montgomery green
mo · 1874
11980–1980
Colburn v. Yantis green
mo · 1903
11980–1980
Sidwell v. Kaster green
· 1921
11980–1980
Webster v. Sterling Finance Co. green
· 1946
11980–1980
Jones v. St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad neutral
moctapp · 1907
11980–1980
Wood v. Ogden neutral
moctapp · 1907
11980–1980
Carr v. Carr green
mo · 1952
11980–1980
Witherspoon v. Illinois green
scotus · 1968
11980–1980
Anderson v. Curls green
moctapp · 1958
11980–1980
Jack Brandt, Ltd. v. Morris green
mo · 1966
11979–1979
Deeds v. Foster green
mo · 1951
11979–1979
Williams ex rel. Williams v. Tuttle neutral
mo · 1966
11977–1977

Statutes the citing opinions construe

MO § Mo. Rev. Stat. § 571.015 (4) MO § Mo. Rev. Stat. § 452.330 (3) MO § Mo. Rev. Stat. § 452.410 (3) MO § Mo. Rev. Stat. § 536.010 (3) MO § Mo. Rev. Stat. § 565.020 (3) MO § Mo. Rev. Stat. § 570.030 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 409 (1913–2026) CA 280 (1900–2026) IL 103 (1873–2023) NY 87 (1911–2025) PA 86 (1915–2024) NJ 77 (1896–2026) MD 69 (1928–2023) WA 66 (1922–2026) MO 65 (1905–2025) GA 57 (1912–2023) FL 49 (1938–2023) AL 44 (1909–2015) OH 39 (1932–2026) MI 37 (1940–2023) CT 37 (1937–2025) LA 35 (1919–2024) IN 34 (1918–2019) IA 32 (1917–2023) MS 32 (1876–2022) WI 32 (1965–2024) KS 27 (1875–2026) OR 26 (1897–2026) TN 26 (1904–2025) KY 25 (1922–2024) WV 24 (1901–2023) VA 23 (1963–2024) WY 23 (1968–2022) SC 20 (1907–2020) CO 19 (1912–2021) DE 19 (1945–2026) VT 17 (1913–2025) MT 16 (1898–2012) NC 15 (1921–2018) AZ 15 (1956–2018) MA 14 (1951–2024) NM 14 (1914–2014) RI 14 (1968–2018) OK 13 (1925–2014) ME 12 (1922–2020) NE 12 (1959–2023) MN 12 (1954–2025) ID 11 (1977–2021) DC 11 (1976–2025) UT 11 (1979–2026) AR 11 (1927–2017) ND 7 (1895–2015) NV 6 (1983–2015) NH 3 (1997–2021) SD 3 (1998–2003) HI 2 (1944–2015) AK 2 (1993–2023)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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