corollary rule (New Jersey) · Go Syfert
← New Jersey issues

corollary rule in New Jersey

77 New Jersey opinions name it 2 courts 1896–2026 12 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New Jersey courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (33)

CaseFollowedCited
State v. Townsendgreen
nj · 2006 · cited in 9 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2017–2026
2 sentences

2026"The corollary of that rule is the net opinion rule, which forbids the admission into evidence of an expert's conclusions that are not supported by factual evidence or other data." State v. Townsend, 186 N.J. 473, 494 (2006).

2026"The corollary of that rule is the net opinion rule, which forbids the admission into evidence of an expert's conclusions that are not supported by factual evidence or other data." State v. Townsend, 186 N.J. 473, 494 (2006).

69
Friendship Manor, Inc. v. Greimangreen
njsuperctappdiv · 1990 · cited in 5 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2000–2020
2 sentences

2020"In the context of the race notice statute, constructive notice arises from the obligation of a claimant of a property interest to make reasonable and diligent inquiry as to existing claims or rights in and to real estate." Friendship Manor, Inc. v. Greiman, 244 N.J.

2020"In the context of the race notice statute, constructive notice arises from the obligation of a claimant of a property interest to make reasonable and diligent inquiry as to existing claims or rights in and to real estate." Friendship Manor, Inc. v. Greiman, 244 N.J.

45
Buerkle v. United Parcel Servicegreen
njsuperctappdiv · 1953 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1975–2017
2 sentences

2017Super. 172, 176 (App. Div. 1975) (quoting Buerkle v. United Parcel Serv., 7 A-1686-15T3 26 N.J.

1975A corollary to this rule is that an injury is compensable if it "arises out of a risk which is reasonably incidental to the conditions and circumstances of the employment." Buerkle v. United Parcel Service, 26 N.J.

22
Deborah Townsend v. Noah Pierre (072357)green
nj · 2015 · cited in 3 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2017–2026
2 sentences

2026Accordingly, an expert is required to "'give the why and wherefore' that supports the opinion, 'rather than a mere conclusion.'" Crispino v. Township of Sparta, 243 N.J. 234 , 257 (2020) (quoting Pierre, 221 N.J. at 54 ) (additional citations omitted).

2026Accordingly, an expert is required to "'give the why and wherefore' that supports the opinion, 'rather than a mere conclusion.'" Crispino v. Township of Sparta, 243 N.J. 234 , 257 (2020) (quoting Pierre, 221 N.J. at 54 ).

13
Tide-Water Pipe Co. v. Blair Holding Co. Inc.green
nj · 1964 · cited in 3 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1983–2024
2 sentences

2024"Equally well recognized is the corollary principle that there is, arising out of every easement, an implied right to do what is reasonably necessary for its complete enjoyment, that right to be exercised, however, in such a reasonable manner as to avoid unnecessary increases upon the landowner." Ibid.

2024"Equally well recognized is the corollary principle that there is, arising out of every easement, an implied right to do what is reasonably necessary for its complete enjoyment, that right to be exercised, however, in such a reasonable manner as to avoid unnecessary increases upon the landowner." Ibid.

13
Butler v. Bonner & Barnewall, Inc.green
nj · 1970 · cited in 3 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1985–2016
2 sentences

2016“In addition, we must also be mindful of the corollary rule of construction that if the clause in question is one of exclusion or exception designed to limit the protection afforded by the general coverage provisions of the policy, a strict interpretation is in order.” Bello v. Hurley Limousines, 249 N.J.Super. 31, 40-41 , 591 A.2d 1356 (1991) (citing Butler, supra, 56 N.J. at 574 , 267 A.2d 527 ; Mazzilli, supra, 35 N.J. at 7-8 , 170 A.2d 800 ).

2016“In addition, we must also be mindful of the corollary rule of construction that if the clause in question is one of exclusion or exception designed to limit the protection afforded by the general coverage provisions of the policy, a strict interpretation is in order.” Bello v. Hurley Limousines, 249 N.J.Super. 31, 40-41 , 591 A.2d 1356 (1991) (citing Butler, supra, 56 N.J. at 574 , 267 A.2d 527 ; Mazzilli, supra, 35 N.J. at 7-8 , 170 A.2d 800 ).

13
Spindler v. Universal Chain Corp.green
nj · 1952 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2009–2017
2 sentences

2017Super. at 556 (citing Spindler v. Universal Chain Corp., 11 N.J. 34, 39 (1952); Shaudys v. IMO Indus., Inc., 285 N.J.

2009Spindler v. Universal Chain Corp., 11 N.J. 34, 39 , 93 A. 2d 171 (1952); Shaudys v. IMO Indus., Inc., 285 N.J.Super. 407, 414-17 , 667 A. 2d 204 (App.Div.1995); Verge, supra, 272 N.J.Super. at 128-29 , 639 A. 2d 378 .

12
Shaudys v. IMO Industries, Inc.green
njsuperctappdiv · 1995 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2009–2017
2 sentences

2017Super. at 556 (citing Spindler v. Universal Chain Corp., 11 N.J. 34, 39 (1952); Shaudys v. IMO Indus., Inc., 285 N.J.

2009Spindler v. Universal Chain Corp., 11 N.J. 34, 39 , 93 A. 2d 171 (1952); Shaudys v. IMO Indus., Inc., 285 N.J.Super. 407, 414-17 , 667 A. 2d 204 (App.Div.1995); Verge, supra, 272 N.J.Super. at 128-29 , 639 A. 2d 378 .

12
State v. Douglasgreen
nj · 1973 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2001–2005
2 sentences

2005"A corollary of this principle is that the State may appeal an illegal sentence without express authorization in the criminal code or rules of court." State v. Parolin, 339 N.J.Super. 10, 13-14 , 770 A. 2d 1204 (App.Div.2001), rev'd on other grounds, 171 N.J. 223 , 793 A. 2d 638 (2002); see State v. Sheppard, 125 N.J.Super. 332, 336-39 , 310 A. 2d 731 (App.Div.), certif. denied, 64 N.J. 318 , 315 A. 2d 407 (1973).

2001State v. Sheppard, 125 N.J.Super. 332, 336-39 , 310 A. 2d 731 (App.Div.), certif. denied, 64 N.J. 318 , 315 A. 2d 407 (1973); see also State v. Mercadante, 299 N.J.Super. 522, 529 , 691 A. 2d 819 (App.Div.), certif. denied, 150 N.J. 26 , 695 A. 2d 668 (1997); State v. Eigenmann, 280 N.J.Super. 331, 337-38, 347-48 , 655 A. 2d 452 (App.Div.1995); State v. Leslie, 269 N.J.Super. 78, 86 , 634 A. 2d 572 (App. Div.1993), certif. denied, 136 N.J. 29 , 641 A. 2d 1040 (1994).

12
State v. Sheppardgreen
nj · 1973 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2001–2005
2 sentences

2005"A corollary of this principle is that the State may appeal an illegal sentence without express authorization in the criminal code or rules of court." State v. Parolin, 339 N.J.Super. 10, 13-14 , 770 A. 2d 1204 (App.Div.2001), rev'd on other grounds, 171 N.J. 223 , 793 A. 2d 638 (2002); see State v. Sheppard, 125 N.J.Super. 332, 336-39 , 310 A. 2d 731 (App.Div.), certif. denied, 64 N.J. 318 , 315 A. 2d 407 (1973).

2001State v. Sheppard, 125 N.J.Super. 332, 336-39 , 310 A. 2d 731 (App.Div.), certif. denied, 64 N.J. 318 , 315 A. 2d 407 (1973); see also State v. Mercadante, 299 N.J.Super. 522, 529 , 691 A. 2d 819 (App.Div.), certif. denied, 150 N.J. 26 , 695 A. 2d 668 (1997); State v. Eigenmann, 280 N.J.Super. 331, 337-38, 347-48 , 655 A. 2d 452 (App.Div.1995); State v. Leslie, 269 N.J.Super. 78, 86 , 634 A. 2d 572 (App. Div.1993), certif. denied, 136 N.J. 29 , 641 A. 2d 1040 (1994).

12
State v. Sheppardgreen
njsuperctappdiv · 1973 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2001–2005
2 sentences

2005"A corollary of this principle is that the State may appeal an illegal sentence without express authorization in the criminal code or rules of court." State v. Parolin, 339 N.J.Super. 10, 13-14 , 770 A. 2d 1204 (App.Div.2001), rev'd on other grounds, 171 N.J. 223 , 793 A. 2d 638 (2002); see State v. Sheppard, 125 N.J.Super. 332, 336-39 , 310 A. 2d 731 (App.Div.), certif. denied, 64 N.J. 318 , 315 A. 2d 407 (1973).

2005"A corollary of this principle is that the State may appeal an illegal sentence without express authorization in the criminal code or rules of court." State v. Parolin, 339 N.J.Super. 10, 13-14 , 770 A. 2d 1204 (App.Div.2001), rev'd on other grounds, 171 N.J. 223 , 793 A. 2d 638 (2002); see State v. Sheppard, 125 N.J.Super. 332, 336-39 , 310 A. 2d 731 (App.Div.), certif. denied, 64 N.J. 318 , 315 A. 2d 407 (1973).

12
State v. Tunggreen
njsuperctappdiv · 2019 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026An important corollary to this rule is that an officer may not "offer an opinion that a defendant's statement is a lie." State v. Tung, 460 N.J.

11
Jones v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1958 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024As noted, the warrant preference is a bedrock principle of our search-and-seizure jurisprudence, as is the corollary principle that warrant exceptions are "jealously and carefully drawn." Jones v. United States, 357 U.S. 493, 499 (1958); see also State v. Johnson, 476 N.J.

11
In re Accutane Litig.green
nj · 2018 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021"Charged with determining whether to admit expert testimony, the trial court is responsible for advancing the truth-seeking function of our system of justice . . . ." In re Accutane Litig., 234 N.J. 340, 389 (2018).

11
Bailey v. Town of Forksgreen
wash · 1988 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021A-1285-20 29 [Id. at § 41 (emphasis added).] Regarding "custodians" with such obligations, Comment f of Section 41 explains that "the custodial relationship need not be complete physical custody . . . so long as there is some custody and control of a person posing dangers to others." Illustrating that point, the Comment to Section 41 cites to Bailey v. Town of Forks, 737 P.2d 1257, 1260-62 (Wash. 1987), wherein the Supreme Court of Washington determined that a police officer who did not take custody of an intoxicated driver pursuant to his statutory duty was held liable to a plaintiff who was

11
TRACEY L. VIZZONI, ETC. VS. B.M.D. (L-0575-15, SOMERSET COUNTY AND STATEWIDE)green
njsuperctappdiv · 2019 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021A-1285-20 29 [Id. at § 41 (emphasis added).] Regarding "custodians" with such obligations, Comment f of Section 41 explains that "the custodial relationship need not be complete physical custody . . . so long as there is some custody and control of a person posing dangers to others." Illustrating that point, the Comment to Section 41 cites to Bailey v. Town of Forks, 737 P.2d 1257, 1260-62 (Wash. 1987), wherein the Supreme Court of Washington determined that a police officer who did not take custody of an intoxicated driver pursuant to his statutory duty was held liable to a plaintiff who was

11
IN THE MATTER OF THE CIVIL COMMITMENT OF A.Y. SVP-545-09 (ESSEX COUNTY AND STATEWIDE) (RECORD IMPOUNDED)green
njsuperctappdiv · 2019 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020However, the net opinion rule "does not require experts to organize or support their opinions in a specific manner 'that opposing counsel deems preferable.'" In re Civil Commitment of A.Y., 458 N.J.

11
State v. Harrisgreen
njsuperctappdiv · 2006 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019State v. Harris, 384 N.J.

11
Grzanka v. Pfeifergreen
njsuperctappdiv · 1997 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017An expert's conclusion is inadmissible if it is "based merely on unfounded speculation and unquantified possibilities." Townsend v. Pierre, 221 N.J. 36, 55 (2015) (quoting Grzanka v. Pfeifer, 301 N.J.

11
Salierno v. Micro Stamping Co.green
njsuperctappdiv · 1975 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017"A corollary to this rule is that an injury is compensable if it 'arises out of a risk which is reasonably incidental to the conditions and circumstances of the employment.'" Salierno v. Micro Stamping Co., 136 N.J.

11
Fireman's Fund Insurance v. Maryland Casualty Co.green
calctapp · 1998 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
State v. LHgreen
nj · 2011 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Reynolds v. Simsgreen
scotus · 1964 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
11
State v. Afanadorgreen
nj · 1993 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
11
State v. Mercadantegreen
njsuperctappdiv · 1997 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
State v. Eigenmanngreen
njsuperctappdiv · 1995 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
State v. Mercadantegreen
nj · 1997 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
cluster 440461green
ca4 · 1984 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
Penry v. Lynaughred
scotus · 1989 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
11
Skipper v. South Carolinagreen
scotus · 1986 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
11
Eddings v. Oklahomagreen
scotus · 1982 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
11
Procunier v. Martinezred
scotus · 1974 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
11
Anthony Souza v. Anthony P. Travisonogreen
ca1 · 1974 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New Jersey. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (47)

CaseCitedYears
Cox v. RKA CORP. green
nj · 2000
2 sentences

2020"As a corollary to that rule, parties are generally charged with constructive notice of instruments that are properly recorded." Cox, 164 N.J. at 496 .

2020"As a corollary to that rule, parties are generally charged with constructive notice of instruments that are properly recorded." Cox, 164 N.J. at 496 .

52008–2021
State v. Gelman green
nj · 2008
2 sentences

2011Moreover, even if the Code commentary, see, e.g., infra at 547, 20 A.3d at 1149 (quoting 2 Final Report of the New Jersey Criminal Law Revision Commission, commentary to § 2C:44-5, at 336 (1971) (“Subsection (b) is addressed to the problem of a sentence of imprisonment imposed upon a person who is already serving a term under a sentence imposed for an earlier offense.”)), could be considered to support another interpretation, our rules of statutory construction require the application of lenity, a corollary to the doctrine of strict construction, which dictates that criminal statutes must be i

2011Moreover, even if the Code commentary, see, e.g., infra at 547, 20 A.3d at 1149 (quoting 2 Final Report of the New Jersey Criminal Law Revision Commission, commentary to § 2C:44-5, at 336 (1971) (“Subsection (b) is addressed to the problem of a sentence of imprisonment imposed upon a person who is already serving a term under a sentence imposed for an earlier offense.”)), could be considered to support another interpretation, our rules of statutory construction require the application of lenity, a corollary to the doctrine of strict construction, which dictates that criminal statutes must be i

32011–2011
State in Interest of JR green
njsuperctappdiv · 1988
2 sentences

2011The trial court also acknowledged a corollary principle, that in considering whether the State has established probable cause, “the State is to be awarded every reasonable inference.” State in the Interest of J.R., 234 N.J.Super. 388 , 395, 560 A.2d 1279 (Ch.Div.1988) (citation omitted).

2011The trial court also acknowledged a corollary principle, that in considering whether the State has established probable cause, “the State is to be awarded every reasonable inference.” State in the Interest of J.R., 234 N.J.Super. 388 , 395, 560 A.2d 1279 (Ch.Div.1988) (citation omitted).

22011–2011
Abelson's, Inc. v. New Jersey State Board of Optometrists green
nj · 1950
2 sentences

1989It is a corollary of this principle that the "rule and regulation ... cannot subvert or enlarge upon the statutory policy...." Id. at 424 .

1988It is a corollary of this principle that "the rules and regulations ... cannot subvert or enlarge upon the *135 statutory policy...." Id. at 424 .

21988–1989
State v. McQuaid green
nj · 1997
2 sentences

2022The corollary to that principle is that "a defendant may not use a petition for post-conviction relief as an opportunity to relitigate a claim already decided on the merits." Ibid.

2022Such procedural bars, the Court noted in McQuaid, "exist in order to promote finality in judicial proceedings." Ibid.

12022–2022
Sovereign Bank v. Gillis green
njsuperctappdiv · 2013
1 sentence

2021As a corollary to that rule, "[l]enders and other parties are generally charged with constructive notice of instruments that are properly recorded." Gillis, 432 N.J.

12021–2021
State v. McNeil green
njsuperctappdiv · 2009
1 sentence

2019"Under the 'net opinion' rule, an opinion lacking in such foundation and consisting of bare conclusions unsupported by factual evidence is inadmissible." McNeil, 405 N.J.

12019–2019
Sexton v. County of Cumberland green
njsuperctappdiv · 2009
2 sentences

2017"In the context of aggravation of a preexisting condition, the corollary to that rule is that disqualification under the 'arising out of' criterion occurs when the preexisting condition is the sole cause of the injury for which compensation is sought." Sexton, supra, 404 N.J.

2017"In the context of aggravation of a preexisting condition, the corollary to that rule is that disqualification under the 'arising out of' criterion occurs when the preexisting condition is the sole cause of the injury for which compensation is sought." Sexton, supra, 404 N.J.

12017–2017
Crawford v. Washington green
scotus · 2004
2 sentences

2016The Cross-Examination Right Our State Supreme Court has also carefully applied a key corollary principle of Crawford, which instructs that the Confrontation Clause does not prohibit the use of a declarant's prior testimonial statements, so long as "the [declarant] appears for cross-examination at trial[.]" Crawford, supra, 541 U.S. at 59 n.9, 124 S. Ct. at 1369 n.9, 158 L.

2016The Cross-Examination Right Our State Supreme Court has also carefully applied a key corollary principle of Crawford, which instructs that the Confrontation Clause does not prohibit the use of a declarant's prior testimonial statements, so long as "the [declarant] appears for cross-examination at trial[.]" Crawford, supra, 541 U.S. at 59 n.9, 124 S. Ct. at 1369 n.9, 158 L.

12016–2016
Mazzilli v. Acc. & Cas. Ins. Co. of Winterthur green
nj · 1961
2 sentences

2016“In addition, we must also be mindful of the corollary rule of construction that if the clause in question is one of exclusion or exception designed to limit the protection afforded by the general coverage provisions of the policy, a strict interpretation is in order.” Bello v. Hurley Limousines, 249 N.J.Super. 31, 40-41 , 591 A.2d 1356 (1991) (citing Butler, supra, 56 N.J. at 574 , 267 A.2d 527 ; Mazzilli, supra, 35 N.J. at 7-8 , 170 A.2d 800 ).

2016“In addition, we must also be mindful of the corollary rule of construction that if the clause in question is one of exclusion or exception designed to limit the protection afforded by the general coverage provisions of the policy, a strict interpretation is in order.” Bello v. Hurley Limousines, 249 N.J.Super. 31, 40-41 , 591 A.2d 1356 (1991) (citing Butler, supra, 56 N.J. at 574 , 267 A.2d 527 ; Mazzilli, supra, 35 N.J. at 7-8 , 170 A.2d 800 ).

12016–2016
Bello v. Hurley Limousines, Inc. green
njsuperctappdiv · 1991
12016–2016
Lorraine Gormley v. Latanya Wood-El (069717) green
nj · 2014
12015–2015
Savarese v. Corcoran neutral
njsuperctappdiv · 1998
12010–2010
Savarese v. Corcoran green
njsuperctappdiv · 1997
12010–2010
Martinetti v. Hickman green
njsuperctappdiv · 1993
12010–2010
Kopak v. Polzer green
nj · 1950
12010–2010
Lv v. Rs green
njsuperctappdiv · 2002
12010–2010
Verge v. County of Morris green
njsuperctappdiv · 1994
12009–2009
New Jersey Turnpike Authority v. Parsons green
nj · 1949
12008–2008
Ridgewood Educ. v. Ridgewood Bd. green
njsuperctappdiv · 1995
12008–2008
State v. Stott green
nj · 2002
12007–2007
Creanga v. Jardal green
nj · 2005
12006–2006
State v. Papasavvas green
nj · 2000
12006–2006
State v. Tavares neutral
nj · 1996
12005–2005
Matter of Commitment of Dm green
nj · 1996
12005–2005
State v. Parolin green
njsuperctappdiv · 2001
12005–2005
State v. Tavares green
njsuperctappdiv · 1996
12005–2005
State v. Parolin green
nj · 2002
12005–2005
In Re Estate of Lash green
nj · 2001
12003–2003
Jugan v. Friedman green
njsuperctappdiv · 1994
12003–2003
Powell v. McCormack green
scotus · 1969
12002–2002
Miranda v. Arizona green
scotus · 1966
12002–2002
Gangemi v. Rosengard green
nj · 1965
12002–2002
State v. Presha green
nj · 2000
12002–2002
State v. Leslie green
njsuperctappdiv · 1993
12001–2001
State v. Bohuk green
nj · 1994
12001–2001
Zazzo v. Zazzo green
nj · 1991
12000–2000
Feinberg v. STATE, DEP green
nj · 1994
11999–1999
SALEM GROUP, FARMERS MUTUAL FIRE INS. CO. v. Oliver green
njsuperctappdiv · 1991
11995–1995
Eli Pritzker v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. green
ca3 · 1993
11994–1994

Statutes the citing opinions construe

NJ § N.J. Stat. § 46:26A-12 (5) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:43-7.2 (4) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:14-2 (3) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:44-1 (3) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:44-5 (3) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 34:15-7 (3) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 46:26A-1 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 409 (1913–2026) CA 280 (1900–2026) IL 103 (1873–2023) NY 87 (1911–2025) PA 86 (1915–2024) NJ 77 (1896–2026) MD 69 (1928–2023) WA 66 (1922–2026) MO 65 (1905–2025) GA 57 (1912–2023) FL 49 (1938–2023) AL 44 (1909–2015) OH 39 (1932–2026) MI 37 (1940–2023) CT 37 (1937–2025) LA 35 (1919–2024) IN 34 (1918–2019) IA 32 (1917–2023) MS 32 (1876–2022) WI 32 (1965–2024) KS 27 (1875–2026) OR 26 (1897–2026) TN 26 (1904–2025) KY 25 (1922–2024) WV 24 (1901–2023) VA 23 (1963–2024) WY 23 (1968–2022) SC 20 (1907–2020) CO 19 (1912–2021) DE 19 (1945–2026) VT 17 (1913–2025) MT 16 (1898–2012) NC 15 (1921–2018) AZ 15 (1956–2018) MA 14 (1951–2024) NM 14 (1914–2014) RI 14 (1968–2018) OK 13 (1925–2014) ME 12 (1922–2020) NE 12 (1959–2023) MN 12 (1954–2025) ID 11 (1977–2021) DC 11 (1976–2025) UT 11 (1979–2026) AR 11 (1927–2017) ND 7 (1895–2015) NV 6 (1983–2015) NH 3 (1997–2021) SD 3 (1998–2003) HI 2 (1944–2015) AK 2 (1993–2023)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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