Sixth Amendment violation (Maine) · Go Syfert
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Sixth Amendment violation in Maine

22 Maine opinions name it 1 courts 1973–2023 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Maine courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (21)

CaseFollowedCited
State v. Schofieldgreen
me · 2005 · cited in 2 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020See State v. Schofield, 2005 ME 82, ¶¶ 28-36 , 895 A.2d 927 ; Clewley v. Whitney, 2 Westgate seems to characterize this error as a Sixth Amendment violation.

2020See State v. Schofield, 2005 ME 82, ¶¶ 28-36 , 895 A.2d 927 ; Clewley v. Whitney, 2 Westgate seems to characterize this error as a Sixth Amendment violation.

22
Williams v. Stategreen
ind · 1997 · cited in 2 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014See, e.g., id. at 153; Williams v. State, 690 N.E.2d 162, 168-69 (Ind.1997) (establishing that a Sixth Amendment violation occurred requires “some showing that the court, by order or otherwise, physically prevented the public from attending”); State v. Cross, 771 N.W.2d 879, 882 (Minn.App.2009) (“A voluntary decision by a member of the public to avoid courtroom security procedures designed merely to record the identities of persons attending a hearing does not constitute a ‘closure’ for purposes of the Sixth Amendment right to a public trial.”). [¶ 31] Here, the policy of prohibiting spectator

2014See, e.g., id. at 153; Williams v. State, 690 N.E.2d 162, 168-69 (Ind.1997) (establishing that a Sixth Amendment violation occurred requires “some showing that the court, by order or otherwise, physically prevented the public from attending”); State v. Cross, 771 N.W.2d 879, 882 (Minn.App.2009) (“A voluntary decision by a member of the public to avoid courtroom security procedures designed merely to record the identities of persons attending a hearing does not constitute a ‘closure’ for purposes of the Sixth Amendment right to a public trial.”). [¶ 31] Here, the policy of prohibiting spectator

22
Bucci v. United Statesgreen
ca1 · 2011 · cited in 2 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014Bucci v. United States, 662 F.3d 18, 29 (1st Cir.2011).

2014Bucci v. United States, 662 F.3d 18, 29 (1st Cir.2011).

22
Commonwealth v. Maldonadogreen
mass · 2014 · cited in 2 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014See, e.g., id. at 153; Williams v. State, 690 N.E.2d 162, 168-69 (Ind.1997) (establishing that a Sixth Amendment violation occurred requires “some showing that the court, by order or otherwise, physically prevented the public from attending”); State v. Cross, 771 N.W.2d 879, 882 (Minn.App.2009) (“A voluntary decision by a member of the public to avoid courtroom security procedures designed merely to record the identities of persons attending a hearing does not constitute a ‘closure’ for purposes of the Sixth Amendment right to a public trial.”). [¶ 31] Here, the policy of prohibiting spectator

2014See, e.g., id. at 153; Williams v. State, 690 N.E.2d 162, 168-69 (Ind.1997) (establishing that a Sixth Amendment violation occurred requires “some showing that the court, by order or otherwise, physically prevented the public from attending”); State v. Cross, 771 N.W.2d 879, 882 (Minn.App.2009) (“A voluntary decision by a member of the public to avoid courtroom security procedures designed merely to record the identities of persons attending a hearing does not constitute a ‘closure’ for purposes of the Sixth Amendment right to a public trial.”). [¶ 31] Here, the policy of prohibiting spectator

22
State v. Crossgreen
minnctapp · 2009 · cited in 2 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014See, e.g., id. at 153; Williams v. State, 690 N.E.2d 162, 168-69 (Ind.1997) (establishing that a Sixth Amendment violation occurred requires “some showing that the court, by order or otherwise, physically prevented the public from attending”); State v. Cross, 771 N.W.2d 879, 882 (Minn.App.2009) (“A voluntary decision by a member of the public to avoid courtroom security procedures designed merely to record the identities of persons attending a hearing does not constitute a ‘closure’ for purposes of the Sixth Amendment right to a public trial.”). [¶ 31] Here, the policy of prohibiting spectator

2014See, e.g., id. at 153; Williams v. State, 690 N.E.2d 162, 168-69 (Ind.1997) (establishing that a Sixth Amendment violation occurred requires “some showing that the court, by order or otherwise, physically prevented the public from attending”); State v. Cross, 771 N.W.2d 879, 882 (Minn.App.2009) (“A voluntary decision by a member of the public to avoid courtroom security procedures designed merely to record the identities of persons attending a hearing does not constitute a ‘closure’ for purposes of the Sixth Amendment right to a public trial.”). [¶ 31] Here, the policy of prohibiting spectator

22
State v. Jewettgreen
vt · 1985 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023Hence, unless we specifically In his petitions, Winchester did not identify whether he was making a claim under the Maine or 4 United States Constitutions; nor did his counsel delineate between the two before the PCR court; nor did the PCR court delineate when ruling on the petitions. 10 indicate otherwise, we discuss federal precedent only to the extent that we find it persuasive. [¶13] Although Winchester’s failure to develop his speedy trial claim under the Maine Constitution at the trial level potentially foreclosed his ability to raise the claim on appeal, see State v. White, 2022 ME 54 ,

2023Hence, unless we specifically In his petitions, Winchester did not identify whether he was making a claim under the Maine or 4 United States Constitutions; nor did his counsel delineate between the two before the PCR court; nor did the PCR court delineate when ruling on the petitions. 10 indicate otherwise, we discuss federal precedent only to the extent that we find it persuasive. [¶13] Although Winchester’s failure to develop his speedy trial claim under the Maine Constitution at the trial level potentially foreclosed his ability to raise the claim on appeal, see State v. White, 2022 ME 54 ,

11
State v. Caouettegreen
me · 1982 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023We review whether Winchester had meritorious speedy trial claims under the Maine Constitution. [¶12] In his appeal of the PCR court’s denial of his petitions, Winchester’s claim rests solely on the Maine Constitution.4 See State v. Caouette, 446 A.2d 1120 , 1121 n.2 (Me. 1982) (“The Sixth Amendment claim was not pursued on appeal and we have no occasion to discuss it.”).

2023We review whether Winchester had meritorious speedy trial claims under the Maine Constitution. [¶12] In his appeal of the PCR court’s denial of his petitions, Winchester’s claim rests solely on the Maine Constitution.4 See State v. Caouette, 446 A.2d 1120 , 1121 n.2 (Me. 1982) (“The Sixth Amendment claim was not pursued on appeal and we have no occasion to discuss it.”).

11
cluster 748877green
ca2 · 1997 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016See, e.g., United States v. Laureano-Pérez, 797 F.3d 45, 76-78 (1st Cir.2015) (upholding a trial court's exclusion of a defendant’s wife from criminal trial proceedings because a witness had seen her “moving her lips at the witness with great distaste” (quotation marks omitted)); Bell v. Jarvis, 236 F.3d 149, 154, 167-75 (4th Cir.2000) (finding no Sixth Amendment violation when a trial court closed the courtroom while the minor victim testified during a criminal trial based on over fifty-eight counts of sexual misconduct committed by the defendant against that minor victim, who was also his st

11
Ernest Sutton Bell v. Mack Jarvis Robert Smithgreen
ca4 · 2000 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016See, e.g., United States v. Laureano-Pérez, 797 F.3d 45, 76-78 (1st Cir.2015) (upholding a trial court's exclusion of a defendant’s wife from criminal trial proceedings because a witness had seen her “moving her lips at the witness with great distaste” (quotation marks omitted)); Bell v. Jarvis, 236 F.3d 149, 154, 167-75 (4th Cir.2000) (finding no Sixth Amendment violation when a trial court closed the courtroom while the minor victim testified during a criminal trial based on over fifty-eight counts of sexual misconduct committed by the defendant against that minor victim, who was also his st

11
United States v. Laureano-Perezgreen
ca1 · 2015 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016See, e.g., United States v. Laureano-Pérez, 797 F.3d 45, 76-78 (1st Cir.2015) (upholding a trial court's exclusion of a defendant’s wife from criminal trial proceedings because a witness had seen her “moving her lips at the witness with great distaste” (quotation marks omitted)); Bell v. Jarvis, 236 F.3d 149, 154, 167-75 (4th Cir.2000) (finding no Sixth Amendment violation when a trial court closed the courtroom while the minor victim testified during a criminal trial based on over fifty-eight counts of sexual misconduct committed by the defendant against that minor victim, who was also his st

11
Crawford v. Washingtongreen
scotus · 2004 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015See Bullcoming, 131 S.Ct. at 2715 (“[T]he comparative reliability of an analyst’s testimonial. report drawn from machine-produced data does not overcome the Sixth Amendment bar.”); Crawford, 541 U.S. at 62 , 124 S.Ct. 1354 (“Dispensing with confrontation because testimony is obviously reliable is akin to dispensing with jury trial because a defendant is obviously guilty.

2015See Bullcoming, 131 S.Ct. at 2715 (“[T]he comparative reliability of an analyst’s testimonial. report drawn from machine-produced data does not overcome the Sixth Amendment bar.”); Crawford, 541 U.S. at 62 , 124 S.Ct. 1354 (“Dispensing with confrontation because testimony is obviously reliable is akin to dispensing with jury trial because a defendant is obviously guilty.

11
Bullcoming v. New Mexicogreen
scotus · 2011 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015See Bullcoming, 131 S. Ct. at 2715 (“[T]he comparative reliability of an analyst’s testimonial report drawn from machine-produced data does not overcome the Sixth Amendment bar.”); Crawford, 541 U.S. at 62 (“Dispensing with confrontation because testimony is obviously reliable is akin to dispensing with jury trial because a defendant is obviously guilty.

2015See Bullcoming, 131 S.Ct. at 2715 (“[T]he comparative reliability of an analyst’s testimonial. report drawn from machine-produced data does not overcome the Sixth Amendment bar.”); Crawford, 541 U.S. at 62 , 124 S.Ct. 1354 (“Dispensing with confrontation because testimony is obviously reliable is akin to dispensing with jury trial because a defendant is obviously guilty.

11
United States v. Workgreen
ca1 · 2005 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
1 sentence

2011See Work, 409 F.3d at 491 .

11
United States v. Bookergreen
scotus · 2004 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
2 sentences

2009Hutchinson contends that before a court can impose a basic sentence of life in prison, a jury must specifically find beyond a reasonable doubt that one or more of the Shortsleeves factors are present. [¶ 35] The Sixth Amendment is not violated by statutes that “permit judges genuinely to exercise broad discretion ... within a statutory range.” Cunningham v. California, 549 U.S. 270, 294 , 127 S.Ct. 856 , 166 L.Ed.2d 856 (2007) (quotation marks omitted); see also Libby, 2007 ME 80 , ¶ 6 n. 9, 926 A.2d at 726 (“[W]hen a trial judge exercises his discretion to select a specific sentence within a

2009Hutchinson contends that before a court can impose a basic sentence of life in prison, a jury must specifically find beyond a reasonable doubt that one or more of the Shortsleeves factors are present. [¶ 35] The Sixth Amendment is not violated by statutes that “permit judges genuinely to exercise broad discretion ... within a statutory range.” Cunningham v. California, 549 U.S. 270, 294 , 127 S.Ct. 856 , 166 L.Ed.2d 856 (2007) (quotation marks omitted); see also Libby, 2007 ME 80 , ¶ 6 n. 9, 926 A.2d at 726 (“[W]hen a trial judge exercises his discretion to select a specific sentence within a

11
Libby v. Stategreen
me · 2007 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
2 sentences

2009Noting that the Shortsleeves opinion states that “a life sentence may not be imposed unless there are aggravating circumstances,” id. at 150 , Hutchinson thus argues that his Sixth Amendment rights were violated because he was given the maximum sentence based on factual findings made by the court, applying the less demanding preponderance of the evidence standard, in accordance with the Short-sleeves criteria. 16 In Libby , in the face of a similar Sixth Amendment challenge, we upheld the imposition of a forty-year sentence for murder because it was well within the prescribed statutory range,

2009Noting that the Shortsleeves opinion states that “a life sentence may not be imposed unless there are aggravating circumstances,” id. at 150 , Hutchinson thus argues that his Sixth Amendment rights were violated because he was given the maximum sentence based on factual findings made by the court, applying the less demanding preponderance of the evidence standard, in accordance with the Short-sleeves criteria. 16 In Libby , in the face of a similar Sixth Amendment challenge, we upheld the imposition of a forty-year sentence for murder because it was well within the prescribed statutory range,

11
United States v. Osoriogreen
ctd · 1992 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
2 sentences

2009Osorio, 801 F.Supp. at 978 .

2009Id. at 978-79.

11
State v. Kirkpatrickgreen
wash · 2007 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008State v. Kirkpatrick, 160 Wash.2d 873 , 161 P.3d 990, 997-98 (2007).

2008State v. Kirkpatrick, 160 Wash.2d 873 , 161 P.3d 990, 997-98 (2007).

11
United States v. James Thomas McBridegreen
ca6 · 2004 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
1 sentence

2006Id. (citations and quotation marks omitted). [3] The federal courts of appeals "uniformly apply a de novo standard of review to a District Court's conclusion of law that a defendant has waived his right to counsel." United States v. McBride, 362 F.3d 360, 365 (6th Cir.2004).

11
Blakely v. Washingtongreen
scotus · 2004 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
Apprendi v. New Jerseygreen
scotus · 2000 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
State v. Truegreen
me · 1981 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Maine. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (23)

CaseCitedYears
Schad v. Arizona green
scotus · 1991
2 sentences

2020Although we have never addressed the issue, the United States Supreme Court has described the right to a particular “level of verdict specificity” as a “due process right [rather] than one under the Sixth Amendment.” Schad v. Arizona, 501 U.S. 624 , 634 n.5 (1991).

2020Although we have never addressed the issue, the United States Supreme Court has described the right to a particular “level of verdict specificity” as a “due process right [rather] than one under the Sixth Amendment.” Schad v. Arizona, 501 U.S. 624 , 634 n.5 (1991).

22020–2020
Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia green
scotus · 1980
2 sentences

2014The restriction was no broader than necessary to accomplish these purposes, see Maldonado, 2 N.E.3d at 154 , as evidenced by the fact that only one spectator was affected but was ultimately permitted to enter the courthouse after agreeing to turn his shirt inside out. 4 The screening procedure represented a reasonable exercise of the court’s ability to exert control over the courtroom, see Richmond Newspapers, Inc., 448 U.S. at 581 n. 18, 100 S.Ct. 2814 , especially in light of defense counsel’s knowledge of and agreement to the measures.

2014The restriction was no broader than necessary to accomplish these purposes, see Maldonado, 2 N.E.3d at 154 , as evidenced by the fact that only one spectator was affected but was ultimately permitted to enter the courthouse after agreeing to turn his shirt inside out. 4 The screening procedure represented a reasonable exercise of the court’s ability to exert control over the courtroom, see Richmond Newspapers, Inc., 448 U.S. at 581 n. 18, 100 S.Ct. 2814 , especially in light of defense counsel’s knowledge of and agreement to the measures.

22014–2014
State of Maine v. Jomo White green
me · 2022
2 sentences

2023Hence, unless we specifically In his petitions, Winchester did not identify whether he was making a claim under the Maine or 4 United States Constitutions; nor did his counsel delineate between the two before the PCR court; nor did the PCR court delineate when ruling on the petitions. 10 indicate otherwise, we discuss federal precedent only to the extent that we find it persuasive. [¶13] Although Winchester’s failure to develop his speedy trial claim under the Maine Constitution at the trial level potentially foreclosed his ability to raise the claim on appeal, see State v. White, 2022 ME 54 ,

2023Hence, unless we specifically In his petitions, Winchester did not identify whether he was making a claim under the Maine or 4 United States Constitutions; nor did his counsel delineate between the two before the PCR court; nor did the PCR court delineate when ruling on the petitions. 10 indicate otherwise, we discuss federal precedent only to the extent that we find it persuasive. [¶13] Although Winchester’s failure to develop his speedy trial claim under the Maine Constitution at the trial level potentially foreclosed his ability to raise the claim on appeal, see State v. White, 2022 ME 54 ,

12023–2023
Waller v. Georgia green
scotus · 1984
2 sentences

2016Although the United States Supreme Court has not yet opined on the standard to be used in evaluating a partial closure of the courtroom, most federal circuit courts have applied a less stringent standard to partial closures than the standard for complete closures announced by the United States Supreme Court in Waller v. Georgia, 467 U.S. 39, 48 , 104 S.Ct. 2210 , 81 L.Ed.2d 31 (1984).

2016Although the United States Supreme Court has not yet opined on the standard to be used in evaluating a partial closure of the courtroom, most federal circuit courts have applied a less stringent standard to partial closures than the standard for complete closures announced by the United States Supreme Court in Waller v. Georgia, 467 U.S. 39, 48 , 104 S.Ct. 2210 , 81 L.Ed.2d 31 (1984).

12016–2016
Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts green
scotus · 2009
2 sentences

2015This is not what the Sixth Amendment prescribes.”) (quoted by Melendez-Diaz, 557 U.S. at 317-18 , 129 S.Ct. 2527 ). [¶ 32] Nor am I persuaded by the suggestion that Intoxilyzer results must be characterized as beyond the reach of the Confrontation Clause simply because the instrument itself cannot be cross-examined.

2015This is not what the Sixth Amendment prescribes.”) (quoted by Melendez-Diaz, 557 U.S. at 317-18 , 129 S.Ct. 2527 ). [¶ 32] Nor am I persuaded by the suggestion that Intoxilyzer results must be characterized as beyond the reach of the Confrontation Clause simply because the instrument itself cannot be cross-examined.

12015–2015
Cunningham v. California green
scotus · 2007
2 sentences

2009Hutchinson contends that before a court can impose a basic sentence of life in prison, a jury must specifically find beyond a reasonable doubt that one or more of the Shortsleeves factors are present. [¶ 35] The Sixth Amendment is not violated by statutes that “permit judges genuinely to exercise broad discretion ... within a statutory range.” Cunningham v. California, 549 U.S. 270, 294 , 127 S.Ct. 856 , 166 L.Ed.2d 856 (2007) (quotation marks omitted); see also Libby, 2007 ME 80 , ¶ 6 n. 9, 926 A.2d at 726 (“[W]hen a trial judge exercises his discretion to select a specific sentence within a

2009Hutchinson contends that before a court can impose a basic sentence of life in prison, a jury must specifically find beyond a reasonable doubt that one or more of the Shortsleeves factors are present. [¶ 35] The Sixth Amendment is not violated by statutes that “permit judges genuinely to exercise broad discretion ... within a statutory range.” Cunningham v. California, 549 U.S. 270, 294 , 127 S.Ct. 856 , 166 L.Ed.2d 856 (2007) (quotation marks omitted); see also Libby, 2007 ME 80 , ¶ 6 n. 9, 926 A.2d at 726 (“[W]hen a trial judge exercises his discretion to select a specific sentence within a

12009–2009
State v. Shortsleeves green
me · 1990
2 sentences

2009Noting that the Shortsleeves opinion states that “a life sentence may not be imposed unless there are aggravating circumstances,” id. at 150 , Hutchinson thus argues that his Sixth Amendment rights were violated because he was given the maximum sentence based on factual findings made by the court, applying the less demanding preponderance of the evidence standard, in accordance with the Short-sleeves criteria. 16 In Libby , in the face of a similar Sixth Amendment challenge, we upheld the imposition of a forty-year sentence for murder because it was well within the prescribed statutory range,

2009Noting that the Shortsleeves opinion states that “a life sentence may not be imposed unless there are aggravating circumstances,” id. at 150 , Hutchinson thus argues that his Sixth Amendment rights were violated because he was given the maximum sentence based on factual findings made by the court, applying the less demanding preponderance of the evidence standard, in accordance with the Short-sleeves criteria. 16 In Libby , in the face of a similar Sixth Amendment challenge, we upheld the imposition of a forty-year sentence for murder because it was well within the prescribed statutory range,

12009–2009
United States v. Mario Biaggi, Stanley Simon, Richard Biaggi, Peter Neglia, John Mariotta, and Bernard Ehrlich green
ca2 · 1990
1 sentence

2009In Osorio , *236 the court acknowledged that, applying the absolute numbers test, the result was, under Second Circuit precedent, citing United States v. Biaggi, 909 F.2d 662 (2d Cir.1990), insignificant, indicating no Sixth Amendment violation.

12009–2009
State v. Kirkpatrick green
wash · 2007
2 sentences

2008State v. Kirkpatrick, 160 Wash.2d 873 , 161 P.3d 990, 997-98 (2007).

2008State v. Kirkpatrick, 160 Wash.2d 873 , 161 P.3d 990, 997-98 (2007).

12008–2008
State v. Kronich green
wash · 2007
2 sentences

2008Id. at 987 . [¶ 17] In a separate opinion issued on the same day, the Washington Supreme Court applied similar reasoning to reject a Sixth Amendment challenge to the admission of a certified letter verifying that a defendant did not have a valid license to operate a motor vehicle within the state.

2008Id. at 987 . [¶ 17] In a separate opinion issued on the same day, the Washington Supreme Court applied similar reasoning to reject a Sixth Amendment challenge to the admission of a certified letter verifying that a defendant did not have a valid license to operate a motor vehicle within the state.

12008–2008
United States v. Cronic green
scotus · 1984
2 sentences

2006"Thus, only when surrounding circumstances justify a presumption of ineffectiveness can a Sixth Amendment claim be sufficient without inquiry into counsel’s actual performance at trial.” Id. at 662 , 104 S.Ct. 2039 .

2006"Thus, only when surrounding circumstances justify a presumption of ineffectiveness can a Sixth Amendment claim be sufficient without inquiry into counsel’s actual performance at trial.” Id. at 662 , 104 S.Ct. 2039 .

12006–2006
Patterson v. Illinois green
scotus · 1988
2 sentences

2006Id. (citations and quotation marks omitted). [3] The federal courts of appeals "uniformly apply a de novo standard of review to a District Court's conclusion of law that a defendant has waived his right to counsel." United States v. McBride, 362 F.3d 360, 365 (6th Cir.2004).

2006Id. (citations and quotation marks omitted). .

12006–2006
Snyder v. Massachusetts green
scotus · 1934
11998–1998
Michigan v. Harvey green
scotus · 1990
11997–1997
Walder v. United States green
scotus · 1954
11997–1997
Harris v. New York green
scotus · 1971
11997–1997
State v. Clark green
me · 1984
11997–1997
Parker v. Randolph red
scotus · 1979
11981–1981
State v. Carlson green
me · 1973
11978–1978
Davis v. Alaska green
scotus · 1974
11977–1977
Klopfer v. North Carolina green
scotus · 1967
11974–1974
Gilbert v. California green
scotus · 1967
11973–1973
United States v. Wade green
scotus · 1967
11973–1973

Statutes the citing opinions construe

ME § Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 17-A, § 255-A (4) ME § Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 29-A, § 2411 (4) ME § Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 17-A, § 1252 (3) ME § Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 17-A, § 1252-C (3) ME § Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 17-A, § 253 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 476 (1968–2026) TX 433 (1980–2026) OH 199 (1977–2026) WA 155 (1975–2026) PA 149 (1971–2026) MI 147 (1976–2025) GA 138 (1979–2026) TN 131 (1981–2026) IL 115 (1975–2026) IN 108 (1978–2026) AZ 99 (1971–2026) DC 98 (1978–2026) FL 89 (1982–2026) IA 76 (1980–2025) NJ 71 (1977–2025) MD 65 (1971–2026) NC 65 (1980–2025) DE 64 (1976–2026) OR 61 (1974–2026) AL 59 (1981–2024) CO 51 (1981–2025) WI 51 (1980–2025) VA 51 (1983–2026) CT 49 (1982–2026) MA 46 (1974–2025) MO 46 (1973–2025) KS 45 (1990–2026) NY 44 (1972–2026) MS 44 (1982–2020) LA 38 (1983–2025) MN 36 (1984–2026) NM 36 (1982–2025) UT 36 (1983–2026) OK 29 (1977–2022) ID 29 (1979–2026) KY 24 (1972–2026) ME 22 (1973–2023) MT 20 (1975–2026) WV 18 (1981–2024) RI 18 (1979–2018) NE 18 (1982–2022) SD 15 (1969–2026) HI 15 (1981–2024) NV 14 (1982–2023) AR 13 (1988–2026) WY 13 (1983–2025) SC 12 (1975–2019) AK 10 (1979–2024) ND 10 (2003–2021) VT 10 (1979–2024) VI 7 (2002–2026) GU 4 (1978–2025) NH 2 (1991–2012)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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