Sixth Amendment violation (Kansas) · Go Syfert
← Kansas issues

Sixth Amendment violation in Kansas

45 Kansas opinions name it 2 courts 1990–2026 13 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Kansas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (21)

CaseFollowedCited
Mickens v. Taylorgreen
scotus · 2002 · cited in 4 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2024
2 sentences

2012Consequently, we will discuss Mickens and Jenkins, reconcile them, and apply that reconciliation to the facts'of this case'. ' Mickens v. Taylor In Mickens , the United States Supreme Court answered the question of “what a defendant must show in order to demonstrate a Sixth Amendment violation where die trial court fails to inquire into a potential conflict of interest about which it knew or reasonably should have known.” Mickens, 535 U.S. at 164 .

2012Consequently, we will discuss Mickens and Jenkins, reconcile them, and apply that reconciliation to the facts'of this case'. ' Mickens v. Taylor In Mickens , the United States Supreme Court answered the question of “what a defendant must show in order to demonstrate a Sixth Amendment violation where die trial court fails to inquire into a potential conflict of interest about which it knew or reasonably should have known.” Mickens, 535 U.S. at 164 .

34
Strickland v. Washingtongreen
scotus · 1984 · cited in 4 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2019
2 sentences

2012Regarding tire first category of an attorney’s deficient performance, the Mickens Court explained that the test for establishing a Sixth Amendment violation was defined in Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687 .

2012Regarding tire first category of an attorney’s deficient performance, the Mickens Court explained that the test for establishing a Sixth Amendment violation was defined in Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687 .

14
State v. Trassgreen
kan · 2024 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
2 sentences

2026See, e.g., State v. Trass, 319 Kan. 525 , 526, 556 P.3d 476 (2024); State v. Ford, 316 Kan. 558 , 558-59, 519 P.3d 456 (2022); State v. Jenkins, 308 Kan. 545 , 553, 558-63, 422 P.3d 72 (2018); Ford, 302 Kan. at 461 (failure to conduct competency hearing is a due process violation); State v. Murray, 302 Kan. 478, 484-90 , 353 P.3d 1158 (2015).

2026See, e.g., State v. Trass, 319 Kan. 525 , 526, 556 P.3d 476 (2024); State v. Ford, 316 Kan. 558 , 558-59, 519 P.3d 456 (2022); State v. Jenkins, 308 Kan. 545 , 553, 558-63, 422 P.3d 72 (2018); Ford, 302 Kan. at 461 (failure to conduct competency hearing is a due process violation); State v. Murray, 302 Kan. 478, 484-90 , 353 P.3d 1158 (2015).

11
State v. Fordgreen
kan · 2015 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
2 sentences

2026See, e.g., State v. Trass, 319 Kan. 525 , 526, 556 P.3d 476 (2024); State v. Ford, 316 Kan. 558 , 558-59, 519 P.3d 456 (2022); State v. Jenkins, 308 Kan. 545 , 553, 558-63, 422 P.3d 72 (2018); Ford, 302 Kan. at 461 (failure to conduct competency hearing is a due process violation); State v. Murray, 302 Kan. 478, 484-90 , 353 P.3d 1158 (2015).

2026See, e.g., State v. Trass, 319 Kan. 525 , 526, 556 P.3d 476 (2024); State v. Ford, 316 Kan. 558 , 558-59, 519 P.3d 456 (2022); State v. Jenkins, 308 Kan. 545 , 553, 558-63, 422 P.3d 72 (2018); Ford, 302 Kan. at 461 (failure to conduct competency hearing is a due process violation); State v. Murray, 302 Kan. 478, 484-90 , 353 P.3d 1158 (2015).

11
State v. Jonesgreen
kan · 2010 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023See State v. Jones, 290 Kan. 373, 376 , 228 P.3d 394 (2010).

2023See State v. Jones, 290 Kan. 373, 376 , 228 P.3d 394 (2010).

11
Weatherford v. Burseygreen
scotus · 1977 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023Weatherford v. Bursey, 429 U.S. 545, 550-58 , 97 S. Ct. 837 , 51 L.

2023Weatherford v. Bursey, 429 U.S. 545, 550-58 , 97 S. Ct. 837 , 51 L.

11
Hawkins v. Hannigangreen
ca10 · 1999 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022Under federal law, a district court need not directly question the defendant about a factual stipulation and the court may accept it "so long as the defendant does not dissent from his attorney's decision." Hawkins v. Hannigan, 185 F.3d 1146, 1155 (10th Cir. 1999) (upholding evidentiary stipulation against Sixth Amendment challenge because no evidence showed that the defendant disagreed with or objected to his counsel's decision); cf. United States v. Herndon, 982 F.2d 1411, 1418 (10th Cir. 1992) (advising but not requiring a district 36 court to address defendant directly to ensure that the "

11
United States v. Edward Avery Herndongreen
ca10 · 1992 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022Under federal law, a district court need not directly question the defendant about a factual stipulation and the court may accept it "so long as the defendant does not dissent from his attorney's decision." Hawkins v. Hannigan, 185 F.3d 1146, 1155 (10th Cir. 1999) (upholding evidentiary stipulation against Sixth Amendment challenge because no evidence showed that the defendant disagreed with or objected to his counsel's decision); cf. United States v. Herndon, 982 F.2d 1411, 1418 (10th Cir. 1992) (advising but not requiring a district 36 court to address defendant directly to ensure that the "

11
Edward J. Zakrzewski v. James McDonoughgreen
ca11 · 2006 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
2 sentences

2021United States v. Ratliff, 719 F.3d 422, 423 (5th Cir. 2013); Zakrzewski v. McDonough, 455 F.3d 1254, 1260 (11th Cir. 2006).

2021United States v. Ratliff, 719 F.3d 422, 423 (5th Cir. 2013); Zakrzewski v. McDonough, 455 F.3d 1254, 1260 (11th Cir. 2006).

11
United States v. Debra Ratliffgreen
ca5 · 2013 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
2 sentences

2021United States v. Ratliff, 719 F.3d 422, 423 (5th Cir. 2013); Zakrzewski v. McDonough, 455 F.3d 1254, 1260 (11th Cir. 2006).

2021United States v. Ratliff, 719 F.3d 422, 423 (5th Cir. 2013); Zakrzewski v. McDonough, 455 F.3d 1254, 1260 (11th Cir. 2006).

11
Morris v. Slappygreen
scotus · 1983 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020See Morris v. Slappy, 461 U.S. 1, 11 , 103 S. Ct. 1610 , 75 L.

2020See Morris v. Slappy, 461 U.S. 1, 11 , 103 S. Ct. 1610 , 75 L.

11
Richard K. Wells, K-2894 v. George Petsock, Superintendentgreen
ca3 · 1991 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016See, e.g., United States v. Harmon, 721 F.3d 877, 884-885 (7th Cir. 2013) (holding 30-day continuance to investigate defendant's postarrest conduct as evidence of consciousness of guilt a valid reason for delay); Hakeem v. Beyer, 990 F.2d 750, 766 (3rd Cir. 1993) ("[D]elays attributable to the dilatory actions of the defendant cut against a finding of a Sixth Amendment violation."); Wells v. Petsock, 941 F.2d 253, 258 (3rd Cir. 1991) ("When the reason for the delay originates with the defendant or his counsel, such delay will not be considered for purposes of determining whether the defendant'

2016See, e.g., United States v. Harmon, 721 F.3d 877, 884-885 (7th Cir. 2013) (holding 30-day continuance to investigate defendant's postarrest conduct as evidence of consciousness of guilt a valid reason for delay); Hakeem v. Beyer, 990 F.2d 750, 766 (3rd Cir. 1993) ("[D]elays attributable to the dilatory actions of the defendant cut against a finding of a Sixth Amendment violation."); Wells v. Petsock, 941 F.2d 253, 258 (3rd Cir. 1991) ("When the reason for the delay originates with the defendant or his counsel, such delay will not be considered for purposes of determining whether the defendant'

11
Hakeem v. Beyergreen
ca3 · 1993 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016See, e.g., United States v. Harmon, 721 F.3d 877, 884-885 (7th Cir. 2013) (holding 30-day continuance to investigate defendant's postarrest conduct as evidence of consciousness of guilt a valid reason for delay); Hakeem v. Beyer, 990 F.2d 750, 766 (3rd Cir. 1993) ("[D]elays attributable to the dilatory actions of the defendant cut against a finding of a Sixth Amendment violation."); Wells v. Petsock, 941 F.2d 253, 258 (3rd Cir. 1991) ("When the reason for the delay originates with the defendant or his counsel, such delay will not be considered for purposes of determining whether the defendant'

2016See, e.g., United States v. Harmon, 721 F.3d 877, 884-885 (7th Cir. 2013) (holding 30-day continuance to investigate defendant's postarrest conduct as evidence of consciousness of guilt a valid reason for delay); Hakeem v. Beyer, 990 F.2d 750, 766 (3rd Cir. 1993) ("[D]elays attributable to the dilatory actions of the defendant cut against a finding of a Sixth Amendment violation."); Wells v. Petsock, 941 F.2d 253, 258 (3rd Cir. 1991) ("When the reason for the delay originates with the defendant or his counsel, such delay will not be considered for purposes of determining whether the defendant'

11
United States v. Danny Harmongreen
ca7 · 2013 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016See, e.g., United States v. Harmon, 721 F.3d 877, 884-885 (7th Cir. 2013) (holding 30-day continuance to investigate defendant's postarrest conduct as evidence of consciousness of guilt a valid reason for delay); Hakeem v. Beyer, 990 F.2d 750, 766 (3rd Cir. 1993) ("[D]elays attributable to the dilatory actions of the defendant cut against a finding of a Sixth Amendment violation."); Wells v. Petsock, 941 F.2d 253, 258 (3rd Cir. 1991) ("When the reason for the delay originates with the defendant or his counsel, such delay will not be considered for purposes of determining whether the defendant'

2016See, e.g., United States v. Harmon, 721 F.3d 877, 884-885 (7th Cir. 2013) (holding 30-day continuance to investigate defendant's postarrest conduct as evidence of consciousness of guilt a valid reason for delay); Hakeem v. Beyer, 990 F.2d 750, 766 (3rd Cir. 1993) ("[D]elays attributable to the dilatory actions of the defendant cut against a finding of a Sixth Amendment violation."); Wells v. Petsock, 941 F.2d 253, 258 (3rd Cir. 1991) ("When the reason for the delay originates with the defendant or his counsel, such delay will not be considered for purposes of determining whether the defendant'

11
State v. Hayesgreen
kan · 2014 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
United States v. Crespo-Riosgreen
ca1 · 2011 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
Neder v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1999 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
State v. Gleasongreen
kan · 2004 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
State v. Dixongreen
kan · 2005 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
United States v. Cronicgreen
scotus · 1984 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
Massiah v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1964 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (1)

CaseNegativeCited
Samuel Howard Peeler and Dennis Alan Peeler v. Donald Wyrick, Warden and Attorney General, State of Missourigreen
ca8 · 1984 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
11

Also cited on this issue (41)

CaseCitedYears
State v. Galaviz green
kan · 2012
2 sentences

2023"The Sixth Amendment right to counsel attaches on the filing of formal charges or following arraignment when a person is arrested pursuant to a warrant." State v. Galaviz, 296 Kan. 168, 174 , 291 P.3d 62 (2012).

2023"The Sixth Amendment right to counsel attaches on the filing of formal charges or following arraignment when a person is arrested pursuant to a warrant." State v. Galaviz, 296 Kan. 168, 174 , 291 P.3d 62 (2012).

32014–2023
Apprendi v. New Jersey green
scotus · 2000
2 sentences

2022Sixth Amendment claim Craige's argument under the federal Constitution is likewise meritless as our Kansas Supreme Court has held that restitution does not implicate a defendant's Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial as contemplated by Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 , 120 S. Ct. 2348 , 147 L.

2022Sixth Amendment claim Craige's argument under the federal Constitution is likewise meritless as our Kansas Supreme Court has held that restitution does not implicate a defendant's Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial as contemplated by Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 , 120 S. Ct. 2348 , 147 L.

32010–2022
Doggett v. United States green
scotus · 1992
2 sentences

2022Although that sort of latent prejudice "cannot alone carry a Sixth Amendment claim without regard to the other Barker criteria, . . . it is 19 part of the mix of relevant facts." 505 U.S. at 655-56 .

2022Although that sort of latent prejudice "cannot alone carry a Sixth Amendment claim without regard to the other Barker criteria, . . . it is 19 part of the mix of relevant facts." 505 U.S. at 655-56 .

21993–2022
James Riddick v. Robert Edmiston, Superintendent of Southern State Correctional, and the Attorney General of the State of New Jersey green
ca3 · 1990
2 sentences

1994The court in Riddick rejected the reasoning of Mohabir and Carney , observing that the United States Supreme Court had concluded in Patterson that there is no analytical distinction between the validity of a Fifth Amendment waiver and a Sixth Amendment waiver. 894 F.2d at 587-88 .

1991The court in Riddick rejected the reasoning of Mohabir and Carvey , observing that the United States Supreme Court had concluded in Patterson that there is no analytical distinction between the validity of a Fifth Amendment waiver and a Sixth Amendment waiver. 894 F.2d at 587-88 .

21991–1994
Holland v. Illinois green
scotus · 1990
2 sentences

1990In his brief to this court, defendant noted that the identical issue was pending before the United States Supreme Court in Holland v. Illinois, 493 U.S. _ , 107 L.

1990In his brief to this court, defendant noted that the identical issue was pending before the United States Supreme Court in Holland v. Illinois, 493 U.S. _ , 107 L.

21990–1990
State v. Jenkins green
kan · 2018
2 sentences

2026See, e.g., State v. Trass, 319 Kan. 525 , 526, 556 P.3d 476 (2024); State v. Ford, 316 Kan. 558 , 558-59, 519 P.3d 456 (2022); State v. Jenkins, 308 Kan. 545 , 553, 558-63, 422 P.3d 72 (2018); Ford, 302 Kan. at 461 (failure to conduct competency hearing is a due process violation); State v. Murray, 302 Kan. 478, 484-90 , 353 P.3d 1158 (2015).

2026See, e.g., State v. Trass, 319 Kan. 525 , 526, 556 P.3d 476 (2024); State v. Ford, 316 Kan. 558 , 558-59, 519 P.3d 456 (2022); State v. Jenkins, 308 Kan. 545 , 553, 558-63, 422 P.3d 72 (2018); Ford, 302 Kan. at 461 (failure to conduct competency hearing is a due process violation); State v. Murray, 302 Kan. 478, 484-90 , 353 P.3d 1158 (2015).

12026–2026
State v. Murray green
kan · 2015
2 sentences

2026See, e.g., State v. Trass, 319 Kan. 525 , 526, 556 P.3d 476 (2024); State v. Ford, 316 Kan. 558 , 558-59, 519 P.3d 456 (2022); State v. Jenkins, 308 Kan. 545 , 553, 558-63, 422 P.3d 72 (2018); Ford, 302 Kan. at 461 (failure to conduct competency hearing is a due process violation); State v. Murray, 302 Kan. 478, 484-90 , 353 P.3d 1158 (2015).

2026See, e.g., State v. Trass, 319 Kan. 525 , 526, 556 P.3d 476 (2024); State v. Ford, 316 Kan. 558 , 558-59, 519 P.3d 456 (2022); State v. Jenkins, 308 Kan. 545 , 553, 558-63, 422 P.3d 72 (2018); Ford, 302 Kan. at 461 (failure to conduct competency hearing is a due process violation); State v. Murray, 302 Kan. 478, 484-90 , 353 P.3d 1158 (2015).

12026–2026
Libretti v. United States green
scotus · 1995
2 sentences

2024Ed. 2d 488 (1993), we concluded that even the in rem civil forfeiture authorized by 21 U.S.C. §§ 881 (a)(4) and (a)(7) is punitive in nature, so that forfeiture imposed under those subsections is subject to the limitations of the Eighth Amendment's Excessive Fines Clause. 509 U.S., at 619-622, 113 S. Ct., at 2810-2812." Libretti, 516 U.S. at 39-40 . 8 The Court recognized its prior holding in which it stated "'forfeiture is a substantive charge in the indictment against a defendant'" but clarified that statement "intended only to suggest that a defendant cannot escape an otherwise appropriate

2024Ed. 2d 488 (1993), we concluded that even the in rem civil forfeiture authorized by 21 U.S.C. §§ 881 (a)(4) and (a)(7) is punitive in nature, so that forfeiture imposed under those subsections is subject to the limitations of the Eighth Amendment's Excessive Fines Clause. 509 U.S., at 619-622, 113 S. Ct., at 2810-2812." Libretti, 516 U.S. at 39-40 . 8 The Court recognized its prior holding in which it stated "'forfeiture is a substantive charge in the indictment against a defendant'" but clarified that statement "intended only to suggest that a defendant cannot escape an otherwise appropriate

12024–2024
State v. Prado green
kan · 2014
2 sentences

2024"A conflict of interest (or the lack of one) exists independent of the district court's inquiry, and the lack of an inquiry does not, in itself, work a Sixth Amendment violation." State v. Prado, 299 Kan. 1251, 1264 , 329 P.3d 473 (2014) (Biles, J., dissenting).

2024"A conflict of interest (or the lack of one) exists independent of the district court's inquiry, and the lack of an inquiry does not, in itself, work a Sixth Amendment violation." State v. Prado, 299 Kan. 1251, 1264 , 329 P.3d 473 (2014) (Biles, J., dissenting).

12024–2024
Geders v. United States green
scotus · 1976
2 sentences

2023Blackmon supports his argument by citing to Geders v. United States, 425 U.S. 80 , 96 S. Ct. 1330 , 47 L.

2023Blackmon supports his argument by citing to Geders v. United States, 425 U.S. 80 , 96 S. Ct. 1330 , 47 L.

12023–2023
State v. Aguilar green
kan · 2010
2 sentences

2023Aguilar, 290 Kan. at 512-513 .

2023Aguilar, 290 Kan. at 512-513 .

12023–2023
Bell v. Cone green
scotus · 2002
2 sentences

2022Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 695-96 , 122 S. Ct. 1843 , 152 L.

2022Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 695-96 , 122 S. Ct. 1843 , 152 L.

12022–2022
State v. Calderon green
kan · 1983
2 sentences

2020Calderon, 233 Kan. at 95-96 .

2020Calderon, 233 Kan. at 95-96 .

12020–2020
Barker v. Wingo green
scotus · 1972
2 sentences

2020In particular, he thoroughly briefed the four constitutional speedy trial factors enunciated in Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530 , 92 S. Ct. 2182 , 33 L.

2020In particular, he thoroughly briefed the four constitutional speedy trial factors enunciated in Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530 , 92 S. Ct. 2182 , 33 L.

12020–2020
Fuller v. State green
kan · 2015
2 sentences

2017It] also [includes] the effective assistance of counsel. [Citations omitted.] We have acknowledged that "[t]he purpose of the effective assistance guarantee 'is simply to ensure that criminal defendants receive a fair trial.'"'" Fuller v. State, 303 Kan. 478, 486 , 363 P.3d 373 (2015) (quoting State v. Galaviz, 296 Kan. 168, 174 , 291 P.3d 62 [2012] [quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689 ]).

2017It] also [includes] the effective assistance of counsel. [Citations omitted.] We have acknowledged that "[t]he purpose of the effective assistance guarantee 'is simply to ensure that criminal defendants receive a fair trial.'"'" Fuller v. State, 303 Kan. 478, 486 , 363 P.3d 373 (2015) (quoting State v. Galaviz, 296 Kan. 168, 174 , 291 P.3d 62 [2012] [quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689 ]).

12017–2017
Rowland v. State green
kan · 2009
2 sentences

2017Bogguess cites Rowland v. State, 289 Kan. 1076 , 219 P.3d 1212 (2009), in support of his claims.

2017Bogguess cites Rowland v. State, 289 Kan. 1076 , 219 P.3d 1212 (2009), in support of his claims.

12017–2017
State v. DeAnda neutral
kan · 2014
12014–2014
State v. Lloyd green
kan · 2014
12014–2014
State v. Astorga green
kan · 2014
12014–2014
State v. Hilt green
kan · 2014
12014–2014
Michigan v. Jackson red
scotus · 1986
12013–2013
Montejo v. Louisiana green
scotus · 2009
12013–2013
State v. Ingram green
kan · 2005
12013–2013
State v. Johnson green
kanctapp · 2011
12013–2013
Sullivan v. Louisiana green
scotus · 1993
12013–2013
Blakely v. Washington green
scotus · 2004
12010–2010
Washington v. Recuenco green
scotus · 2006
12010–2010
State v. Harned green
kan · 2006
12010–2010
Alabama v. Shelton green
scotus · 2002
12009–2009
Michigan v. Harvey green
scotus · 1990
12008–2008
United States v. Langer green
afcca · 1995
12008–2008
Kuhlmann v. Wilson green
scotus · 1986
12008–2008
United States v. Henry green
scotus · 1980
12008–2008
State v. Hoeck green
kan · 2007
12008–2008
United States v. George Gordon Liddy, A/K/A George F. Leonard green
cadc · 1974
12005–2005
State v. Coleman green
kanctapp · 2002
12003–2003
State v. Jenkins green
kan · 1995
12002–2002
Hawkins v. Comparet-Cassani green
ca9 · 2001
12002–2002
MacKey v. United States green
scotus · 1971
12001–2001
Taylor v. Louisiana green
scotus · 1975
12001–2001

Statutes the citing opinions construe

KS § K.S.A. § 60-1507 (8) KS § K.S.A. § 60-404 (6) KS § K.S.A. § 22-3601 (5) KS § K.S.A. § 60-455 (5) KS § K.S.A. § 20-2616 (4) KS § K.S.A. § 20-3018 (4) KS § K.S.A. § 21-3401 (4) KS § K.S.A. § 21-3502 (4) KS § K.S.A. § 21-3506 (4) KS § K.S.A. § 22-3717 (4) KS § K.S.A. § 60-456 (4) KS § K.S.A. § 20-3002 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 476 (1968–2026) TX 433 (1980–2026) OH 199 (1977–2026) WA 155 (1975–2026) PA 149 (1971–2026) MI 147 (1976–2025) GA 138 (1979–2026) TN 131 (1981–2026) IL 115 (1975–2026) IN 108 (1978–2026) AZ 99 (1971–2026) DC 98 (1978–2026) FL 89 (1982–2026) IA 76 (1980–2025) NJ 71 (1977–2025) MD 65 (1971–2026) NC 65 (1980–2025) DE 64 (1976–2026) OR 61 (1974–2026) AL 59 (1981–2024) CO 51 (1981–2025) WI 51 (1980–2025) VA 51 (1983–2026) CT 49 (1982–2026) MA 46 (1974–2025) MO 46 (1973–2025) KS 45 (1990–2026) NY 44 (1972–2026) MS 44 (1982–2020) LA 38 (1983–2025) MN 36 (1984–2026) NM 36 (1982–2025) UT 36 (1983–2026) OK 29 (1977–2022) ID 29 (1979–2026) KY 24 (1972–2026) ME 22 (1973–2023) MT 20 (1975–2026) WV 18 (1981–2024) RI 18 (1979–2018) NE 18 (1982–2022) SD 15 (1969–2026) HI 15 (1981–2024) NV 14 (1982–2023) AR 13 (1988–2026) WY 13 (1983–2025) SC 12 (1975–2019) AK 10 (1979–2024) ND 10 (2003–2021) VT 10 (1979–2024) VI 7 (2002–2026) GU 4 (1978–2025) NH 2 (1991–2012)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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