vagueness challenge (Michigan) · Go Syfert
← Michigan issues

vagueness challenge in Michigan

70 Michigan opinions name it 2 courts 1906–2026 13 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Michigan courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (18)

CaseFollowedCited
People v. Howellgreen
mich · 1976 · cited in 7 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1976–2003
2 sentences

2003Moreover, “[vjagueness challenges that do not implicate First Amendment freedoms are examined in light of the facts of each particular case.” People v Lino, 447 Mich 567, 575 ; 527 NW2d 434 (1994); Howell, supra at 21 ; see also People v Rogers, 249 Mich App 77, 95 ; 641 NW2d 595 (2001), and People v Cavaiani, 172 Mich App 706, 714 ; 432 NW2d 409 (1988) (“A defendant has standing to raise a vagueness challenge to a statute only if the statute is vague as applied to his conduct.”).

2003In light of our conclusion above that the specific facts of the instant case clearly and unequivocally supported a finding of sexual harassment, the relevant provisions of the Civil Rights Act were not vague, in terms of the first two *626 Howell grounds, as applied to defendants’ conduct. 10 See, generally, Howell, supra at 21 , and Cavaiani, supra at 714 .

47
Kolender v. Lawsongreen
scotus · 1983 · cited in 8 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1990–2021
2 sentences

2021A vague law impermissibly delegates basic policy matters to policemen, judges, and juries for resolution on an ad hoc and subjective basis, with the attendant dangers of arbitrary and discriminatory application. [Id. at 108-109 (citations omitted).] And, in Kolender v Lawson, 461 US 352, 357 ; 103 S Ct 1855 ; 75 L Ed 2d 903 (1983), the Court said that it had recently recognized, in the context of a penal statute, that “the more important aspect of the vagueness doctrine ‘is not actual notice, but the other principal element of the doctrine—the requirement that a legislature establish minimal g

2021A vague law impermissibly delegates basic policy matters to policemen, judges, and juries for resolution on an ad hoc and subjective basis, with the attendant dangers of arbitrary and discriminatory application. [Id. at 108-109 (citations omitted).] And, in Kolender v Lawson, 461 US 352, 357 ; 103 S Ct 1855 ; 75 L Ed 2d 903 (1983), the Court said that it had recently recognized, in the context of a penal statute, that “the more important aspect of the vagueness doctrine ‘is not actual notice, but the other principal element of the doctrine—the requirement that a legislature establish minimal g

28
Plymouth Charter Township v. Hancockgreen
michctapp · 1999 · cited in 3 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2002–2024
2 sentences

2024Accordingly, a statute may be considered unconstitutionally vague if it “fail[s] to provide fair notice of the conduct proscribed” or “encourage[s] arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement.” People v Harris, 495 Mich 120, 133, 135 ; 845 NW2d 477 (2014); see also Plymouth Twp v Hancock, 236 Mich App 197, 200 ; 600 NW2d 380 (1999).

2002Reversed. 1 The circuit court stated that it was addressing the “vagueness or over-breadth question,” but the analysis that followed addressed only the vagueness claim. 2 In Plymouth Charter Twp, supra at 198, a constitutional challenge was made to a township ordinance that provided as follows: It shall be unlawful for a person to disturb the public peace and quiet by shouting, whistling, loud, boisterous, or vulgar conduct, the playing of musical instruments, phonographs, radios, televisions, tapeplayers or any other means of amplification at any time or place so as to unreasonably annoy or d

23
Allison v. City of Southfieldgreen
michctapp · 1988 · cited in 2 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2018–2026
2 sentences

2026See Allison v Southfield, 172 Mich App 592, 596 ; 432 NW2d 369 (1988) (“Even if one of the evils sought to be prevented by the vagueness doctrine is the vesting of unstructured discretion and the resultant arbitrary and [discriminatory] enforcement of the law, the doctrine is not triggered unless the wording of the promulgation is itself vague.”) (citation omitted). 6.

2026See Allison v Southfield, 172 Mich App 592, 596 ; 432 NW2d 369 (1988) (“Even if one of the evils sought to be prevented by the vagueness doctrine is the vesting of unstructured discretion and the resultant arbitrary and [discriminatory] enforcement of the law, the doctrine is not triggered unless the wording of the promulgation is itself vague.”) (citation omitted). 6.

22
People v. Downesgreen
mich · 1975 · cited in 2 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1977–1981
2 sentences

1981People v Howell, 396 Mich 16, 20 ; 238 NW2d 148, 149 (1976), accord People v Downes, 394 Mich 17, 23-24 ; 228 NW2d 212, 215-216 (1975).

1981People v Howell, 396 Mich 16, 20 ; 238 NW2d 148, 149 (1976), accord People v Downes, 394 Mich 17, 23-24 ; 228 NW2d 212, 215-216 (1975).

22
People v. Hrlicgreen
michctapp · 2008 · cited in 6 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2014–2025
2 sentences

2025“To evaluate a vagueness challenge, this Court must examine the entire text of the statute and give the words of the statute their ordinary meanings.” People v Hrlic, 277 Mich App 260, 263 ; 744 NW2d 221 (2007).

2025“To evaluate a vagueness challenge, this Court must examine the entire text of the statute and give the words of the statute their ordinary meanings.” People v Hrlic, 277 Mich App 260, 263 ; 744 NW2d 221 (2007).

16
People v. Linogreen
mich · 1994 · cited in 4 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2002–2020
2 sentences

2020In People v Lino, 447 Mich 567 , 575 n 2; 527 NW2d 434 (1994), our Supreme Court noted that a constitutional challenge based on vagueness “is brought under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.” The Lino Court, explaining the vagueness doctrine, stated that “[i]n order to pass constitutional muster, a penal statute must define the criminal offense ‘with sufficient definiteness that ordinary people can understand what conduct is prohibited and in a manner that does not encourage arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement.’ ” Id. at 575 , quoting Kol

2020In People v Lino, 447 Mich 567 , 575 n 2; 527 NW2d 434 (1994), our Supreme Court noted that a constitutional challenge based on vagueness “is brought under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.” The Lino Court, explaining the vagueness doctrine, stated that “[i]n order to pass constitutional muster, a penal statute must define the criminal offense ‘with sufficient definiteness that ordinary people can understand what conduct is prohibited and in a manner that does not encourage arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement.’ ” Id. at 575 , quoting Kol

14
People v. Cavaianigreen
michctapp · 1988 · cited in 4 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1989–2003
2 sentences

2003Moreover, “[vjagueness challenges that do not implicate First Amendment freedoms are examined in light of the facts of each particular case.” People v Lino, 447 Mich 567, 575 ; 527 NW2d 434 (1994); Howell, supra at 21 ; see also People v Rogers, 249 Mich App 77, 95 ; 641 NW2d 595 (2001), and People v Cavaiani, 172 Mich App 706, 714 ; 432 NW2d 409 (1988) (“A defendant has standing to raise a vagueness challenge to a statute only if the statute is vague as applied to his conduct.”).

2003Moreover, “[vjagueness challenges that do not implicate First Amendment freedoms are examined in light of the facts of each particular case.” People v Lino, 447 Mich 567, 575 ; 527 NW2d 434 (1994); Howell, supra at 21 ; see also People v Rogers, 249 Mich App 77, 95 ; 641 NW2d 595 (2001), and People v Cavaiani, 172 Mich App 706, 714 ; 432 NW2d 409 (1988) (“A defendant has standing to raise a vagueness challenge to a statute only if the statute is vague as applied to his conduct.”).

14
United States v. National Dairy Products Corp.green
scotus · 1963 · cited in 3 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1976–1998
2 sentences

1998United States v Nat'l Dairy Products Corp, 372 US 29, 36 ; 83 S Ct 594 ; 9 L Ed 2d 561 (1963); People v Howell, 396 Mich 16, 21 ; 283 NW2d 148 (1976).

1998United States v Nat'l Dairy Products Corp, 372 US 29, 36 ; 83 S Ct 594 ; 9 L Ed 2d 561 (1963); People v Howell, 396 Mich 16, 21 ; 283 NW2d 148 (1976).

13
People v. Rogersgreen
michctapp · 2002 · cited in 2 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2003–2024
2 sentences

2003Moreover, “[vjagueness challenges that do not implicate First Amendment freedoms are examined in light of the facts of each particular case.” People v Lino, 447 Mich 567, 575 ; 527 NW2d 434 (1994); Howell, supra at 21 ; see also People v Rogers, 249 Mich App 77, 95 ; 641 NW2d 595 (2001), and People v Cavaiani, 172 Mich App 706, 714 ; 432 NW2d 409 (1988) (“A defendant has standing to raise a vagueness challenge to a statute only if the statute is vague as applied to his conduct.”).

2003Moreover, “[vjagueness challenges that do not implicate First Amendment freedoms are examined in light of the facts of each particular case.” People v Lino, 447 Mich 567, 575 ; 527 NW2d 434 (1994); Howell, supra at 21 ; see also People v Rogers, 249 Mich App 77, 95 ; 641 NW2d 595 (2001), and People v Cavaiani, 172 Mich App 706, 714 ; 432 NW2d 409 (1988) (“A defendant has standing to raise a vagueness challenge to a statute only if the statute is vague as applied to his conduct.”).

12
People v. Tombsgreen
michctapp · 2004 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025See id.

11
People v. Malonegreen
michctapp · 2010 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
People v. Harrisgreen
mich · 2014 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
People v. Tennysongreen
mich · 2010 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
STC, Inc. v. Department of Treasurygreen
michctapp · 2003 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
Bouie v. City of Columbiagreen
scotus · 1964 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
11
State v. Saldanagreen
minn · 1982 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1986–1986
11
People v. Johngreen
michctapp · 1983 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1986–1986
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Michigan. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (62)

CaseCitedYears
People v. Vronko green
michctapp · 1998
2 sentences

2025“When a defendant’s vagueness challenge does not implicate First Amendment freedoms, the constitutionality of the statute in question must be examined in light of the particular facts at hand without concern for the hypothetical rights of others.” Id.

2021When a vagueness challenge does not involve the First Amendment, “the constitutionality of the statute in question must be examined in light of the particular facts at hand without concern for the hypothetical rights of others.” People v Vronko, 228 Mich App 649, 652 ; 579 NW2d 138 (1998).

102001–2025
People v. Al-Saiegh green
michctapp · 2001
2 sentences

2025In other words, “[a] defendant has standing to raise a vagueness challenge only if the statute is vague as applied to his conduct.” People v Al-Saiegh, 244 Mich App 391 , 397 n 5; 625 NW2d 419 (2001).

2025In other words, “[a] defendant has standing to raise a vagueness challenge only if the statute is vague as applied to his conduct.” People v Al-Saiegh, 244 Mich App 391 , 397 n 5; 625 NW2d 419 (2001).

42003–2025
People v. Sands green
michctapp · 2004
2 sentences

2025“A vagueness challenge must be considered in light of the facts at issue.” Sands, 261 Mich App at 161 .

2018“A vagueness challenge must be considered in light of the facts at issue.” Id.

42005–2025
Smith v. Goguen green
scotus · 1974
2 sentences

2024The vagueness doctrine “incorporates notions of fair notice or warning” and “requires legislatures to set reasonably clear guidelines for law enforcement officials and triers of fact in order to prevent arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement.” Smith v Goguen, 415 US 566, 572-573 ; 94 S Ct 1242 ; 39 L Ed 2d 605 (1974) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

2024The vagueness doctrine “incorporates notions of fair notice or warning” and “requires legislatures to set reasonably clear guidelines for law enforcement officials and triers of fact in order to prevent arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement.” Smith v Goguen, 415 US 566, 572-573 ; 94 S Ct 1242 ; 39 L Ed 2d 605 (1974) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

41986–2024
People v. Morey green
mich · 1999
2 sentences

2018"A vagueness challenge must be considered in light of the facts at issue." Id ."When presented with a vagueness challenge, we examine the entire text of the statute and give the words of the *284 statute their ordinary meanings." People v. Morey , 230 Mich. App. 152 , 163, 583 N.W.2d 907 (1998), aff'd 461 Mich. 325 , 603 N.W.2d 250 (1999).

2018"A vagueness challenge must be considered in light of the facts at issue." Id ."When presented with a vagueness challenge, we examine the entire text of the statute and give the words of the *284 statute their ordinary meanings." People v. Morey , 230 Mich. App. 152 , 163, 583 N.W.2d 907 (1998), aff'd 461 Mich. 325 , 603 N.W.2d 250 (1999).

32004–2018
People v. Morey green
michctapp · 1998
2 sentences

2018"A vagueness challenge must be considered in light of the facts at issue." Id ."When presented with a vagueness challenge, we examine the entire text of the statute and give the words of the *284 statute their ordinary meanings." People v. Morey , 230 Mich. App. 152 , 163, 583 N.W.2d 907 (1998), aff'd 461 Mich. 325 , 603 N.W.2d 250 (1999).

2018"A vagueness challenge must be considered in light of the facts at issue." Id ."When presented with a vagueness challenge, we examine the entire text of the statute and give the words of the *284 statute their ordinary meanings." People v. Morey , 230 Mich. App. 152 , 163, 583 N.W.2d 907 (1998), aff'd 461 Mich. 325 , 603 N.W.2d 250 (1999).

32004–2018
People v. Nichols green
michctapp · 2004
2 sentences

2017People v Nichols, 262 Mich App 408, 410 ; 686 NW2d 502 (2004).

2017People v Nichols, 262 Mich App 408, 410 ; 686 NW2d 502 (2004).

32013–2017
People v. Gratsch green
michctapp · 2013
2 sentences

2015In People v Gratsch, 299 Mich App 604, 609-610 ; 831 NW2d 462 (2013), vacated in part on other grounds 495 Mich 876 (2013), this Court discussed the nature of a vagueness challenge: The void-for-vagueness doctrine flows from the Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment and Const 1963, art 1, § 17, which guarantee that the state may not deprive a person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.

2015In People v Gratsch, 299 Mich App 604, 609-610 ; 831 NW2d 462 (2013), vacated in part on other grounds 495 Mich 876 (2013), this Court discussed the nature of a vagueness challenge: The void-for-vagueness doctrine flows from the Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment and Const 1963, art 1, § 17, which guarantee that the state may not deprive a person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.

32015–2015
People v. Wilson green
michctapp · 1998
2 sentences

2015“Reference to a dictionary is appropriate to determine the ordinary meaning of a word.” People v Wilson, 230 Mich App 590, 592 ; 585 NW2d 24 (1998).

2015“Reference to a dictionary is appropriate to determine the ordinary meaning of a word.” People v Wilson, 230 Mich App 590, 592 ; 585 NW2d 24 (1998).

32004–2015
People v. Perkins green
mich · 2003
2 sentences

2022“At common law, misconduct in office was defined as ‘corrupt behavior by an officer in the exercise of the duties of his office or while acting under color of his office.’ ” People v Perkins, 1 I otherwise agree with the majority’s resolution of the issues addressing defendant’s challenges to the prosecutor’s charging decision and the vagueness claim. -1- 468 Mich 448, 456 ; 662 NW2d 727 (2003), quoting People v Coutu, 459 Mich 348, 354 ; 589 NW2d 458 (1999), quoting Perkins & Boyce, Criminal Law (3d ed), p 543.

2022“At common law, misconduct in office was defined as ‘corrupt behavior by an officer in the exercise of the duties of his office or while acting under color of his office.’ ” People v Perkins, 1 I otherwise agree with the majority’s resolution of the issues addressing defendant’s challenges to the prosecutor’s charging decision and the vagueness claim. -1- 468 Mich 448, 456 ; 662 NW2d 727 (2003), quoting People v Coutu, 459 Mich 348, 354 ; 589 NW2d 458 (1999), quoting Perkins & Boyce, Criminal Law (3d ed), p 543.

22022–2022
People v. Coutu green
mich · 1999
2 sentences

2022“At common law, misconduct in office was defined as ‘corrupt behavior by an officer in the exercise of the duties of his office or while acting under color of his office.’ ” People v Perkins, 1 I otherwise agree with the majority’s resolution of the issues addressing defendant’s challenges to the prosecutor’s charging decision and the vagueness claim. -1- 468 Mich 448, 456 ; 662 NW2d 727 (2003), quoting People v Coutu, 459 Mich 348, 354 ; 589 NW2d 458 (1999), quoting Perkins & Boyce, Criminal Law (3d ed), p 543.

2022“At common law, misconduct in office was defined as ‘corrupt behavior by an officer in the exercise of the duties of his office or while acting under color of his office.’ ” People v Perkins, 1 I otherwise agree with the majority’s resolution of the issues addressing defendant’s challenges to the prosecutor’s charging decision and the vagueness claim. -1- 468 Mich 448, 456 ; 662 NW2d 727 (2003), quoting People v Coutu, 459 Mich 348, 354 ; 589 NW2d 458 (1999), quoting Perkins & Boyce, Criminal Law (3d ed), p 543.

22022–2022
Booth Newspapers, Inc v. University of Michigan Board of Regents green
mich · 1993
2 sentences

2018Booth Newspapers, Inc v Univ of Mich Bd of Regents, 444 Mich 211 , 234 n 23; 507 NW2d 422 (1993) (we need not address issues that were not posed in the lower court); Dresden v Detroit Macomb Hosp Corp, 218 Mich App 292, 300 ; 553 NW2d 387 (1996) (insufficiently briefed issues are abandoned on appeal).

2018Booth Newspapers, Inc v Univ of Mich Bd of Regents, 444 Mich 211 , 234 n 23; 507 NW2d 422 (1993) (we need not address issues that were not posed in the lower court); Dresden v Detroit Macomb Hosp Corp, 218 Mich App 292, 300 ; 553 NW2d 387 (1996) (insufficiently briefed issues are abandoned on appeal).

22018–2018
Dresden v. Detroit MacOmb Hospital Corp. green
michctapp · 1996
2 sentences

2018Booth Newspapers, Inc v Univ of Mich Bd of Regents, 444 Mich 211 , 234 n 23; 507 NW2d 422 (1993) (we need not address issues that were not posed in the lower court); Dresden v Detroit Macomb Hosp Corp, 218 Mich App 292, 300 ; 553 NW2d 387 (1996) (insufficiently briefed issues are abandoned on appeal).

2018Booth Newspapers, Inc v Univ of Mich Bd of Regents, 444 Mich 211 , 234 n 23; 507 NW2d 422 (1993) (we need not address issues that were not posed in the lower court); Dresden v Detroit Macomb Hosp Corp, 218 Mich App 292, 300 ; 553 NW2d 387 (1996) (insufficiently briefed issues are abandoned on appeal).

22018–2018
People v. Nichols green
michctapp · 2004
2 sentences

2017People v Nichols, 262 Mich App 408, 410 ; 686 NW2d 502 (2004).

2017People v Nichols, 262 Mich App 408, 410 ; 686 NW2d 502 (2004).

22017–2017
Rose v. Locke green
scotus · 1975
2 sentences

2005Due process requires “that the law give sufficient warning that men may conduct themselves so as to avoid that which is forbidden.” Rose v Locke, 423 US 48, 50 ; 96 S Ct 243 ; 46 L Ed 2d 185 (1975).

2005Due process requires “that the law give sufficient warning that men may conduct themselves so as to avoid that which is forbidden.” Rose v Locke, 423 US 48, 50 ; 96 S Ct 243 ; 46 L Ed 2d 185 (1975).

21994–2005
Miller v. California green
scotus · 1973
2 sentences

2002Reversed. 1 The circuit court stated that it was addressing the “vagueness or over-breadth question,” but the analysis that followed addressed only the vagueness claim. 2 In Plymouth Charter Twp, supra at 198, a constitutional challenge was made to a township ordinance that provided as follows: It shall be unlawful for a person to disturb the public peace and quiet by shouting, whistling, loud, boisterous, or vulgar conduct, the playing of musical instruments, phonographs, radios, televisions, tapeplayers or any other means of amplification at any time or place so as to unreasonably annoy or d

2002Reversed. 1 The circuit court stated that it was addressing the “vagueness or over-breadth question,” but the analysis that followed addressed only the vagueness claim. 2 In Plymouth Charter Twp, supra at 198, a constitutional challenge was made to a township ordinance that provided as follows: It shall be unlawful for a person to disturb the public peace and quiet by shouting, whistling, loud, boisterous, or vulgar conduct, the playing of musical instruments, phonographs, radios, televisions, tapeplayers or any other means of amplification at any time or place so as to unreasonably annoy or d

21976–2002
People v. Mitchell green
michctapp · 1983
2 sentences

2001People v Mitchell, 131 Mich App 69, 74 ; 345 NW2d 611 (1983).

2001People v Mitchell, 131 Mich App 69, 74 ; 345 NW2d 611 (1983).

21988–2001
People v. Harbour green
michctapp · 1977
2 sentences

1981The basic standard for determining whether a statute is void for vagueness is found in People v Herron, 68 Mich App 381, 382 ; 242 NW2d 584 (1976), where the Court stated: " '[A] statute which either forbids or requires the doing of an act in terms so vague that men of common intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its application, violates the first essential of due process of law.’ Lanzetta v New Jersey, 306 US 451, 453 ; 59 S Ct 618 ; 83 L Ed 888 (1939).” The parameters of a vagueness inquiry are *703 clearly spelled out in People v Harbour, 76 Mich App 552, 558

1981The basic standard for determining whether a statute is void for vagueness is found in People v Herron, 68 Mich App 381, 382 ; 242 NW2d 584 (1976), where the Court stated: " '[A] statute which either forbids or requires the doing of an act in terms so vague that men of common intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its application, violates the first essential of due process of law.’ Lanzetta v New Jersey, 306 US 451, 453 ; 59 S Ct 618 ; 83 L Ed 888 (1939).” The parameters of a vagueness inquiry are *703 clearly spelled out in People v Harbour, 76 Mich App 552, 558

21981–1988
Lanzetta v. New Jersey green
scotus · 1939
2 sentences

1981The basic standard for determining whether a statute is void for vagueness is found in People v Herron, 68 Mich App 381, 382 ; 242 NW2d 584 (1976), where the Court stated: " '[A] statute which either forbids or requires the doing of an act in terms so vague that men of common intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its application, violates the first essential of due process of law.’ Lanzetta v New Jersey, 306 US 451, 453 ; 59 S Ct 618 ; 83 L Ed 888 (1939).” The parameters of a vagueness inquiry are *703 clearly spelled out in People v Harbour, 76 Mich App 552, 558

1981The basic standard for determining whether a statute is void for vagueness is found in People v Herron, 68 Mich App 381, 382 ; 242 NW2d 584 (1976), where the Court stated: " '[A] statute which either forbids or requires the doing of an act in terms so vague that men of common intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its application, violates the first essential of due process of law.’ Lanzetta v New Jersey, 306 US 451, 453 ; 59 S Ct 618 ; 83 L Ed 888 (1939).” The parameters of a vagueness inquiry are *703 clearly spelled out in People v Harbour, 76 Mich App 552, 558

21981–1983
Hackel v. Macomb County Commission green
michctapp · 2012
12024–2024
People v. Gaines green
michctapp · 2014
12024–2024
Beckles v. United States green
scotus · 2017
12024–2024
Beckles v. United States green
scotus · 2017
12024–2024
City of Lansing v. Hartsuff green
michctapp · 1995
12021–2021
People v. Fitzgerald green
colo · 1978
12021–2021
Grievance Administrator v. Fieger green
mich · 2006
12020–2020
People v. Lewis green
michctapp · 2013
12018–2018
People v. Roberts green
michctapp · 2011
12018–2018
United States v. Williams green
scotus · 2008
12018–2018
People v. Summit green
colo · 1974
12017–2017
United States v. John P. Miller green
ca5 · 1999
12017–2017
Adkins v. Department of Civil Service green
michctapp · 1985
12017–2017
People v. Noble green
michctapp · 2000
12016–2016
People v. Douglas green
michctapp · 2011
12015–2015
People v. Russell green
michctapp · 2005
12015–2015
People v. Derror red
mich · 2006
12010–2010
People v. Knapp green
michctapp · 2001
12009–2009
People v. Hill green
michctapp · 2006
12008–2008
City of Lakewood v. Plain Dealer Publishing Co. green
scotus · 1988
12006–2006
Maiden v. Rozwood green
mich · 1999
12005–2005

Statutes the citing opinions construe

MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 8.3a (9) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 28.422 (5) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 333.7106 (5) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 333.7212 (5) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.224f (5) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.227b (5) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.520b (5) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 333.7401 (4) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.317 (4) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.520a (4) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 777.34 (4) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 777.39 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 356 (1975–2026) WA 312 (1973–2026) TX 223 (1969–2026) IL 160 (1980–2026) CT 116 (1978–2026) OH 102 (1973–2026) CO 99 (1973–2026) FL 91 (1973–2025) NY 87 (1969–2026) NJ 79 (1979–2026) PA 77 (1976–2026) OR 75 (1976–2025) MI 70 (1906–2026) WI 67 (1979–2026) GA 57 (1981–2026) IA 52 (1976–2024) MO 48 (1977–2024) IN 46 (1979–2026) AZ 45 (1978–2026) MA 44 (1958–2026) NM 44 (1971–2023) NV 37 (1987–2026) MN 37 (1973–2024) MD 36 (1976–2024) TN 35 (1973–2025) KS 30 (1978–2026) ID 29 (1985–2025) DC 29 (1972–2021) VA 29 (1975–2024) AL 28 (1982–2016) ND 24 (1975–2025) NE 21 (1897–2023) UT 20 (1988–2026) ME 19 (1981–2024) HI 18 (1919–2019) AK 17 (1972–2026) AR 14 (1987–2015) MS 13 (1985–2020) NH 13 (1974–2025) LA 13 (1985–2023) WV 13 (1982–2023) WY 12 (1979–2014) DE 11 (1978–2024) RI 11 (1978–2015) NC 10 (1981–2026) KY 10 (1985–2020) VT 10 (1999–2026) MT 9 (1994–2026) SC 6 (1990–2025) OK 5 (1978–2005) SD 5 (2003–2014)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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