statute of limitations defense (Alabama) · Go Syfert
← Alabama issues

statute of limitations defense in Alabama

81 Alabama opinions name it 3 courts 1891–2026 5 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Alabama courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (37)

CaseFollowedCited
Ex Parte Southland Bankgreen
ala · 1987 · cited in 12 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2000–2026
2 sentences

2026See id. " 'In Ex parte Southland Bank, 514 So. 2d 954, 955 (Ala. 1987), this Court stated that "[t]he fact that a statute of limitations defense is applicable is not a proper basis for issuing a writ of mandamus, due to the availability of a remedy by appeal." 514 So. 2d at 955 .

2026See id. " 'In Ex parte Southland Bank, 514 So. 2d 954, 955 (Ala. 1987), this Court stated that "[t]he fact that a statute of limitations defense is applicable is not a proper basis for issuing a writ of mandamus, due to the availability of a remedy by appeal." 514 So. 2d at 955 .

912
Green Tree Acceptance, Inc. v. Blalockgreen
ala · 1988 · cited in 3 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2007–2025
2 sentences

2025See Green Tree Acceptance, Inc. v. Blalock, 525 So. 2d 1366, 1369 (Ala. 1988)('[A] trial court has the discretion to consider a new legal argument in a post- judgment motion, but is not required to do so.').").

2017See Green Tree Acceptance, Inc. v. Blalock , 525 So.2d 1366 , 1369 (Ala. 1988) ('[A] trial court has the discretion to consider a new legal argument in a post-judgment motion, but is not required to do so.').

33
Ex Parte Jacksongreen
ala · 2000 · cited in 4 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2002–2014
2 sentences

2014Ex parte Jackson, supra. Although the situation with which we are presented here does not involve the statute-of-limitations defense in the context of fictitious-party practice and the relation-back doctrine, the defendants, Dr. Hodge and Tombigbee Healthcare, are faced with the extraordinary circumstance of having to further litigate this matter after having demonstrated from the face of the plaintiffs complaint a clear legal right to have the action against them dismissed based on the four-year period of repose found in § 6-5-482(a).

2014Co., 775 So.2d 805, 808 (Ala.2000) (noting that the “question of subject-matter jurisdiction is reviewable by a petition for a writ of mandamus”); Ex parte Jackson, 780 So.2d 681, 684 (Ala.2000) (observing that “‘[t]he fact that a statute of limitations defense is applicable is not a proper basis for issuing a writ of mandamus, due to the availability of a remedy by appeal.’ [Ex parte Southland Bank,] 514 So.2d [954,] 955 [ (Ala.1987) ]-In a narrow class of cases involving fictitious parties and the relation-back doctrine, this Court has reviewed the merits of a trial court’s denial of a summa

24
Ex Parte Snowgreen
ala · 1999 · cited in 3 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2007–2013
2 sentences

2007Furthermore, this Court has held that a petition for a writ of mandamus is the appropriate vehicle by which to challenge the trial court’s denial of a motion to dismiss or a motion for a summary judgment based on a statute-of-limitations defense when “the undisputed evidence shows that the plaintiff failed to act with due diligence in identifying the fictitiously named defendant as the party the plaintiff intended to sue.” Ex parte Snow, 764 So.2d 531, 537 (Ala.1999).

2007Furthermore, this Court has held that a petition for a writ of mandamus is the appropriate vehicle by which to challenge the trial court's denial of a motion to dismiss or a motion for a summary judgment based on a statute-of-limitations defense when "the undisputed evidence shows that the plaintiff failed to act with due diligence in identifying the fictitiously named defendant as *Page 1003 the party the plaintiff intended to sue." Ex parte Snow , 764 So.2d 531 , 537 (Ala. 1999).

23
Ex Parte Chemical Lime of Alabama, Inc.green
ala · 2005 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007See also Ex parte Chemical Lime of Alabama, Inc., 916 So.2d 594 (Ala.2005).

2007See also Ex parte Chemical Lime of Alabama, Inc. , 916 So.2d 594 (Ala. 2005).

22
Ex Parte Temporary Placement Servicesgreen
alacivapp · 1987 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1987–2002
2 sentences

2002See, e.g., Ex parte Temporary Placement Services, 508 So.2d 275 (Ala.Civ.App.1987)." Ex parte Southland Bank, 514 So.2d at 955 .

1987See, e.g., Ex parte Temporary Placement Services , 508 So.2d 275 (Ala.Civ.App. 1987).

22
Porter v. Colonial Life Accident Insurance Co.green
ala · 2002 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2008–2014
2 sentences

2014Co., 828 So.2d 907, 908 (Ala.2002) (“If a plaintiffs court action be dismissed to enforce an arbitration agreement, but, through no fault of the plaintiff's, the arbitration be not concluded or some of the plaintiff’s claims be not arbitrated, a statute of limitations could bar a refiling of the unarbitrated claims in court.”).

2008The statute of limitations in § 8-1-150(a), Ala.Code 1975, is a short one, and, if “through no fault of [Johnson], the arbitration be not concluded or some of [Johnson’s] claims be not arbitrated, a statute of limitations could bar a refiling of the unar-bitrated claims in court.” Porter, 828 So.2d at 908 .

12
Jones v. Phillips and Harcogreen
ala · 1989 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2006–2007
2 sentences

2007Ex parte Buffalo Rock Co. , 941 So.2d 273 , 278 (Ala. 2006) ("[An] agreement to dismiss personal-injury claim without prejudice precluded the filing of a new claim when plaintiff failed to present evidence indicating that agreement included waiver of the statute-of-limitations defense." (summarizing holding in Jones v. Phillips , 553 So.2d 106 (Ala. 1989))).

2006See Jones v. Phillips , 553 So.2d 106 (Ala. 1989) (agreement to dismiss personal-injury claim without prejudice precluded the filing of a new claim when plaintiff failed to present evidence indicating that agreement included waiver of the statute-of-limitations defense).

12
McElrath v. Consolidated Pipe & Supply Co.green
ala · 1977 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1988–2005
2 sentences

2005"In McElrath v. Consolidated Pipe Supply Co., 351 So.2d 560 (Ala. 1977), this Court wrote: "` "Under this rule [15] leave to amend pleadings should be granted freely when justice so requires and the adverse party will not be prejudiced thereby, to clarify the issues and expedite the disposition of litigation. . . ." (footnotes omitted) [quoting 1A Barron and Holtzoff, Federal Practice Procedure, § 442 comments; emphasis added in McElrath ]. ". . . . "`"Prejudice may be found, however, where the amendment will cause excessive delay or where a source of evidence has become unavailable or a statu

2005"In McElrath v. Consolidated Pipe Supply Co., 351 So.2d 560 (Ala. 1977), this Court wrote: "` "Under this rule [15] leave to amend pleadings should be granted freely when justice so requires and the adverse party will not be prejudiced thereby, to clarify the issues and expedite the disposition of litigation. . . ." (footnotes omitted) [quoting 1A Barron and Holtzoff, Federal Practice Procedure, § 442 comments; emphasis added in McElrath ]. ". . . . "`"Prejudice may be found, however, where the amendment will cause excessive delay or where a source of evidence has become unavailable or a statu

12
Ex Parte Buttsgreen
ala · 2000 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026See id. " 'In Ex parte Southland Bank, 514 So. 2d 954, 955 (Ala. 1987), this Court stated that "[t]he fact that a statute of limitations defense is applicable is not a proper basis for issuing a writ of mandamus, due to the availability of a remedy by appeal." 514 So. 2d at 955 .

11
Special Assets, LLC v. Chase Home Finance, LLCgreen
ala · 2007 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025See Special Assets, L.L.C. v. Chase Home Fin., L.L.C., 991 So. 2d 668 , 677- 78 (Ala. 2007)("Although the trial court had the discretion to consider the merits of the statute-of-limitations defense, there is no indication that it did so, and we will not presume to the contrary.

11
Tucker v. Tombigbee Healthcare Authoritygreen
ala · 2014 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024See Ex parte Hodge, 153 So. 3d 734, 749 (Ala. 2014) ("[T]his Court has stated that the applicability of a statute-of-limitations defense is not a proper basis for issuing a writ of mandamus, because of the availability of a remedy by appeal.").

11
Moon v. Harco Drugs, Inc.green
ala · 1983 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023As the Court explained in Payton[ v. Monsanto Co., 801 So. 2d 829 (Ala. 2001)]: " 'Alabama law does not recognize a continuing tort in instances where there has been a single act followed by multiple consequences.'2 " '_______________ " '2Moon v. Harco Drugs, Inc., 435 So. 2d 218, 220-21 (Ala. 1983), discusses the concept of "continuous tort," describing it as a defendant's 52 SC-2023-0289 The petitioners certainly have a point that this case is very similar to Abbott.

11
AC, INC. v. Bakergreen
ala · 1993 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017Under this interpretation of the parties' contractual relationships, the trial court's judgment would be affirmed, because the statute of limitations would bar all of the plaintiffs' breach of contract claims except the claims based on the 1985 tax returns." 622 So.2d at 334 (citations omitted).

11
ROMAR DEV. v. Gulf View Management Corp.green
ala · 1994 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016Adler cites, for the first time on appeal, Romar Development Co. v. Gulf View Management Corp., 644 So.2d 462, 471-73 (Ala.1994)(reasoning that a compulsory counterclaim is not subject to the defense of limitations).

11
Willis v. Shadow Lawn Memorial Parkgreen
alacivapp · 1998 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016The hems also argue on appeal that the trial court erred in concluding that the rule of .repose and the statute of limitations bar their inverse-condemnation claim. “[T]he rule of repose ‘bars actions that have not been commenced within 20 years from the time they could have been commenced.’ Tierce v. Ellis, 624 So.2d 553, 554 (Ala.1993) (emphasis added).” Willis v. Shadow Lawn Mem’l Park, 709 So.2d 1241, 1243 (Ala.Civ.App.1998).

11
Exxon Corp. v. DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND NATURAL RES.green
ala · 2003 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016See also Exxon Corp. v. Department of Conservation & Natural Res., 859 So.2d 1096, 1102 (Ala.2002) (‘In Romar, this Court ruled that all compulsory counterclaims, whether offensive or defensive, are not subject to the statute-of-limitations defense.’).

11
Hulsey v. Stategreen
alacrimapp · 2015 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
Tierce v. Ellisgreen
ala · 1993 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016The hems also argue on appeal that the trial court erred in concluding that the rule of .repose and the statute of limitations bar their inverse-condemnation claim. “[T]he rule of repose ‘bars actions that have not been commenced within 20 years from the time they could have been commenced.’ Tierce v. Ellis, 624 So.2d 553, 554 (Ala.1993) (emphasis added).” Willis v. Shadow Lawn Mem’l Park, 709 So.2d 1241, 1243 (Ala.Civ.App.1998).

11
Ex Parte Flint Constructiongreen
ala · 2000 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Bernson v. Browning-Ferris Industries of California, Inc.green
cal · 1994 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
Tucker v. Nicholsgreen
ala · 1983 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
11
Ex Parte Troutman Sanders, LLPgreen
ala · 2003 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11
Ex Parte Stovergreen
ala · 1995 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11
Mizokami Bros. Of Arizona, Inc. v. Mobay Chemical Corporationgreen
ca8 · 1981 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
McCord-Baugh v. BIRMINGHAM CITY BD. OF ED.green
alacivapp · 2002 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
Tillman v. RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co.green
ala · 2003 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
11
Ex Parte State Dept. of Revenuegreen
ala · 1991 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
Farm Country Homes, Inc. v. Rigsbygreen
ala · 1981 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
Mardis v. Robbins Tire & Rubber Co.green
ala · 1995 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
11
Smith v. Woodallgreen
ala · 1964 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
11
Swendsen v. Grossgreen
ala · 1988 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
11
Allie v. Ionatagreen
fla · 1987 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
11
Sheetz, Aiken & Aiken, Inc. v. Louverdrape, Inc.green
ala · 1987 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
11
McLaughlin v. Pannell Kerr Forstergreen
ala · 1987 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
11
Doe v. Swiftgreen
ala · 1990 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990
11
Handley v. Richardsgreen
ala · 1987 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Alabama. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (43)

CaseCitedYears
Wallace v. ALA. ASS'N OF CLASS. SCHOOL EMP. green
ala · 1984
2 sentences

2009Employees, 463 So.2d at 136 .

2009Employees, 463 So.2d at 136 .

31990–2009
Maxwell v. Dawkins green
ala · 2006
2 sentences

2017"First Properties and Special Assets cite this Court's decision in Maxwell v. Dawkins , 974 So.2d 282 (Ala. 2006).

2007First Properties and Special Assets cite this Court's decision in Maxwell v. Dawkins, 974 So.2d 282 (Ala.2006).

22007–2017
Ryan v. Charles Townsend Ford, Inc. green
ala · 1981
2 sentences

2012Id.

2004Id.

22004–2012
City of Birmingham v. Cochrane Roofing & Metal Co. green
ala · 1989
2 sentences

2012Id. at 1167-68 .

2012Clearly, estoppel was not meant to defeat the statute of limitations defense in every case where a defendant attempts to remedy problems that might otherwise lead to a lawsuit.” Id.

22001–2012
Ex Parte Youngblood green
ala · 1981
2 sentences

2012In asserting its argument on appeal, Bella relies on Mason v. County of Mobile, 410 So.2d 19 (Ala.1982), Ex Parte Youngblood, 413 So.2d 1146 (Ala.1981), Arkel Land Co. v. Cagle, 445 So.2d 858 (Ala.1983), and Parker v. Ward, 224 Ala. 80 , 139 So. 215 (1932).

1986In Ex parte Youngblood , 413 So.2d 1146 (Ala. 1981), this Court stated: "The representations of an employer or its insurance carrier may be such as to *Page 1377 estop them from asserting the statute of limitations as a bar to a claim for workmen's compensation, if the employer or the carrier, or their representatives, in their dealings with the claimant, conduct themselves in such a manner, whether innocently or fraudulently, as to mislead the claimant into believing that he can postpone the filing of his claim until the period of limitation has expired.

21986–2012
Mason v. County of Mobile green
ala · 1982
2 sentences

2012In asserting its argument on appeal, Bella relies on Mason v. County of Mobile, 410 So.2d 19 (Ala.1982), Ex Parte Youngblood, 413 So.2d 1146 (Ala.1981), Arkel Land Co. v. Cagle, 445 So.2d 858 (Ala.1983), and Parker v. Ward, 224 Ala. 80 , 139 So. 215 (1932).

1989This Court in City of Birmingham v. Cochrane Roofing & Metal Co. [Ms. 86-1187, March 10, 1989] (Ala.1989), said: "In Mason v. Mobile County, 410 So.2d 19 (Ala.1982), this Court held that if a defendant either fraudulently or innocently represents to the plaintiff that he will remedy a problem, and relying on these representations the plaintiff is induced not to file a lawsuit or take any action, the defendant may be estopped from raising the statute of limitations as a defense.

21989–2012
Robinson v. Morse green
ala · 1977
2 sentences

1989Robinson v. Morse , 352 So.2d 1355 (Ala. 1977)." The Gas District failed to allege anywhere in its answer, its motion to dismiss, or its motion for summary judgment that the MacWillies' trespass action was barred by the statute of limitations.

1987Robinson v. Morse , 352 So.2d 1355 (Ala. 1977).

21987–1989
Cammorata v. Woodruff green
ala · 1983
2 sentences

1989Co. , 512 So.2d 94 , 96 (Ala. 1987): "The statute of limitations defense is an affirmative defense that must be raised in the trial court by pleading or by motion before it will be considered on appeal, Cammorata v. Woodruff , 445 So.2d 867 (Ala. 1983); Rule 8(c) and Rule 12(b)(6), A.R.Civ.P., and, where a party fails to plead an affirmative defense, the defense is generally waived.

1987Nevertheless, the statute of limitations defense is an affirmative defense that must be raised in the trial court by pleading or by motion before it will be considered on appeal, Cammorata v. Woodruff , 445 So.2d 867 (Ala. 1983); Rule 8(c) and Rule 12(b)(6), A.R.Civ.P.; and, where a party fails to plead an affirmative defense, the defense is generally waived.

21987–1989
Pickens v. Hollowell green
ca11 · 1995
1 sentence

2024In short, the validity of a statute- of-limitations defense is " 'appropriately evaluated by the district 8 SC-2023-0680 attorney or by a court after a prosecution is begun.' " Sands, 502 F.3d at 269 (quoting Pickens, 59 F.3d at 1207-08 ).

12024–2024
Sands v. McCormick green
ca3 · 2007
2 sentences

2024In short, the validity of a statute- of-limitations defense is " 'appropriately evaluated by the district 8 SC-2023-0680 attorney or by a court after a prosecution is begun.' " Sands, 502 F.3d at 269 (quoting Pickens, 59 F.3d at 1207-08 ).

2024Accordingly, requiring crime victims to determine whether a prosecution is time-barred before signing a complaint "is too heavy a burden." Sands, 502 F.3d at 269 .

12024–2024
Payton v. Monsanto Co. green
ala · 2001
1 sentence

2023As the Court explained in Payton[ v. Monsanto Co., 801 So. 2d 829 (Ala. 2001)]: " 'Alabama law does not recognize a continuing tort in instances where there has been a single act followed by multiple consequences.'2 " '_______________ " '2Moon v. Harco Drugs, Inc., 435 So. 2d 218, 220-21 (Ala. 1983), discusses the concept of "continuous tort," describing it as a defendant's 52 SC-2023-0289 The petitioners certainly have a point that this case is very similar to Abbott.

12023–2023
Dudley, Hopton-Jones, Sims & Freeman, PLLP v. Knight green
ala · 2010
1 sentence

2016The Court further explained that a statute-of-limitations defense “relate[s] to the ultimate viability of [a party’s] claims—not to the availability of arbitration—and [it] should accordingly be considered and ruled upon by the arbitrators, not by the circuit court.” Id.

12016–2016
Ex Parte Kia Motors America, Inc. green
ala · 2003
12014–2014
Myrtle Lloyd Allred Dorothy Allred Solomon v. Rena Chynoweth green
ca10 · 1993
12013–2013
De-Gas, Inc. v. Midland Resources green
· 1985
12012–2012
Arkel Land Co. v. Cagle green
ala · 1983
12012–2012
Parker v. Ward neutral
ala · 1932
12012–2012
Lewis v. Merrill green
or · 1961
12009–2009
Harper v. Raisin Fert. Co. green
ala · 1908
12007–2007
Ex Parte Buffalo Rock Co. green
ala · 2006
12007–2007
Lookout Mountain Paradise Hills Homeowners' Ass'n v. Viewpoint Associates green
coloctapp · 1993
12007–2007
Magic Tunnel Car Wash Equipment Co. v. Brush King Franchises, Inc. neutral
alacivapp · 1974
12007–2007
Ex Parte Water Works Bd. of Gulf Shores green
ala · 1987
12006–2006
Ala. Surface Min. v. Commercial Standard green
alacivapp · 1985
12006–2006
Hickox v. Stover red
ala · 1989
12004–2004
Sokol v. Bruno's, Inc. green
ala · 1988
12004–2004
Parsons Steel, Inc. v. Beasley green
ala · 1988
12004–2004
Ex Parte Floyd green
ala · 2001
12004–2004
State v. Zimlich green
ala · 2000
12003–2003
McLaughlin v. Beyer green
ala · 1913
12002–2002
Glenlakes Realty Co. v. Norwood green
ala · 1998
12001–2001
Ex Parte Neely Truck Line, Inc. green
alacivapp · 1991
12001–2001
Nelson County v. Loving green
va · 1919
12001–2001
Hunter v. City of Mobile green
ala · 1943
12001–2001
Ramey v. Guyton green
ala · 1980
12001–2001
Hayes v. Payne green
ala · 1988
12001–2001
Wint v. Alabama Eye & Tissue Bank green
ala · 1996
11999–1999
Wallace v. Doege green
ala · 1986
11999–1999
Garrett v. State red
alacrimapp · 1994
11999–1999
SLC v. State Ex Rel. JJS neutral
alacivapp · 1995
11998–1998

Statutes the citing opinions construe

AL § Ala. Code § 6-2-38 (13) AL § Ala. Code § 12-2-7 (9) AL § Ala. Code § 6-2-34 (7) AL § Ala. Code § 6-2-3 (6) AL § Ala. Code § 6-5-482 (5) AL § Ala. Code § 6-5-480 (3) AL § Ala. Code § 6-5-540 (3) USC § 42u.s.c.1983 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

NY 423 (1894–2026) CA 395 (1864–2026) TX 189 (1940–2026) CT 184 (1909–2026) IL 177 (1887–2025) FL 173 (1972–2026) PA 165 (1904–2026) OH 136 (1939–2026) TN 131 (1984–2026) IN 128 (1862–2026) MI 123 (1901–2026) NC 99 (1884–2026) AL 81 (1891–2026) NJ 77 (1882–2026) IA 71 (1880–2026) AZ 70 (1969–2026) MS 67 (1877–2024) UT 58 (1906–2026) NM 58 (1946–2026) MO 48 (1978–2025) KS 48 (1905–2025) ME 46 (1982–2026) WA 46 (1985–2025) MA 46 (1931–2026) MN 46 (1894–2026) CO 45 (1976–2026) WI 45 (1884–2025) SC 44 (1922–2025) VA 40 (1906–2025) OR 40 (1917–2025) ID 38 (1977–2025) OK 36 (1875–2024) RI 35 (1890–2026) WV 33 (1902–2025) NE 32 (1982–2026) DC 30 (1978–2025) MD 30 (1944–2026) ND 28 (1912–2024) VT 24 (1996–2025) KY 24 (1917–2026) GA 24 (1848–2023) AR 24 (1914–2023) DE 20 (1987–2026) NH 20 (1993–2025) SD 16 (1912–2025) NV 16 (1979–2022) MT 16 (1933–2024) WY 12 (1925–2024) HI 10 (1967–2026) VI 10 (2002–2026) AK 10 (1987–2025) LA 5 (1967–2024)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

← Caselaw search · G Cite Topics · Brief Check