statute of limitations defense (Washington) · Go Syfert
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statute of limitations defense in Washington

46 Washington opinions name it 2 courts 1985–2025 11 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Washington courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (10)

CaseFollowedCited
Riggs v. Georgia-Pacific LLCgreen
utah · 2015 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015Elec., 149 Idaho 609, 620 , 238 P.3d 209 (2010) (holding that the fact the statute of limitations had run against decedent’s personal injury claim did not bar a wrongful death suit), Mummert v. Alizadeh, 435 Md. 207, 210 , 77 A.3d 1049 (2013) (concluding that a statute of limitations defense against a decedent’s claim does not bar a subsequent wrongful death action), and Riggs v. Georgia-Pacific LLC, 2015 UT 17 , 345 P.3d 1219, 1224-25 (finding that a wrongful death action for asbestos-related death is a separate, nonderivative claim and it is not barred by prior personal injury actions for th

2015Elec., 149 Idaho 609, 620 , 238 P.3d 209 (2010) (holding that the fact the statute of limitations had run against decedent’s personal injury claim did not bar a wrongful death suit), Mummert v. Alizadeh, 435 Md. 207, 210 , 77 A.3d 1049 (2013) (concluding that a statute of limitations defense against a decedent’s claim does not bar a subsequent wrongful death action), and Riggs v. Georgia-Pacific LLC, 2015 UT 17 , 345 P.3d 1219, 1224-25 (finding that a wrongful death action for asbestos-related death is a separate, nonderivative claim and it is not barred by prior personal injury actions for th

22
Robinson v. City of Seattlegreen
wash · 1992 · cited in 5 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2002–2019
2 sentences

2019“Estoppel is appropriate to prohibit a defendant from raising a statute of limitations defense when a defendant has ‘fraudulently or inequitably invited a plaintiff to delay commencing suit until the applicable statute of limitation has expired.’”” Robinson, 119 Wn.2d at 82 (emphasis omitted) (quoting Del Guzzi Constr.

2015"Estoppel is appropriate to prohibit a defendant from raising a statute of limitations defense when a defendant has 'fraudulently or inequitably invited a plaintiff to delay commencing suit until the applicable statute of limitation has expired.'"44 The three elements of equitable estoppel are: First, "an admission, statement, or act inconsistent with a claim afterward asserted; second, action by another in reasonable reliance on that act, statement, or admission; and third, 43 id, at 570. 44 Robinson v. City of Seattle. 119 Wn.2d 34, 82 , 830 P.2d 318 (1992) (quoting Del Guzzi Constr.

15
Peterson v. Grovesgreen
washctapp · 2002 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
2 sentences

2006Estoppel is appropriate to prohibit a defendant from raising a statute of limitations defense when a defendant has "fraudulently or inequitably invited a plaintiff to delay commencing suit until the applicable statute of limitations has expired." Groves, 111 Wash.App. at 310-11 , 44 P.3d 894 (quoting Del Guzzi Constr.

2006“Estoppel is appropriate to prohibit a defendant from raising a statute of limitations defense when a defendant has ‘fraudulently or inequitably invited a plaintiff to delay commencing suit until the applicable statute of limitations has expired.’ ” Groves, 111 Wn.

12
Copper Creek (Marysville) Homeowners Ass'n v. Kurtzgreen
wash · 2023 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025Copper Creek (Marysville) Homeowners Ass'n v. Kurtz, 1 Wn.3d 711, 713, 718 , 532 P.3d 601 (2023) (Copper Creek II).

2025Copper Creek (Marysville) Homeowners Ass'n v. Kurtz, 1 Wn.3d 711, 713, 718 , 532 P.3d 601 (2023) (Copper Creek II).

11
State Of Washington v. Katrina R. Loosgreen
washctapp · 2020 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024App. 2d 748, 759, 473 P.3d 1229 (2020) (“a defendant can waive a statute of limitations defense by failing to raise it in the trial court and an express waiver is not required”); Matthies v. Knodel, 19 Wn.

11
State v. Studdgreen
wash · 1999 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024App. 1, 5 , 573 P.2d 1332 (1977) (per curiam) (“There is a waiver of certain defenses under the civil rules if they are not affirmatively pleaded in the answer.” (citing CR 8 and 12(b)). 5 City of Seattle v. Patu, 147 Wn.2d 717, 720 , 58 P.3d 273 (2002) (holding that a party cannot either intentionally or accidentally set up an error and then “‘complain[] of it on appeal’” (quoting State v. Pam, 101 Wn.2d 507, 511 , 680 P.2d 762 (1984), overruled in part on other grounds by State v. Olson, 126 Wn.2d 315, 319 , 893 P.2d 629 (1995))); see also State v. Studd, 137 Wn.2d 533, 547 , 973 P.2d 1049 (

11
State v. Studdgreen
wash · 1999 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024App. 1, 5 , 573 P.2d 1332 (1977) (per curiam) (“There is a waiver of certain defenses under the civil rules if they are not affirmatively pleaded in the answer.” (citing CR 8 and 12(b)). 5 City of Seattle v. Patu, 147 Wn.2d 717, 720 , 58 P.3d 273 (2002) (holding that a party cannot either intentionally or accidentally set up an error and then “‘complain[] of it on appeal’” (quoting State v. Pam, 101 Wn.2d 507, 511 , 680 P.2d 762 (1984), overruled in part on other grounds by State v. Olson, 126 Wn.2d 315, 319 , 893 P.2d 629 (1995))); see also State v. Studd, 137 Wn.2d 533, 547 , 973 P.2d 1049 (

11
Sherer v. Linginfeltergreen
tenn · 2000 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
Club Envy of Spokane, LLC v. Ridpath Tower Condominium Ass'ngreen
washctapp · 2014 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
George v. Butlergreen
· 1901 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Washington. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (42)

CaseCitedYears
Del Guzzi Constr. Co. v. Global Northwest Ltd., Inc. green
wash · 1986
2 sentences

2002Co., Inc. v. Global Northwest Ltd., Inc., 105 Wash.2d 878, 885 , 719 P.2d 120 (1986).

2002Co., Inc. v. Global Northwest Ltd., Inc., 105 Wash.2d 878, 885 , 719 P.2d 120 (1986).

31988–2002
Donohoe v. Mid-Valley Glass Co. green
orctapp · 1987
2 sentences

2021Donohoe v. Mid- Valley Glass Co., 84 Or.

2021Donohoe v. Mid- Valley Glass Co., 84 Or.

22021–2021
State v. Grantham green
washctapp · 2013
2 sentences

2021State v. Kerow, 192 Wn. 24 No. 37704-1-III cons. w/ 37705-9-III and 37706-7-III State v. Jones; State v. Mowen; State v. Robertson App. 843, 848 (2016); State v. Grantham, 174 Wn.

2021App. 399, 404 , 299 P.3d 21 (2013)). 8 Id. at 845-46. 9 Id. at 845. 4 No. 80501-1-I/5 cause.10 And both continuances were outside the 180-days.11 This court held that the trial court had the authority to continue the hearing beyond the 180-day statutory period.12 This court reasoned that the defendant waived the statute of limitations defense because defense counsel did not insist that the hearing occur within the statutory period, and the “only reasonable inference from the record” was that the defendant agreed to the continuances.13 Similar to the defendant in Kerow, the trial court continue

22021–2021
Castorena v. General Electric green
idaho · 2010
2 sentences

2015Elec., 149 Idaho 609, 620 , 238 P.3d 209 (2010) (holding that the fact the statute of limitations had run against decedent’s personal injury claim did not bar a wrongful death suit), Mummert v. Alizadeh, 435 Md. 207, 210 , 77 A.3d 1049 (2013) (concluding that a statute of limitations defense against a decedent’s claim does not bar a subsequent wrongful death action), and Riggs v. Georgia-Pacific LLC, 2015 UT 17 , 345 P.3d 1219, 1224-25 (finding that a wrongful death action for asbestos-related death is a separate, nonderivative claim and it is not barred by prior personal injury actions for th

2015Elec., 149 Idaho 609, 620 , 238 P.3d 209 (2010) (holding that the fact the statute of limitations had run against decedent’s personal injury claim did not bar a wrongful death suit), Mummert v. Alizadeh, 435 Md. 207, 210 , 77 A.3d 1049 (2013) (concluding that a statute of limitations defense against a decedent’s claim does not bar a subsequent wrongful death action), and Riggs v. Georgia-Pacific LLC, 2015 UT 17 , 345 P.3d 1219, 1224-25 (finding that a wrongful death action for asbestos-related death is a separate, nonderivative claim and it is not barred by prior personal injury actions for th

22015–2015
Mummert v. Alizadeh green
md · 2013
2 sentences

2015Elec., 149 Idaho 609, 620 , 238 P.3d 209 (2010) (holding that the fact the statute of limitations had run against decedent’s personal injury claim did not bar a wrongful death suit), Mummert v. Alizadeh, 435 Md. 207, 210 , 77 A.3d 1049 (2013) (concluding that a statute of limitations defense against a decedent’s claim does not bar a subsequent wrongful death action), and Riggs v. Georgia-Pacific LLC, 2015 UT 17 , 345 P.3d 1219, 1224-25 (finding that a wrongful death action for asbestos-related death is a separate, nonderivative claim and it is not barred by prior personal injury actions for th

2015Elec., 149 Idaho 609, 620 , 238 P.3d 209 (2010) (holding that the fact the statute of limitations had run against decedent’s personal injury claim did not bar a wrongful death suit), Mummert v. Alizadeh, 435 Md. 207, 210 , 77 A.3d 1049 (2013) (concluding that a statute of limitations defense against a decedent’s claim does not bar a subsequent wrongful death action), and Riggs v. Georgia-Pacific LLC, 2015 UT 17 , 345 P.3d 1219, 1224-25 (finding that a wrongful death action for asbestos-related death is a separate, nonderivative claim and it is not barred by prior personal injury actions for th

22015–2015
State v. Eppens green
washctapp · 1981
2 sentences

2010State v. Eppens, 30 Wash.App. 119, 124 , 633 P.2d 92 (1981). [2] Accordingly, a statute of limitations challenge in a criminal case can be raised for the first time on appeal.

2010State v. Eppens, 30 Wash.App. 119, 124 , 633 P.2d 92 (1981). [2] Accordingly, a statute of limitations challenge in a criminal case can be raised for the first time on appeal.

22009–2010
State v. Novotny neutral
washctapp · 1994
2 sentences

2010RAP 2.5(a)(1); State v. Novotny, 76 Wash.App. 343 , 345 n. 1, 884 P.2d 1336 (1994). ¶ 10 The question here is whether any time was tolled.

2010RAP 2.5(a)(1); State v. Novotny, 76 Wash.App. 343 , 345 n. 1, 884 P.2d 1336 (1994). ¶ 10 The question here is whether any time was tolled.

22009–2010
Adkinson v. Digby, Inc. green
wash · 1983
2 sentences

2007Sunding responds that "[i]nsufficiency of process is the issue here not failure to file before the expiration of the statute of limitations." A statute of limitations defense is not required because "[a]n untimely service of process is necessarily insufficient," Adkinson, 99 Wash.2d at 209 , 660 P.2d 756 .

2007Sunding responds that “[insufficiency of process is the issue here[,] not failure to file before the expiration of the statute of limitations.” A statute of limitations defense is not required because “[a]n untimely service of process is necessarily insufficient.” Adkinson, 99 Wn.2d at 209 .

22007–2007
Lybbert v. Grant County green
wash · 2000
2 sentences

2006Lybbert, 141 Wash.2d at 39 , 1 P.3d 1124 . ¶ 42 Here, APM Terminals did not act inconsistently with any previous behavior, nor was it dilatory in asserting the statute of limitations defense.

2006Lybbert, 141 Wn.2d at 39 . ¶42 Here, APM Terminals did not act inconsistently with any previous behavior, nor was it dilatory in asserting the statute of limitations defense.

22006–2006
Sidis v. Brodie/Dohrmann, Inc. green
wash · 1991
2 sentences

2006In so doing, they knew that Mr. Teller would be unable to rely Sidis v. Brodie/Dohrmann, Inc., 117 Wn.2d 325, 815 P.2d 781 (1991), . . .” to toll the statute of limitations.

2006In so doing, they knew that Mr. Teller would be unable to rely Sidis v. Brodie/Dohrmann, Inc., 117 Wn.2d 325, 815 P.2d 781 (1991), . . .” to toll the statute of limitations.

22006–2006
Marshall v. AC & S, INC. green
washctapp · 1989
2 sentences

2005Id. at 185 . ¶39 Unlike Marshall , Mr. Burbo’s deposition testimony does not negate objectively verifiable facts.

2005Id. at 185 , 782 P.2d 1107 .

22005–2005
Gazija v. Nicholas Jerns Co. green
wash · 1975
2 sentences

2005Thus, their citation to Gazija v. Nicholas Jerns Co., 86 Wn.2d 215 , 543 P.2d 338 (1975) (injury and damages do not always occur simultaneously) is inapt.

2005Thus, their citation to Gazija v. Nicholas Jerns Co., 86 Wn.2d 215 , 543 P.2d 338 (1975) (injury and damages do not always occur simultaneously) is inapt.

22005–2005
Mutual of Enumclaw Insurance v. T&G Construction, Inc. green
wash · 2008
1 sentence

2025It is just an affirmative defense like any other affirmative defense.” T & G, 165 Wn.2d at 265 . 15 No. 84795-3-I/16 D.

12025–2025
Simms v. Allstate Insurance green
· 1980
2 sentences

2025And in Simms v. Allstate Insurance Co., the court concluded that a finding of prejudice is unnecessary for a statute of limitations clause because it is merely a contractual modification. 27 Wn.

2025App. 872, 876-77 , 621 P.2d 155 (1980).

12025–2025
City of Seattle v. Patu green
wash · 2002
1 sentence

2024App. 1, 5 , 573 P.2d 1332 (1977) (per curiam) (“There is a waiver of certain defenses under the civil rules if they are not affirmatively pleaded in the answer.” (citing CR 8 and 12(b)). 5 City of Seattle v. Patu, 147 Wn.2d 717, 720 , 58 P.3d 273 (2002) (holding that a party cannot either intentionally or accidentally set up an error and then “‘complain[] of it on appeal’” (quoting State v. Pam, 101 Wn.2d 507, 511 , 680 P.2d 762 (1984), overruled in part on other grounds by State v. Olson, 126 Wn.2d 315, 319 , 893 P.2d 629 (1995))); see also State v. Studd, 137 Wn.2d 533, 547 , 973 P.2d 1049 (

12024–2024
Matthies v. Knodel green
washctapp · 1977
2 sentences

2024App. 2d 748, 759, 473 P.3d 1229 (2020) (“a defendant can waive a statute of limitations defense by failing to raise it in the trial court and an express waiver is not required”); Matthies v. Knodel, 19 Wn.

2024App. 1, 5 , 573 P.2d 1332 (1977) (per curiam) (“There is a waiver of certain defenses under the civil rules if they are not affirmatively pleaded in the answer.” (citing CR 8 and 12(b)). 5 City of Seattle v. Patu, 147 Wn.2d 717, 720 , 58 P.3d 273 (2002) (holding that a party cannot either intentionally or accidentally set up an error and then “‘complain[] of it on appeal’” (quoting State v. Pam, 101 Wn.2d 507, 511 , 680 P.2d 762 (1984), overruled in part on other grounds by State v. Olson, 126 Wn.2d 315, 319 , 893 P.2d 629 (1995))); see also State v. Studd, 137 Wn.2d 533, 547 , 973 P.2d 1049 (

12024–2024
State v. Olson green
wash · 1995
2 sentences

2024App. 1, 5 , 573 P.2d 1332 (1977) (per curiam) (“There is a waiver of certain defenses under the civil rules if they are not affirmatively pleaded in the answer.” (citing CR 8 and 12(b)). 5 City of Seattle v. Patu, 147 Wn.2d 717, 720 , 58 P.3d 273 (2002) (holding that a party cannot either intentionally or accidentally set up an error and then “‘complain[] of it on appeal’” (quoting State v. Pam, 101 Wn.2d 507, 511 , 680 P.2d 762 (1984), overruled in part on other grounds by State v. Olson, 126 Wn.2d 315, 319 , 893 P.2d 629 (1995))); see also State v. Studd, 137 Wn.2d 533, 547 , 973 P.2d 1049 (

2024App. 1, 5 , 573 P.2d 1332 (1977) (per curiam) (“There is a waiver of certain defenses under the civil rules if they are not affirmatively pleaded in the answer.” (citing CR 8 and 12(b)). 5 City of Seattle v. Patu, 147 Wn.2d 717, 720 , 58 P.3d 273 (2002) (holding that a party cannot either intentionally or accidentally set up an error and then “‘complain[] of it on appeal’” (quoting State v. Pam, 101 Wn.2d 507, 511 , 680 P.2d 762 (1984), overruled in part on other grounds by State v. Olson, 126 Wn.2d 315, 319 , 893 P.2d 629 (1995))); see also State v. Studd, 137 Wn.2d 533, 547 , 973 P.2d 1049 (

12024–2024
City of Seattle v. Patu green
wash · 2002
1 sentence

2024App. 1, 5 , 573 P.2d 1332 (1977) (per curiam) (“There is a waiver of certain defenses under the civil rules if they are not affirmatively pleaded in the answer.” (citing CR 8 and 12(b)). 5 City of Seattle v. Patu, 147 Wn.2d 717, 720 , 58 P.3d 273 (2002) (holding that a party cannot either intentionally or accidentally set up an error and then “‘complain[] of it on appeal’” (quoting State v. Pam, 101 Wn.2d 507, 511 , 680 P.2d 762 (1984), overruled in part on other grounds by State v. Olson, 126 Wn.2d 315, 319 , 893 P.2d 629 (1995))); see also State v. Studd, 137 Wn.2d 533, 547 , 973 P.2d 1049 (

12024–2024
Vern J. Oja & Associates v. Washington Park Towers, Inc. green
wash · 1977
2 sentences

2024Oja & Assocs. v. Wash. Park Towers, Inc., 89 Wn.2d 72, 77 , 569 P.2d 1141 (1977) (quoting RESTATEMENT (FIRST) OF JUDGMENTS § 99 (1942) (holding that the statute of limitations defense was personal and it did not result in a dismissal on the merits)).

2024Oja & Assocs. v. Wash. Park Towers, Inc., 89 Wn.2d 72, 77 , 569 P.2d 1141 (1977) (quoting RESTATEMENT (FIRST) OF JUDGMENTS § 99 (1942) (holding that the statute of limitations defense was personal and it did not result in a dismissal on the merits)).

12024–2024
State v. Pam green
wash · 1984
2 sentences

2024App. 1, 5 , 573 P.2d 1332 (1977) (per curiam) (“There is a waiver of certain defenses under the civil rules if they are not affirmatively pleaded in the answer.” (citing CR 8 and 12(b)). 5 City of Seattle v. Patu, 147 Wn.2d 717, 720 , 58 P.3d 273 (2002) (holding that a party cannot either intentionally or accidentally set up an error and then “‘complain[] of it on appeal’” (quoting State v. Pam, 101 Wn.2d 507, 511 , 680 P.2d 762 (1984), overruled in part on other grounds by State v. Olson, 126 Wn.2d 315, 319 , 893 P.2d 629 (1995))); see also State v. Studd, 137 Wn.2d 533, 547 , 973 P.2d 1049 (

2024App. 1, 5 , 573 P.2d 1332 (1977) (per curiam) (“There is a waiver of certain defenses under the civil rules if they are not affirmatively pleaded in the answer.” (citing CR 8 and 12(b)). 5 City of Seattle v. Patu, 147 Wn.2d 717, 720 , 58 P.3d 273 (2002) (holding that a party cannot either intentionally or accidentally set up an error and then “‘complain[] of it on appeal’” (quoting State v. Pam, 101 Wn.2d 507, 511 , 680 P.2d 762 (1984), overruled in part on other grounds by State v. Olson, 126 Wn.2d 315, 319 , 893 P.2d 629 (1995))); see also State v. Studd, 137 Wn.2d 533, 547 , 973 P.2d 1049 (

12024–2024
White v. Krutz neutral
wash · 1905
1 sentence

2023The principle was the basis for rejecting a similar statute of limitations defense in White v. Krutz, 37 Wash. 34, 36 , 79 P. 495 (1905).

12023–2023
Hayes v. Ray neutral
wash · 1905
1 sentence

2023The principle was the basis for rejecting a similar statute of limitations defense in White v. Krutz, 37 Wash. 34, 36 , 79 P. 495 (1905).

12023–2023
State v. Peltier green
wash · 2014
1 sentence

2021Peltier, 181 Wn.2d at 297 .

12021–2021
State Of Washington v. Elyas Kerow green
washctapp · 2016
12021–2021
Bernsen v. Big Bend Electric green
washctapp · 1993
12019–2019
United States v. Beebe green
· 1888
12017–2017
Herrmann v. Cissna green
wash · 1973
12017–2017
Pacific Northwest Bell Telephone Co. v. Department of Revenue green
wash · 1971
12016–2016
Keller v. Sixty-01 Associates of Apartment Owners neutral
washctapp · 2005
12016–2016
Cost Management Services, Inc. v. City of Lakewood green
wash · 2013
12014–2014
State v. Walker green
washctapp · 2009
12014–2014
Munden v. Hazelrigg green
wash · 1985
12013–2013
State v. Duvall green
washctapp · 1997
12013–2013
Ford Motor Co. v. City of Seattle green
wash · 2007
12013–2013
CHD, INC. v. Boyles neutral
washctapp · 2007
12011–2011
CHD, Inc. v. Boyles green
washctapp · 2007
12011–2011
Peterson v. Groves green
washctapp · 2002
12006–2006
Lybbert v. Grant County, State of Wash. green
wash · 2000
12006–2006
Wesche v. Martin green
washctapp · 1992
12004–2004
O'NEIL v. Estate of Murtha green
washctapp · 1997
12004–2004

Statutes the citing opinions construe

WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 4.16.080 (17) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 2.06.040 (7) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 4.16.040 (6) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 4.84.330 (5) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9A.04.080 (5) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 4.16.170 (4) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 19.86.090 (3) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 4.16.160 (3) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 42.56.070 (3) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 7.28.300 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

NY 423 (1894–2026) CA 395 (1864–2026) TX 189 (1940–2026) CT 184 (1909–2026) IL 177 (1887–2025) FL 173 (1972–2026) PA 165 (1904–2026) OH 136 (1939–2026) TN 131 (1984–2026) IN 128 (1862–2026) MI 123 (1901–2026) NC 99 (1884–2026) AL 81 (1891–2026) NJ 77 (1882–2026) IA 71 (1880–2026) AZ 70 (1969–2026) MS 67 (1877–2024) UT 58 (1906–2026) NM 58 (1946–2026) MO 48 (1978–2025) KS 48 (1905–2025) ME 46 (1982–2026) WA 46 (1985–2025) MA 46 (1931–2026) MN 46 (1894–2026) CO 45 (1976–2026) WI 45 (1884–2025) SC 44 (1922–2025) VA 40 (1906–2025) OR 40 (1917–2025) ID 38 (1977–2025) OK 36 (1875–2024) RI 35 (1890–2026) WV 33 (1902–2025) NE 32 (1982–2026) DC 30 (1978–2025) MD 30 (1944–2026) ND 28 (1912–2024) VT 24 (1996–2025) KY 24 (1917–2026) GA 24 (1848–2023) AR 24 (1914–2023) DE 20 (1987–2026) NH 20 (1993–2025) SD 16 (1912–2025) NV 16 (1979–2022) MT 16 (1933–2024) WY 12 (1925–2024) HI 10 (1967–2026) VI 10 (2002–2026) AK 10 (1987–2025) LA 5 (1967–2024)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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