standing doctrine (Ohio) · Go Syfert
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standing doctrine in Ohio

54 Ohio opinions name it 3 courts 1975–2026 16 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Ohio courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (22)

CaseFollowedCited
State ex rel. Ohio Academy of Trial Lawyers v. Shewardgreen
ohio · 1999 · cited in 4 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2006–2024
2 sentences

2024Ohio Academy of Trial Lawyers v. Sheward, 1999-Ohio-123, ¶ 132, 33 , to claim that he does not have to meet the traditional standing requirement.

2024Ohio Academy of Trial Lawyers v. Sheward, 1999-Ohio-123 , ¶ 132, 33, to claim that he does not have to meet the traditional standing requirement.

24
State ex rel. Dallman v. Court of Common Pleasgreen
ohio · 1973 · cited in 3 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2006–2024
2 sentences

2024Court of Common Pleas, 35 Ohio St.2d 176, 179 (1973). {¶ 11} The standing requirement is deeply rooted in our caselaw.

2024Court of Common Pleas, 35 Ohio St.2d 176 , 179 (1973). {¶ 11} The standing requirement is deeply rooted in our caselaw.

23
State ex rel. Ohio AFL-CIO v. Ohio Bur. of Workers' Comp.green
ohio · 2002 · cited in 2 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024Compare Ohio AFL-CIO, 2002-Ohio-6717 , with Food & Water Watch, 2018-Ohio-555 .

2024Compare Ohio AFL-CIO, 2002-Ohio-6717 , with Food & Water Watch, 2018-Ohio-555 .

22
Fortner v. Thomasgreen
ohio · 1970 · cited in 2 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
2 sentences

1999See id.; see, also, Fortner v. Thomas (1970), 22 Ohio St.2d 13, 14 , 51 O.O.2d 35, 35 , 257 N.E.2d 371, 372 (courts decide “actual controversies between parties legitimately affected by specific facts”).

1999See id.; see, also, Fortner v. Thomas (1970), 22 Ohio St.2d 13, 14 , 51 O.O.2d 35, 35 , 257 N.E.2d 371, 372 (courts decide “actual controversies between parties legitimately affected by specific facts”).

22
State ex rel. Ohio Academy of Trial Lawyers v. Shewardgreen
ohio · 1999 · cited in 5 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2006–2025
2 sentences

2025Ohio Academy of Trial Lawyers v. Sheward, 86 Ohio St.3d 451 (1999), and no longer permits parties to assert the public- right doctrine as a means to “bypass” the standing requirement.

2008Ohio Academy of Trial Lawyers v. Sheward , 86 Ohio St.3d 451 , 1999-Ohio-123 , 715 N.E.2d 1062 , at paragraph one of the syllabus, to support her contention. {¶ 10} In Sheward , the Supreme Court applied a "public action" exception to the traditional standing rule, and allowed several Ohio organizations and a private individual to challenge the constitutionality of comprehensive tort reform legislation by an action in *Page 5 mandamus.

15
Baker v. Carrgreen
scotus · 1962 · cited in 3 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1998–2015
2 sentences

2015No. 97APE08-980 (Apr. 30, 1998), quoting Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 205 (1962).

2000Standing is a threshold test that, if satisfied, permits the court to go on to decide whether the plaintiff has a good cause of action and whether the relief sought can or should be granted to plaintiff. * * * The standing doctrine requires that a litigant have "such a personal stake in the outcome of the controversy as to assure that concrete adverseness which sharpens the presentation of issues upon which the court so largely depends for illumination of difficult * * * questions." Williams v. Ohio State Attorney General (Apr. 30, 1998), Franklin App. No. 97AP-980, unreported, quoting Baker v

13
Alfred L. Snapp & Son, Inc. v. Puerto Rico Ex Rel. Barezgreen
scotus · 1982 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
2 sentences

2026As a standing doctrine, parens patriae refers to the State’s standing to “assert an injury to what has been characterized as a ‘quasi-sovereign’ interest, which is a judicial construct that does not lend itself to 10 January Term, 2026 a simple or exact definition.” Id. at 601.

2026What is clear, however, is that parens patriae standing “does not involve the States stepping in to represent the interests of particular citizens who, for whatever reason, cannot represent themselves.” Id. at 600.

11
Troxel v. Granvillegreen
scotus · 2000 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025Accord In re C.F., 2007-Ohio-1104 , ¶ 28, citing Troxel at 66 (explaining the 4 The Supreme Court of Ohio recently observed that “election-mandamus cases represent the outer bounds of the standing requirement.” State ex rel.

11
Travis v. Public Utilities Commissiongreen
ohio · 1931 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025Comm., 123 Ohio St. 355, 359 (1931). {¶ 10} Mootness has been understood as a temporal aspect of the standing requirement.

11
State, Ex Rel. v. Indus. Comm.green
· 1927 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024In Sheward, this court abruptly departed from our long history of “always adher[ing]” to the standing requirement, Williams at 56.

2024In Sheward, this court abruptly departed from our long history of “always adher[ing]” to the standing requirement, Williams at 56.

11
State ex rel. Food & Water Watch v. Stategreen
ohio · 2018 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024Compare Ohio AFL-CIO, 2002-Ohio-6717 , with Food & Water Watch, 2018-Ohio-555 .

2024Compare Ohio AFL-CIO, 2002-Ohio-6717 , with Food & Water Watch, 2018-Ohio-555 .

11
Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlifegreen
scotus · 1992 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
2 sentences

2022Corp. v. Schwartzwald, 134 Ohio St.3d 13 , 2012-Ohio-5017, ¶ 24 , quoting Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 570-571 , 112 S.Ct. 2130, fn. 5 (1992). "'While the proof required to establish standing increases as the suit proceeds, * * * the standing inquiry remains focused on whether the party invoking jurisdiction had the requisite stake in the outcome when the suit was filed.'" Ohioans for Concealed Carry at ¶ 35, fn. 3, quoting Davis v. Fed.

2022Corp. v. Schwartzwald, 134 Ohio St.3d 13 , 2012-Ohio-5017, ¶ 24 , quoting Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 570-571 , 112 S.Ct. 2130, fn. 5 (1992). "'While the proof required to establish standing increases as the suit proceeds, * * * the standing inquiry remains focused on whether the party invoking jurisdiction had the requisite stake in the outcome when the suit was filed.'" Ohioans for Concealed Carry at ¶ 35, fn. 3, quoting Davis v. Fed.

11
Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Environmentgreen
scotus · 1998 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022Corp. v. Schwartzwald, 134 Ohio St.3d 13 , 2012-Ohio-5017, ¶ 21 , quoting Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Environment, 523 U.S. 83, 102 (1998).

11
Brannon v. Adkinsgreen
ohctcomplmeigs · 1966 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
State ex rel. Caspar v. City of Daytongreen
ohio · 1990 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Planned Parenthood of Wisconsin v. Doylegreen
ca7 · 1998 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
Tschantz v. Fergusongreen
ohio · 1991 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
CitiMortgage, Inc. v. Pattersongreen
ohioctapp · 2012 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
Rakas v. Illinoisgreen
scotus · 1979 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
Asarco Inc. v. Kadishgreen
scotus · 1989 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
11
State v. Danielsgreen
ohio · 1980 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1986–1986
11
United States v. Jasper Junior Moodygreen
ca3 · 1973 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1975–1975
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Ohio. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (35)

CaseCitedYears
Jenkins v. City of Gallipolis green
ohioctapp · 1998
2 sentences

2013Id.; Jenkins v. Gallipolis, 128 Ohio App.3d 376, 381 , 715 N.E.2d 196 (4th Dist.1998).

2013Id.; Jenkins v. Gallipolis, 128 Ohio App.3d 376, 381 , 715 N.E.2d 196 (4th Dist.1998).

32000–2013
Warth v. Seldin red
scotus · 1975
2 sentences

2004The standing doctrine "encompasses `the general prohibition on a litigant's raising another person's legal rights, the rule barring adjudication of generalized grievances more appropriately addressed in the representative branches, and the requirement that a plaintiff's complaint fall within the zone of interests protected by the law invoked.'" Elk Grove Unified School Dist. v. Newdow (2004), ___ U.S. ___, 124 S.Ct. 2301 , 2309 , quoting Allen v. Wright (1984), 468 U.S. 737 , 751 , 104 S.Ct. 3315 , 82 L.Ed.2d 556 . "`Without such limitations * * * the courts would be called upon to decide abst

2004The standing doctrine "encompasses `the general prohibition on a litigant's raising another person's legal rights, the rule barring adjudication of generalized grievances more appropriately addressed in the representative branches, and the requirement that a plaintiff's complaint fall within the zone of interests protected by the law invoked.'" Elk Grove Unified School Dist. v. Newdow (2004), ___ U.S. ___, 124 S.Ct. 2301 , 2309 , quoting Allen v. Wright (1984), 468 U.S. 737 , 751 , 104 S.Ct. 3315 , 82 L.Ed.2d 556 . "`Without such limitations * * * the courts would be called upon to decide abst

32004–2006
Moore v. City of Middletown green
ohio · 2012
2 sentences

2026This standard ensures that parties “have alleged such a personal stake in the outcome of the controversy that they are entitled to have a court hear their case,” id. {¶ 12} Relying on the United States Supreme Court decisions in Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 578 U.S. 330 (2016), and TransUnion, L.L.C. v. Ramirez, 594 U.S. 413 (2021), Quicken argues that Voss fails to meet the standing requirement 5 SUPREME COURT OF OHIO because he has failed to establish that he suffered an actual injury from the failure of Quicken to timely record the release of mortgage.

2024Id.

22024–2026
Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services (TOC), Inc. green
scotus · 2000
2 sentences

2023“Standing doctrine functions to ensure, among other things, that the scarce resources of the [ ] courts are devoted to those disputes in which the parties have a concrete stake.” Id. {¶19} As such, “[t]he issue of standing is a threshold test that, once met, permits a court to determine the merits of the questions presented.” Langin at ¶10 , citing Hicks v. Meadows, 9th Dist.

2022“Standing doctrine functions to ensure, among other things, that the scarce resources of the [] courts are devoted to those disputes in which the parties have a concrete stake.” Id. {¶10} Indeed, “standing to sue is part of the common understanding of what it takes to make a justiciable case.” (Emphasis added.) Federal Home Loan Mortg.

22022–2023
Davis v. Federal Election Commission green
scotus · 2008
2 sentences

2022Election Comm., 554 U.S. 724, 734 , 128 S.Ct. 2759 (2008).

2022Election Comm., 554 U.S. 724, 734 , 128 S.Ct. 2759 (2008).

22020–2022
Lager v. Plough, Unpublished Decision (6-2-2006) green
ohioctapp · 2006
2 sentences

2022Portage No. 2006- P-0013, 2006-Ohio-2772, ¶ 7 , citing State ex rel.

2021Portage No. 2006-P-0013, 2006-Ohio-2772, ¶7 , citing State ex rel.

22021–2022
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corp. v. Schwartzwald green
ohio · 2012
2 sentences

2022Corp. v. Schwartzwald, 134 Ohio St.3d 13 , 2012-Ohio-5017, ¶ 24 , quoting Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 570-571 , 112 S.Ct. 2130, fn. 5 (1992). "'While the proof required to establish standing increases as the suit proceeds, * * * the standing inquiry remains focused on whether the party invoking jurisdiction had the requisite stake in the outcome when the suit was filed.'" Ohioans for Concealed Carry at ¶ 35, fn. 3, quoting Davis v. Fed.

2022Corp. v. Schwartzwald, 134 Ohio St.3d 13 , 2012-Ohio-5017, ¶ 24 , quoting Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 570-571 , 112 S.Ct. 2130, fn. 5 (1992). "'While the proof required to establish standing increases as the suit proceeds, * * * the standing inquiry remains focused on whether the party invoking jurisdiction had the requisite stake in the outcome when the suit was filed.'" Ohioans for Concealed Carry at ¶ 35, fn. 3, quoting Davis v. Fed.

22022–2022
Society National Bank v. Wood County Board of Revision green
ohio · 1998
2 sentences

2005Bank, 81 Ohio St.3d at 404 , 692 N.E.2d 148 , in which we noted that since the complainant in that case “failed to show that it [had] met the threshold standing requirement of R.C. 5715.19(A)(1), * * * [we did not need to] consider whether [it] met the requirements of R.C. 5715.13.” {¶ 10} We also reject VCOA’s assertion that R.C. 5311.20 permits the association to contest the valuation of the condominium’s common areas.

2005Bank, 81 Ohio St.3d at 404 , 692 N.E.2d 148 , in which we noted that since the complainant in that case “failed to show that it [had] met the threshold standing requirement of R.C. 5715.19(A)(1), * * * [we did not need to] consider whether [it] met the requirements of R.C. 5715.13.” {¶ 10} We also reject VCOA’s assertion that R.C. 5311.20 permits the association to contest the valuation of the condominium’s common areas.

22005–2013
Ohio Contractors Ass'n v. Bicking green
ohio · 1994
2 sentences

2006Ohio Contractors Assoc. v. Bicking (1994), 71 Ohio St.3d 318 , 643 N.E.2d 1088 , citing Worth v. Seldin (1975), 422 N.E.2d 490 , 95 S.Ct. 2197 , 45 L.Ed.2d 343 .

1998The same court found that “[t]o be compensable, the injury must be concrete and not simply abstract or suspected. * * * [W]here no bid was submitted and there was consequently no concrete injury suffered by any private contractor, [the association] does not have the standing to challenge the legality of the village’s bidding procedure.” Ohio Contractors Assn. at 320, 643 N.E.2d at 1090 .

21998–2006
Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow green
scotus · 2004
2 sentences

2004The standing doctrine "encompasses `the general prohibition on a litigant's raising another person's legal rights, the rule barring adjudication of generalized grievances more appropriately addressed in the representative branches, and the requirement that a plaintiff's complaint fall within the zone of interests protected by the law invoked.'" Elk Grove Unified School Dist. v. Newdow (2004), ___ U.S. ___, 124 S.Ct. 2301 , 2309 , quoting Allen v. Wright (1984), 468 U.S. 737 , 751 , 104 S.Ct. 3315 , 82 L.Ed.2d 556 . "`Without such limitations * * * the courts would be called upon to decide abst

2004The standing doctrine “encompasses ‘the general prohibition on a litigant’s raising another person’s legal rights, the rule barring adjudication of generalized grievances more appropriately addressed in the representative branches, and the requirement that a plaintiffs complaint fall within the zone of interests protected by the law invoked.’ ” Elk Grove Unified School Dist. v. Newdow (2004), — U.S. —, —, 124 S.Ct. 2301, 2309 , 159 L.Ed.2d 98 , quoting Allen v. Wright (1984), 468 U.S. 737, 751 , 104 S.Ct. 3315 , 82 L.Ed.2d 556 . “ ‘Without such limitations * * * the courts would be called upon

22004–2004
Allen v. Wright red
scotus · 1984
2 sentences

2004The standing doctrine "encompasses `the general prohibition on a litigant's raising another person's legal rights, the rule barring adjudication of generalized grievances more appropriately addressed in the representative branches, and the requirement that a plaintiff's complaint fall within the zone of interests protected by the law invoked.'" Elk Grove Unified School Dist. v. Newdow (2004), ___ U.S. ___, 124 S.Ct. 2301 , 2309 , quoting Allen v. Wright (1984), 468 U.S. 737 , 751 , 104 S.Ct. 3315 , 82 L.Ed.2d 556 . "`Without such limitations * * * the courts would be called upon to decide abst

2004The standing doctrine "encompasses `the general prohibition on a litigant's raising another person's legal rights, the rule barring adjudication of generalized grievances more appropriately addressed in the representative branches, and the requirement that a plaintiff's complaint fall within the zone of interests protected by the law invoked.'" Elk Grove Unified School Dist. v. Newdow (2004), ___ U.S. ___, 124 S.Ct. 2301 , 2309 , quoting Allen v. Wright (1984), 468 U.S. 737 , 751 , 104 S.Ct. 3315 , 82 L.Ed.2d 556 . "`Without such limitations * * * the courts would be called upon to decide abst

22004–2004
TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez green
scotus · 2021
1 sentence

2026This standard ensures that parties “have alleged such a personal stake in the outcome of the controversy that they are entitled to have a court hear their case,” id. {¶ 12} Relying on the United States Supreme Court decisions in Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 578 U.S. 330 (2016), and TransUnion, L.L.C. v. Ramirez, 594 U.S. 413 (2021), Quicken argues that Voss fails to meet the standing requirement 5 SUPREME COURT OF OHIO because he has failed to establish that he suffered an actual injury from the failure of Quicken to timely record the release of mortgage.

12026–2026
Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins green
scotus · 2016
1 sentence

2026This standard ensures that parties “have alleged such a personal stake in the outcome of the controversy that they are entitled to have a court hear their case,” id. {¶ 12} Relying on the United States Supreme Court decisions in Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 578 U.S. 330 (2016), and TransUnion, L.L.C. v. Ramirez, 594 U.S. 413 (2021), Quicken argues that Voss fails to meet the standing requirement 5 SUPREME COURT OF OHIO because he has failed to establish that he suffered an actual injury from the failure of Quicken to timely record the release of mortgage.

12026–2026
State ex rel. Martens v. Findlay Mun. Court green
ohio · 2024
1 sentence

2025In such cases, it is the “particular injury to [the elector’s] vote” that allows the elector to “satisfy the standing requirement.” Id.

12025–2025
In Re Highland Holiday Subdivision green
ohioctapp · 1971
2 sentences

2024The purpose of the standing requirement is to “enable the defendant to avail himself of evidence and defenses that the defendant has against Case No. 23 BE 0023 –5– the real party in interest, and to assure [the defendant] finality of judgment, and that he will be protected against another suit brought by the real party at [sic] interest on the same matter.” Shealy at 24-25 , quoting In re Highland Holiday Subdivision, 27 Ohio App.2d 237, 240 , 273 N.E.2d 903 (4th Dist.1971).

2024The purpose of the standing requirement is to “enable the defendant to avail himself of evidence and defenses that the defendant has against Case No. 23 BE 0023 –5– the real party in interest, and to assure [the defendant] finality of judgment, and that he will be protected against another suit brought by the real party at [sic] interest on the same matter.” Shealy at 24-25 , quoting In re Highland Holiday Subdivision, 27 Ohio App.2d 237, 240 , 273 N.E.2d 903 (4th Dist.1971).

12024–2024
Powers v. Ohio green
scotus · 1991
2 sentences

2022Powers v. Ohio, 499 U.S. 400, 416 , 111 S.Ct. 1364 , 113 L.Ed.2d 411 (1991). 19. {¶ 41} Appellant points to juror No. 4’s undisputed race as African American as satisfying the first part of a Batson challenge.

2022Powers v. Ohio, 499 U.S. 400, 416 , 111 S.Ct. 1364 , 113 L.Ed.2d 411 (1991). 19. {¶ 41} Appellant points to juror No. 4’s undisputed race as African American as satisfying the first part of a Batson challenge.

12022–2022
Westgate Shopping Village v. City of Toledo green
ohioctapp · 1994
1 sentence

2021However, the properties were two miles apart, not adjacent, as is the situation here. -33- {¶ 84} The standing inquiry in Westgate was over whether “the appellant's property rights were directly affected by the administrative order appealed.” Id. at 513 .

12021–2021
Midwest Fireworks Manufacturing Co. v. Deerfield Township Board of Zoning Appeals green
ohio · 2001
12020–2020
ProgressOhio.org, Inc. v. JobsOhio (Slip Opinion) green
ohio · 2014
12020–2020
Felix v. Ganley Chevrolet, Inc. (Slip Opinion) green
ohio · 2015
12019–2019
State ex rel. Food & Water Watch & FreshWater Accountability Project v. State green
ohioctapp · 2016
12018–2018
Sierra Club v. Morton green
scotus · 1972
12016–2016
State v. Huffman green
· 1936
12016–2016
City of Willoughby Hills v. C. C. Bar's Sahara, Inc. green
ohio · 1992
12013–2013
Thompson v. Hayes, Unpublished Decision (11-14-2006) green
ohioctapp · 2006
12007–2007
Nat. Amusements v. Union Township B.Z.A., Unpublished Decision (10-13-2003) neutral
ohioctapp · 2003
12007–2007
Cincinnati City School District v. State Board of Education green
ohioctapp · 1996
12004–2004
Cincinnati Bar Assn. v. Stidham neutral
ohio · 2000
12000–2000
Shealy v. Campbell green
ohio · 1985
12000–2000
Cincinnati Bar Ass'n v. Stidham green
ohio · 2000
12000–2000
Minnesota v. Carter green
scotus · 1999
11999–1999
Akron Standard Division of Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc. v. Lindley green
ohio · 1984
11999–1999
State v. Diana green
ohio · 1976
11986–1986
State v. Phipps green
ohio · 1979
11986–1986
Jones v. United States red
scotus · 1960
11975–1975

Statutes the citing opinions construe

OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 733.59 (6) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2721.12 (5) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2506.01 (4) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2721.03 (4) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 119.01 (3) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 309.13 (3) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 733.56 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 479 (1978–2026) IL 242 (1869–2026) CA 232 (1968–2026) PA 166 (1894–2026) MI 156 (1970–2025) NY 116 (1899–2026) IN 112 (1973–2025) CO 81 (1977–2026) TN 78 (1980–2026) WA 78 (1978–2025) FL 72 (1974–2024) CT 60 (1978–2026) OH 54 (1975–2026) ME 53 (1975–2025) VA 51 (1876–2026) VT 51 (1909–2026) UT 43 (1987–2024) WI 43 (1974–2026) NJ 43 (1854–2025) RI 39 (1968–2023) ID 39 (1908–2026) NE 38 (1899–2025) MD 37 (1970–2025) MA 36 (1975–2025) IA 36 (1972–2025) KS 36 (1964–2026) AL 34 (1977–2025) AZ 34 (1977–2026) GA 32 (1939–2026) MO 32 (1977–2024) NC 32 (1917–2023) MT 31 (1962–2026) HI 30 (1970–2025) WY 29 (1986–2025) DC 28 (1975–2024) DE 26 (1993–2025) AK 25 (1970–2024) MN 22 (1964–2016) NM 19 (1975–2024) OR 18 (1974–2026) KY 17 (2005–2023) WV 16 (1988–2026) ND 15 (1976–2022) NH 14 (1931–2024) LA 13 (1975–2025) SC 11 (1993–2023) SD 11 (1995–2021) OK 10 (1979–2018) NV 8 (2011–2021) VI 7 (1996–2016) MS 7 (1988–2019) AR 6 (2001–2020) GU 4 (2022–2025) MP 2 (1985–2023)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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