75 Kansas opinions name it 2 courts 1975–2024 13 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by Kansas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
United States v. Cortezgreen2 sentences1990Our observation in United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 418 (1981), regarding ‘particularized suspicion,’ is also applicable to the probable-cause standard: ‘The process does not deal with hard certainties, but with probabilities. 1983Our observation in United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 418 (1981), regarding ‘particularized suspicion,’ is also applicable to the probable cause standard: “ ‘The process does not deal with hard certainties, but with probabilities. | 2 | 2 |
Brinegar v. United Statesgreen2 sentences1990In Illinois v. Gates, the Court explained: “Perhaps the central teaching of our decisions bearing on the probable-cause standard is that it is a ‘practical, nontechnical conception.’ Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 176 (1949). ‘In dealing with probable cause, ... as the very name implies, we deal with probabilities. 1983Perhaps the central teaching of our decisions bearing on the probable cause standard is that it is a ‘practical, nontechnical conception.’ Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 176 (1949). ‘In dealing with probable cause, ... as the very name implies, we deal with probabilities. | 2 | 2 |
In Re the Care & Treatment of Haygreen2 sentences2022In re Care & Treatment of Hay, 263 Kan. 822, 831-32 , 953 P.2d 666 (1998). 6 "These requirements are clearly satisfied by [the KSVPA], which provides for all necessary basic protections, including appointed counsel, a probable cause hearing, appointment of qualified experts for examinations, a jury trial requiring a unanimous decision, appeals, annual examinations, discharge petitions, hearings, and the strictest possible burden of proof on the State." 263 Kan. at 831 . 2022In re Care & Treatment of Hay, 263 Kan. 822, 831-32 , 953 P.2d 666 (1998). 6 "These requirements are clearly satisfied by [the KSVPA], which provides for all necessary basic protections, including appointed counsel, a probable cause hearing, appointment of qualified experts for examinations, a jury trial requiring a unanimous decision, appeals, annual examinations, discharge petitions, hearings, and the strictest possible burden of proof on the State." 263 Kan. at 831 . | 1 | 5 |
State v. Stevensongreen2 sentences2022The probable cause analysis reviews the totality of the circumstances to determine whether there is a "'fair probability'" that the place to be searched contains contraband or evidence. 299 Kan. at 64-65 . 2018See State v. Stevenson , 299 Kan. 53 , 58, 321 P.3d 754 (2014) (stating that the automobile exception to the Fourth Amendment is a subclass of the probable-cause-plus-exigent-circumstances exception under which, "[i]f a vehicle is readily mobile and probable cause exists to believe the vehicle contains contraband or evidence of a crime, the Fourth Amendment does not require a warrant for police to search the vehicle"). | 1 | 2 |
| Arizona v. Gantgreen | 1 | 1 |
United States v. Robert Lee Downsgreen1 sentence2018Cf. United States v. Downs , 151 F.3d 1301 , 1303 (10th Cir. 1998) ("In a case involving raw marijuana, this court has held that 'the odor of marijuana alone can satisfy the probable cause requirement to search a vehicle or baggage.' "); State v. Cuong Phu Le , 463 S.W.3d 872 , 878 (Tex. Crim. | 1 | 1 |
United States of America, -Appellee v. William G. Westgreen2 sentences2018In the other case cited, West, the court noted the "Tenth Circuit has consistently held that the scent of air freshener is properly considered as a factor in the probable cause analysis." 219 F.3d at 1179 (holding officer had probable cause to search car trunk when he detected smells of methamphetamine and air freshener, driver was extremely nervous during encounter, and driver had prior criminal record for serious offenses). 2018In the other case cited, West , the court noted the "Tenth Circuit has consistently held that the scent of air freshener is properly considered as a factor in the probable cause analysis." 219 F.3d at 1179 (holding officer had probable cause to search car trunk when he detected smells of methamphetamine and air freshener, driver was extremely nervous during encounter, and driver had prior criminal record for serious offenses). | 1 | 1 |
| United States v. Montgomerygreen | 1 | 1 |
| Smith v. Kansas Dept. of Revenuegreen | 1 | 1 |
| State v. Howardgreen | 1 | 1 |
| United States v. Charles H. Leidnergreen | 1 | 1 |
| State v. Jonesgreen | 1 | 1 |
| State v. Duncangreen | 1 | 1 |
| State v. Jonesgreen | 1 | 1 |
| United States v. James Bedford Fishergreen | 1 | 1 |
| State v. Thomasgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Hawley v. Kansas Department of Agriculturegreen | 1 | 1 |
| In Re Boatengreen | 1 | 1 |
| In Re DERgreen | 1 | 1 |
| State v. Leshaygreen | 1 | 1 |
| In Re the Care & Treatment of Fostergreen | 1 | 1 |
| In re D.D.green | 1 | 1 |
| State v. Hicksgreen | 1 | 1 |
| State v. Malmgreen | 1 | 1 |
| United States v. Larry Jack Nation, United States of America v. Larry Jack Nationgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Injured Workers of Kansas v. Franklingreen | 1 | 1 |
| Eaton v. Iowa Employment Appeal Boardgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Burns v. Reedgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
| No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Kansas. Read the followed side critically anyway. | ||
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
State v. Ultreras
green
2 sentences2016Hence, the statute as written with a probable cause standard adds [a] requirement and is meaningful.” Ultreras, 296 Kan. at 843-44 . 2016Our Supreme Court rejected this, finding instead that the State had the burden to negate the defendant s claim under a probable cause standard and that the district court had erred by “imposing a higher standard of proof than probable cause.” 296 Kan. at 845 . | 6 | 2013–2017 |
Maryland v. Pringle
green
2 sentences2022But the probable- cause standard is a practical, commonsense, nontechnical, and fluid concept that deals with "the factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent men, not legal technicians, act." Maryland v. Pringle, 540 U.S. 366, 370-71 , 124 S. Ct. 795 , 157 L. 2022But the probable- cause standard is a practical, commonsense, nontechnical, and fluid concept that deals with "the factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent men, not legal technicians, act." Maryland v. Pringle, 540 U.S. 366, 370-71 , 124 S. Ct. 795 , 157 L. | 4 | 2004–2022 |
State v. Doelz
green
2 sentences2022"The probable cause analysis reviews the totality of the circumstances to determine the probability that the vehicle contains contraband or evidence." 309 Kan. at 143 . 2022"The probable cause analysis reviews the totality of the circumstances to determine the probability that the vehicle contains contraband or evidence." 309 Kan. at 143 . | 4 | 2020–2022 |
In Re the Care & Treatment of Brown
green
2 sentences2022Brown, 26 Kan. 2004The trial may be continued upon the request of either party and a showing of good cause, or by the court on its own motion in the due administration of justice, and when the respondent will not be substantially prejudiced.” In In re Care & Treatment of Brown, 26 Kan. | 3 | 2002–2022 |
Illinois v. Gates
green
2 sentences2004As the United States Supreme Court has recently stated: "`[P]robable cause is a fluid concept turning on the assessment of probabilities in particular factual contexts not readily, or even usefully, reduced to a neat set of legal rules.' [Citation omitted.] "The probable-cause standard is incapable of precise definition or quantification into percentages because it deals with probabilities and depends on the totality of the circumstances." Maryland v. Pringle, 540 U.S. at 370 -71 (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 231 , 76 L. 2004As the United States Supreme Court has recently stated: "`[P]robable cause is a fluid concept turning on the assessment of probabilities in particular factual contexts not readily, or even usefully, reduced to a neat set of legal rules.' [Citation omitted.] "The probable-cause standard is incapable of precise definition or quantification into percentages because it deals with probabilities and depends on the totality of the circumstances." Maryland v. Pringle, 540 U.S. at 370 -71 (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 231 , 76 L. | 3 | 2004–2015 |
Sloop v. Kansas Department of Revenue
green
2 sentences2024On appeal, Vega-Ruiz appears to claim that the district court applied a lower standard in its determination that probable cause supported the arrest and argues that through some of its recent decisions, the Kansas Supreme Court "is implicitly reminding prosecutors, officers and courts alike that the Fourth Amendment applies equally to DUI cases and that no special rules or lower standards will be tolerated." See City of Wichita v. Molitor, 301 Kan. 251, 268-69 , 341 P.3d 1275 (2015) (finding preliminary breath test results inadmissible after field sobriety testing indicated a lack of impairmen 2024On appeal, Vega-Ruiz appears to claim that the district court applied a lower standard in its determination that probable cause supported the arrest and argues that through some of its recent decisions, the Kansas Supreme Court "is implicitly reminding prosecutors, officers and courts alike that the Fourth Amendment applies equally to DUI cases and that no special rules or lower standards will be tolerated." See City of Wichita v. Molitor, 301 Kan. 251, 268-69 , 341 P.3d 1275 (2015) (finding preliminary breath test results inadmissible after field sobriety testing indicated a lack of impairmen | 2 | 2020–2024 |
In re the Care & Treatment of Burch
green
2 sentences2023Sebek had the burden at the probable cause hearing to establish that the facts, viewed in the light favoring him, were "sufficient to cause a person of ordinary prudence and action to conscientiously entertain a reasonable belief that [his] mental abnormality or personality disorder had so changed that he was safe to be placed in transitional release." 296 Kan. at 226 . 2020The appointment of an examiner is discretionary." Quary asks this court to apply the probable cause standard from K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 59-29a08(d) and In re Care and Treatment of Burch, 296 Kan. 215, 225 , 291 P.3d 78 (2012), and rule that the district court made an error of law when it failed to apply this standard. | 2 | 2020–2023 |
County of Riverside v. McLaughlin
green
2 sentences2000Hershberger argues the State failed to hold a probable cause hearing within 48 hours as required by County of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44, 47 , 114 L. 2000Hershberger argues the State failed to hold a probable cause hearing within 48 hours as required by County of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44, 47 , 114 L. | 2 | 2000–2021 |
State v. Ramirez
green
2 sentences2019Whether the officer had probable cause depends on "'the facts and circumstances within the arresting officers' knowledge.'" Ramirez, 278 Kan. at 406 . 2018When analyzing the totality of the circumstances to determine whether probable cause exists, we consider " 'all of the information in the officer's possession, fair inferences therefrom, and any other relevant facts, even if they may not be admissible on the issue of guilt.' " State v. Ramirez , 278 Kan. 402 , 406, 100 P.3d 94 (2004). | 2 | 2018–2019 |
State v. Cuchy
green
2 sentences2011“The general rule is that an unlawful detention, absent a showing of specific prejudice to the defendant’s right to a fair trial, is not sufficient to justify the dismissal of criminal charges.” State v. Cuchy, 270 Kan. 763 , Syl. ¶ 3, 19 P.3d 152 (2001). 2011“The general rule is that an unlawful detention, absent a showing of specific prejudice to the defendant’s right to a fair trial, is not sufficient to justify the dismissal of criminal charges.” State v. Cuchy, 270 Kan. 763 , Syl. ¶ 3, 19 P.3d 152 (2001). | 2 | 2011–2011 |
In re D.E.R.
green
2 sentences2011CONCLUSION In In re D.E.R., the Kansas Supreme Court mandated that in proceedings under the KJJC, a juvenile respondent possesses the constitutional right to have a judicial determination of probable cause as a prerequisite to an extended restraint of liberty. 290 Kan. 306 , Syl. ¶ 2, 225 P.3d 1187 . 2011Conclusion In In re D.E.R., the Kansas Supreme Court mandated that in proceedings under the KJJC, a juvenile respondent possesses the constitutional right to have a judicial determination of probable cause as a prerequisite to an extended restraint of liberty. 290 Kan. 306 , Syl. ¶ 2. | 2 | 2011–2011 |
City of Wichita v. Molitor
green
2 sentences2024On appeal, Vega-Ruiz appears to claim that the district court applied a lower standard in its determination that probable cause supported the arrest and argues that through some of its recent decisions, the Kansas Supreme Court "is implicitly reminding prosecutors, officers and courts alike that the Fourth Amendment applies equally to DUI cases and that no special rules or lower standards will be tolerated." See City of Wichita v. Molitor, 301 Kan. 251, 268-69 , 341 P.3d 1275 (2015) (finding preliminary breath test results inadmissible after field sobriety testing indicated a lack of impairmen 2024On appeal, Vega-Ruiz appears to claim that the district court applied a lower standard in its determination that probable cause supported the arrest and argues that through some of its recent decisions, the Kansas Supreme Court "is implicitly reminding prosecutors, officers and courts alike that the Fourth Amendment applies equally to DUI cases and that no special rules or lower standards will be tolerated." See City of Wichita v. Molitor, 301 Kan. 251, 268-69 , 341 P.3d 1275 (2015) (finding preliminary breath test results inadmissible after field sobriety testing indicated a lack of impairmen | 1 | 2024–2024 |
Michigan v. Fisher
green
2 sentences2022"Officers do not need ironclad proof of 'a likely serious, life-threatening' injury to invoke the emergency aid exception." Michigan v. Fisher, 558 U.S. 45, 49 , 130 S. Ct. 546 , 175 L. 2022"Officers do not need ironclad proof of 'a likely serious, life-threatening' injury to invoke the emergency aid exception." Michigan v. Fisher, 558 U.S. 45, 49 , 130 S. Ct. 546 , 175 L. | 1 | 2022–2022 |
United States v. Ross
green
2 sentences2022The landmark United States Supreme Court case for the automobile exception is United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798 , 102 S. Ct. 2157 , 72 L. 2022The landmark United States Supreme Court case for the automobile exception is United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798 , 102 S. Ct. 2157 , 72 L. | 1 | 2022–2022 |
United States v. Porter
green
1 sentence2022"Reasonable belief does not require absolute certainty; the standard is more lenient than the probable cause standard." Porter, 594 F.3d at 1258 . | 1 | 2022–2022 |
Hamel v. Hamel
green
2 sentences2021Our appellate courts generally find an in terrorem clause "valid and enforceable against a beneficiary who attacks the validity of the will, or provisions therein, unless the beneficiary had probable cause to challenge the will or its 11 provisions." Hamel v. Hamel, 296 Kan. 1060, 1075 , 299 P.3d 278 (2013). 2021Our appellate courts generally find an in terrorem clause "valid and enforceable against a beneficiary who attacks the validity of the will, or provisions therein, unless the beneficiary had probable cause to challenge the will or its 11 provisions." Hamel v. Hamel, 296 Kan. 1060, 1075 , 299 P.3d 278 (2013). | 1 | 2021–2021 |
Mathews v. Eldridge
green
2 sentences2021Under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, no state shall "deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." "The fundamental requirement of due process is the opportunity to be heard 'at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.'" Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 333 , 96 S. Ct. 893 , 47 L. 2021Under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, no state shall "deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." "The fundamental requirement of due process is the opportunity to be heard 'at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.'" Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 333 , 96 S. Ct. 893 , 47 L. | 1 | 2021–2021 |
State v. Thompson
green
1 sentence2021Thompson, 284 Kan. at 805 . | 1 | 2021–2021 |
In Re the Care & Treatment of Palmer
neutral
1 sentence2020The only significant difference was that in Palmer, the defendant "waived his right to a probable cause hearing," which we found to be an agreement or stipulation that "there was sufficient evidence to bind him over for trial." 46 Kan. | 1 | 2020–2020 |
State v. Johnson
green
1 sentence2020Casper, 309 Kan. at 1215 (citing Johnson, 297 Kan. at 222 ). | 1 | 2020–2020 |
In Re the Care & Treatment of Sporn
green
2 sentences2020As an example, a motion to dismiss on res judicata grounds was made after the probable-cause finding had been made in In re Care & Treatment of Sporn, 289 Kan. 681, 682 , 215 P.3d 615 (2009). 2020As an example, a motion to dismiss on res judicata grounds was made after the probable-cause finding had been made in In re Care & Treatment of Sporn, 289 Kan. 681, 682 , 215 P.3d 615 (2009). | 1 | 2020–2020 |
State v. Sanchez-Loredo
green
2 sentences2019The probable cause analysis reviews the totality of the circumstances to determine the probability that the vehicle contains contraband or evidence. 294 Kan. at 55 , 272 P.3d 34 . 2019The probable cause analysis reviews the totality of the circumstances to determine the probability that the vehicle contains contraband or evidence. 294 Kan. at 55 , 272 P.3d 34 . | 1 | 2019–2019 |
State v. Cuong Phu Le
green
1 sentence2018Cf. United States v. Downs , 151 F.3d 1301 , 1303 (10th Cir. 1998) ("In a case involving raw marijuana, this court has held that 'the odor of marijuana alone can satisfy the probable cause requirement to search a vehicle or baggage.' "); State v. Cuong Phu Le , 463 S.W.3d 872 , 878 (Tex. Crim. | 1 | 2018–2018 |
State v. DeMarco
green
2 sentences2018"Discrepancies in travel plans or histories have been used as objective reasonable suspicion factors in other cases, depending on the nature of the discrepancy. 'As with unusual travel plans, inconsistencies in information provided to the officer during the traffic stop may give rise to reasonable suspicion of criminal activity.' " DeMarco , 263 Kan. at 739 , 952 P.2d 1276 . 2018"Discrepancies in travel plans or histories have been used as objective reasonable suspicion factors in other cases, depending on the nature of the discrepancy. 'As with unusual travel plans, inconsistencies in information provided to the officer during the traffic stop may give rise to reasonable suspicion of criminal activity.' " DeMarco , 263 Kan. at 739 , 952 P.2d 1276 . | 1 | 2018–2018 |
| United States v. David Lawson green | 1 | 2016–2016 |
| Bunn v. State green | 1 | 2015–2015 |
| State v. Hardy green | 1 | 2015–2015 |
| Dennis v. State green | 1 | 2013–2013 |
| Rodgers v. Commonwealth green | 1 | 2013–2013 |
| State v. Houston green | 1 | 2012–2012 |
| State v. Phifer neutral | 1 | 2011–2011 |
| State v. TYWAYNE H. green | 1 | 2010–2010 |
| In Re Interest of Thomas B.D. green | 1 | 2010–2010 |
| Griffin v. Wisconsin green | 1 | 2009–2009 |
| Ohio v. Roberts red | 1 | 2009–2009 |
| Barber v. Page green | 1 | 2009–2009 |
| Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial Dist. Court of Nev., Humboldt Cty. green | 1 | 2008–2008 |
| State v. Pollman green | 1 | 2008–2008 |
| State v. Hemme green | 1 | 2007–2007 |
| Burche v. Degussa Carbon Black Co. green | 1 | 2007–2007 |
Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.