probable cause standard (Kansas) · Go Syfert
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probable cause standard in Kansas

75 Kansas opinions name it 2 courts 1975–2024 13 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Kansas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (28)

CaseFollowedCited
United States v. Cortezgreen
scotus · 1981 · cited in 2 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 1983–1990
2 sentences

1990Our observation in United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 418 (1981), regarding ‘particularized suspicion,’ is also applicable to the probable-cause standard: ‘The process does not deal with hard certainties, but with probabilities.

1983Our observation in United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 418 (1981), regarding ‘particularized suspicion,’ is also applicable to the probable cause standard: “ ‘The process does not deal with hard certainties, but with probabilities.

22
Brinegar v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1949 · cited in 2 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 1983–1990
2 sentences

1990In Illinois v. Gates, the Court explained: “Perhaps the central teaching of our decisions bearing on the probable-cause standard is that it is a ‘practical, nontechnical conception.’ Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 176 (1949). ‘In dealing with probable cause, ... as the very name implies, we deal with probabilities.

1983Perhaps the central teaching of our decisions bearing on the probable cause standard is that it is a ‘practical, nontechnical conception.’ Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 176 (1949). ‘In dealing with probable cause, ... as the very name implies, we deal with probabilities.

22
In Re the Care & Treatment of Haygreen
kan · 1998 · cited in 5 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2006–2022
2 sentences

2022In re Care & Treatment of Hay, 263 Kan. 822, 831-32 , 953 P.2d 666 (1998). 6 "These requirements are clearly satisfied by [the KSVPA], which provides for all necessary basic protections, including appointed counsel, a probable cause hearing, appointment of qualified experts for examinations, a jury trial requiring a unanimous decision, appeals, annual examinations, discharge petitions, hearings, and the strictest possible burden of proof on the State." 263 Kan. at 831 .

2022In re Care & Treatment of Hay, 263 Kan. 822, 831-32 , 953 P.2d 666 (1998). 6 "These requirements are clearly satisfied by [the KSVPA], which provides for all necessary basic protections, including appointed counsel, a probable cause hearing, appointment of qualified experts for examinations, a jury trial requiring a unanimous decision, appeals, annual examinations, discharge petitions, hearings, and the strictest possible burden of proof on the State." 263 Kan. at 831 .

15
State v. Stevensongreen
kan · 2014 · cited in 2 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2022
2 sentences

2022The probable cause analysis reviews the totality of the circumstances to determine whether there is a "'fair probability'" that the place to be searched contains contraband or evidence. 299 Kan. at 64-65 .

2018See State v. Stevenson , 299 Kan. 53 , 58, 321 P.3d 754 (2014) (stating that the automobile exception to the Fourth Amendment is a subclass of the probable-cause-plus-exigent-circumstances exception under which, "[i]f a vehicle is readily mobile and probable cause exists to believe the vehicle contains contraband or evidence of a crime, the Fourth Amendment does not require a warrant for police to search the vehicle").

12
Arizona v. Gantgreen
scotus · 2009 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
United States v. Robert Lee Downsgreen
ca10 · 1998 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018Cf. United States v. Downs , 151 F.3d 1301 , 1303 (10th Cir. 1998) ("In a case involving raw marijuana, this court has held that 'the odor of marijuana alone can satisfy the probable cause requirement to search a vehicle or baggage.' "); State v. Cuong Phu Le , 463 S.W.3d 872 , 878 (Tex. Crim.

11
United States of America, -Appellee v. William G. Westgreen
ca10 · 2000 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018In the other case cited, West, the court noted the "Tenth Circuit has consistently held that the scent of air freshener is properly considered as a factor in the probable cause analysis." 219 F.3d at 1179 (holding officer had probable cause to search car trunk when he detected smells of methamphetamine and air freshener, driver was extremely nervous during encounter, and driver had prior criminal record for serious offenses).

2018In the other case cited, West , the court noted the "Tenth Circuit has consistently held that the scent of air freshener is properly considered as a factor in the probable cause analysis." 219 F.3d at 1179 (holding officer had probable cause to search car trunk when he detected smells of methamphetamine and air freshener, driver was extremely nervous during encounter, and driver had prior criminal record for serious offenses).

11
United States v. Montgomerygreen
ca8 · 2008 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
Smith v. Kansas Dept. of Revenuegreen
kan · 2010 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
State v. Howardgreen
kanctapp · 2014 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
United States v. Charles H. Leidnergreen
ca7 · 1996 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
State v. Jonesgreen
kan · 2013 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
State v. Duncangreen
sc · 2011 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
State v. Jonesgreen
kan · 2014 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
United States v. James Bedford Fishergreen
ca4 · 1990 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
State v. Thomasgreen
kan · 2002 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
Hawley v. Kansas Department of Agriculturegreen
kan · 2006 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
In Re Boatengreen
kan · 2006 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
In Re DERgreen
kan · 2010 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
State v. Leshaygreen
kan · 2009 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
In Re the Care & Treatment of Fostergreen
kan · 2006 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
In re D.D.green
ncctapp · 2001 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
11
State v. Hicksgreen
kan · 2006 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
State v. Malmgreen
kanctapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
United States v. Larry Jack Nation, United States of America v. Larry Jack Nationgreen
ca8 · 2001 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11
Injured Workers of Kansas v. Franklingreen
kan · 1997 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
Eaton v. Iowa Employment Appeal Boardgreen
iowa · 1999 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
Burns v. Reedgreen
scotus · 1991 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Kansas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (52)

CaseCitedYears
State v. Ultreras green
kan · 2013
2 sentences

2016Hence, the statute as written with a probable cause standard adds [a] requirement and is meaningful.” Ultreras, 296 Kan. at 843-44 .

2016Our Supreme Court rejected this, finding instead that the State had the burden to negate the defendant s claim under a probable cause standard and that the district court had erred by “imposing a higher standard of proof than probable cause.” 296 Kan. at 845 .

62013–2017
Maryland v. Pringle green
scotus · 2003
2 sentences

2022But the probable- cause standard is a practical, commonsense, nontechnical, and fluid concept that deals with "the factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent men, not legal technicians, act." Maryland v. Pringle, 540 U.S. 366, 370-71 , 124 S. Ct. 795 , 157 L.

2022But the probable- cause standard is a practical, commonsense, nontechnical, and fluid concept that deals with "the factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent men, not legal technicians, act." Maryland v. Pringle, 540 U.S. 366, 370-71 , 124 S. Ct. 795 , 157 L.

42004–2022
State v. Doelz green
kan · 2019
2 sentences

2022"The probable cause analysis reviews the totality of the circumstances to determine the probability that the vehicle contains contraband or evidence." 309 Kan. at 143 .

2022"The probable cause analysis reviews the totality of the circumstances to determine the probability that the vehicle contains contraband or evidence." 309 Kan. at 143 .

42020–2022
In Re the Care & Treatment of Brown green
kanctapp · 1999
2 sentences

2022Brown, 26 Kan.

2004The trial may be continued upon the request of either party and a showing of good cause, or by the court on its own motion in the due administration of justice, and when the respondent will not be substantially prejudiced.” In In re Care & Treatment of Brown, 26 Kan.

32002–2022
Illinois v. Gates green
scotus · 1983
2 sentences

2004As the United States Supreme Court has recently stated: "`[P]robable cause is a fluid concept — turning on the assessment of probabilities in particular factual contexts — not readily, or even usefully, reduced to a neat set of legal rules.' [Citation omitted.] "The probable-cause standard is incapable of precise definition or quantification into percentages because it deals with probabilities and depends on the totality of the circumstances." Maryland v. Pringle, 540 U.S. at 370 -71 (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 231 , 76 L.

2004As the United States Supreme Court has recently stated: "`[P]robable cause is a fluid concept — turning on the assessment of probabilities in particular factual contexts — not readily, or even usefully, reduced to a neat set of legal rules.' [Citation omitted.] "The probable-cause standard is incapable of precise definition or quantification into percentages because it deals with probabilities and depends on the totality of the circumstances." Maryland v. Pringle, 540 U.S. at 370 -71 (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 231 , 76 L.

32004–2015
Sloop v. Kansas Department of Revenue green
kan · 2012
2 sentences

2024On appeal, Vega-Ruiz appears to claim that the district court applied a lower standard in its determination that probable cause supported the arrest and argues that through some of its recent decisions, the Kansas Supreme Court "is implicitly reminding prosecutors, officers and courts alike that the Fourth Amendment applies equally to DUI cases and that no special rules or lower standards will be tolerated." See City of Wichita v. Molitor, 301 Kan. 251, 268-69 , 341 P.3d 1275 (2015) (finding preliminary breath test results inadmissible after field sobriety testing indicated a lack of impairmen

2024On appeal, Vega-Ruiz appears to claim that the district court applied a lower standard in its determination that probable cause supported the arrest and argues that through some of its recent decisions, the Kansas Supreme Court "is implicitly reminding prosecutors, officers and courts alike that the Fourth Amendment applies equally to DUI cases and that no special rules or lower standards will be tolerated." See City of Wichita v. Molitor, 301 Kan. 251, 268-69 , 341 P.3d 1275 (2015) (finding preliminary breath test results inadmissible after field sobriety testing indicated a lack of impairmen

22020–2024
In re the Care & Treatment of Burch green
kan · 2012
2 sentences

2023Sebek had the burden at the probable cause hearing to establish that the facts, viewed in the light favoring him, were "sufficient to cause a person of ordinary prudence and action to conscientiously entertain a reasonable belief that [his] mental abnormality or personality disorder had so changed that he was safe to be placed in transitional release." 296 Kan. at 226 .

2020The appointment of an examiner is discretionary." Quary asks this court to apply the probable cause standard from K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 59-29a08(d) and In re Care and Treatment of Burch, 296 Kan. 215, 225 , 291 P.3d 78 (2012), and rule that the district court made an error of law when it failed to apply this standard.

22020–2023
County of Riverside v. McLaughlin green
scotus · 1991
2 sentences

2000Hershberger argues the State failed to hold a probable cause hearing within 48 hours as required by County of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44, 47 , 114 L.

2000Hershberger argues the State failed to hold a probable cause hearing within 48 hours as required by County of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44, 47 , 114 L.

22000–2021
State v. Ramirez green
kan · 2004
2 sentences

2019Whether the officer had probable cause depends on "'the facts and circumstances within the arresting officers' knowledge.'" Ramirez, 278 Kan. at 406 .

2018When analyzing the totality of the circumstances to determine whether probable cause exists, we consider " 'all of the information in the officer's possession, fair inferences therefrom, and any other relevant facts, even if they may not be admissible on the issue of guilt.' " State v. Ramirez , 278 Kan. 402 , 406, 100 P.3d 94 (2004).

22018–2019
State v. Cuchy green
kan · 2001
2 sentences

2011“The general rule is that an unlawful detention, absent a showing of specific prejudice to the defendant’s right to a fair trial, is not sufficient to justify the dismissal of criminal charges.” State v. Cuchy, 270 Kan. 763 , Syl. ¶ 3, 19 P.3d 152 (2001).

2011“The general rule is that an unlawful detention, absent a showing of specific prejudice to the defendant’s right to a fair trial, is not sufficient to justify the dismissal of criminal charges.” State v. Cuchy, 270 Kan. 763 , Syl. ¶ 3, 19 P.3d 152 (2001).

22011–2011
In re D.E.R. green
kan · 2010
2 sentences

2011CONCLUSION In In re D.E.R., the Kansas Supreme Court mandated that in proceedings under the KJJC, a juvenile respondent possesses the constitutional right to have a judicial determination of probable cause as a prerequisite to an extended restraint of liberty. 290 Kan. 306 , Syl. ¶ 2, 225 P.3d 1187 .

2011Conclusion In In re D.E.R., the Kansas Supreme Court mandated that in proceedings under the KJJC, a juvenile respondent possesses the constitutional right to have a judicial determination of probable cause as a prerequisite to an extended restraint of liberty. 290 Kan. 306 , Syl. ¶ 2.

22011–2011
City of Wichita v. Molitor green
kan · 2015
2 sentences

2024On appeal, Vega-Ruiz appears to claim that the district court applied a lower standard in its determination that probable cause supported the arrest and argues that through some of its recent decisions, the Kansas Supreme Court "is implicitly reminding prosecutors, officers and courts alike that the Fourth Amendment applies equally to DUI cases and that no special rules or lower standards will be tolerated." See City of Wichita v. Molitor, 301 Kan. 251, 268-69 , 341 P.3d 1275 (2015) (finding preliminary breath test results inadmissible after field sobriety testing indicated a lack of impairmen

2024On appeal, Vega-Ruiz appears to claim that the district court applied a lower standard in its determination that probable cause supported the arrest and argues that through some of its recent decisions, the Kansas Supreme Court "is implicitly reminding prosecutors, officers and courts alike that the Fourth Amendment applies equally to DUI cases and that no special rules or lower standards will be tolerated." See City of Wichita v. Molitor, 301 Kan. 251, 268-69 , 341 P.3d 1275 (2015) (finding preliminary breath test results inadmissible after field sobriety testing indicated a lack of impairmen

12024–2024
Michigan v. Fisher green
scotus · 2009
2 sentences

2022"Officers do not need ironclad proof of 'a likely serious, life-threatening' injury to invoke the emergency aid exception." Michigan v. Fisher, 558 U.S. 45, 49 , 130 S. Ct. 546 , 175 L.

2022"Officers do not need ironclad proof of 'a likely serious, life-threatening' injury to invoke the emergency aid exception." Michigan v. Fisher, 558 U.S. 45, 49 , 130 S. Ct. 546 , 175 L.

12022–2022
United States v. Ross green
scotus · 1982
2 sentences

2022The landmark United States Supreme Court case for the automobile exception is United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798 , 102 S. Ct. 2157 , 72 L.

2022The landmark United States Supreme Court case for the automobile exception is United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798 , 102 S. Ct. 2157 , 72 L.

12022–2022
United States v. Porter green
ca10 · 2010
1 sentence

2022"Reasonable belief does not require absolute certainty; the standard is more lenient than the probable cause standard." Porter, 594 F.3d at 1258 .

12022–2022
Hamel v. Hamel green
kan · 2013
2 sentences

2021Our appellate courts generally find an in terrorem clause "valid and enforceable against a beneficiary who attacks the validity of the will, or provisions therein, unless the beneficiary had probable cause to challenge the will or its 11 provisions." Hamel v. Hamel, 296 Kan. 1060, 1075 , 299 P.3d 278 (2013).

2021Our appellate courts generally find an in terrorem clause "valid and enforceable against a beneficiary who attacks the validity of the will, or provisions therein, unless the beneficiary had probable cause to challenge the will or its 11 provisions." Hamel v. Hamel, 296 Kan. 1060, 1075 , 299 P.3d 278 (2013).

12021–2021
Mathews v. Eldridge green
scotus · 1976
2 sentences

2021Under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, no state shall "deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." "The fundamental requirement of due process is the opportunity to be heard 'at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.'" Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 333 , 96 S. Ct. 893 , 47 L.

2021Under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, no state shall "deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." "The fundamental requirement of due process is the opportunity to be heard 'at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.'" Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 333 , 96 S. Ct. 893 , 47 L.

12021–2021
State v. Thompson green
kan · 2007
1 sentence

2021Thompson, 284 Kan. at 805 .

12021–2021
In Re the Care & Treatment of Palmer neutral
kanctapp · 2011
1 sentence

2020The only significant difference was that in Palmer, the defendant "waived his right to a probable cause hearing," which we found to be an agreement or stipulation that "there was sufficient evidence to bind him over for trial." 46 Kan.

12020–2020
State v. Johnson green
kan · 2013
1 sentence

2020Casper, 309 Kan. at 1215 (citing Johnson, 297 Kan. at 222 ).

12020–2020
In Re the Care & Treatment of Sporn green
kan · 2009
2 sentences

2020As an example, a motion to dismiss on res judicata grounds was made after the probable-cause finding had been made in In re Care & Treatment of Sporn, 289 Kan. 681, 682 , 215 P.3d 615 (2009).

2020As an example, a motion to dismiss on res judicata grounds was made after the probable-cause finding had been made in In re Care & Treatment of Sporn, 289 Kan. 681, 682 , 215 P.3d 615 (2009).

12020–2020
State v. Sanchez-Loredo green
kan · 2012
2 sentences

2019The probable cause analysis reviews the totality of the circumstances to determine the probability that the vehicle contains contraband or evidence. 294 Kan. at 55 , 272 P.3d 34 .

2019The probable cause analysis reviews the totality of the circumstances to determine the probability that the vehicle contains contraband or evidence. 294 Kan. at 55 , 272 P.3d 34 .

12019–2019
State v. Cuong Phu Le green
texcrimapp · 2015
1 sentence

2018Cf. United States v. Downs , 151 F.3d 1301 , 1303 (10th Cir. 1998) ("In a case involving raw marijuana, this court has held that 'the odor of marijuana alone can satisfy the probable cause requirement to search a vehicle or baggage.' "); State v. Cuong Phu Le , 463 S.W.3d 872 , 878 (Tex. Crim.

12018–2018
State v. DeMarco green
kan · 1998
2 sentences

2018"Discrepancies in travel plans or histories have been used as objective reasonable suspicion factors in other cases, depending on the nature of the discrepancy. 'As with unusual travel plans, inconsistencies in information provided to the officer during the traffic stop may give rise to reasonable suspicion of criminal activity.' " DeMarco , 263 Kan. at 739 , 952 P.2d 1276 .

2018"Discrepancies in travel plans or histories have been used as objective reasonable suspicion factors in other cases, depending on the nature of the discrepancy. 'As with unusual travel plans, inconsistencies in information provided to the officer during the traffic stop may give rise to reasonable suspicion of criminal activity.' " DeMarco , 263 Kan. at 739 , 952 P.2d 1276 .

12018–2018
United States v. David Lawson green
ca6 · 1993
12016–2016
Bunn v. State green
ga · 2008
12015–2015
State v. Hardy green
kanctapp · 2015
12015–2015
Dennis v. State green
fla · 2010
12013–2013
Rodgers v. Commonwealth green
ky · 2009
12013–2013
State v. Houston green
kan · 2009
12012–2012
State v. Phifer neutral
kan · 1987
12011–2011
State v. TYWAYNE H. green
nmctapp · 1997
12010–2010
In Re Interest of Thomas B.D. green
scctapp · 1997
12010–2010
Griffin v. Wisconsin green
scotus · 1987
12009–2009
Ohio v. Roberts red
scotus · 1980
12009–2009
Barber v. Page green
scotus · 1968
12009–2009
Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial Dist. Court of Nev., Humboldt Cty. green
scotus · 2004
12008–2008
State v. Pollman green
kan · 2008
12008–2008
State v. Hemme green
kanctapp · 1991
12007–2007
Burche v. Degussa Carbon Black Co. green
scotus · 1991
12007–2007

Statutes the citing opinions construe

KS § K.S.A. § 59-29a01 (12) KS § K.S.A. § 20-3018 (9) KS § K.S.A. § 22-2902 (9) KS § K.S.A. § 59-29a02 (9) KS § K.S.A. § 59-29a06 (8) KS § K.S.A. § 22-2402 (7) KS § K.S.A. § 22-3216 (7) KS § K.S.A. § 22-2302 (6) KS § K.S.A. § 59-29a07 (6) KS § K.S.A. § 22-3208 (5) KS § K.S.A. § 59-29a08 (5) KS § K.S.A. § 59-29a04 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

IL 408 (1966–2026) CA 362 (1955–2026) OH 284 (1978–2026) MA 271 (1967–2026) TX 242 (1927–2026) CT 237 (1969–2026) PA 224 (1967–2026) NY 192 (1959–2026) WA 159 (1973–2026) WI 141 (1970–2026) NJ 141 (1978–2026) FL 137 (1973–2025) IN 136 (1971–2025) MI 109 (1972–2026) MD 98 (1973–2026) MN 93 (1975–2026) VA 93 (1975–2026) AL 86 (1937–2024) NC 85 (1974–2026) OR 81 (1976–2026) ID 77 (1978–2026) DC 76 (1970–2026) KS 75 (1975–2024) GA 68 (1969–2026) CO 68 (1971–2025) AZ 61 (1971–2025) MO 57 (1970–2024) UT 56 (1980–2026) IA 54 (1978–2026) ME 53 (1970–2023) LA 51 (1976–2020) TN 51 (1972–2025) NM 51 (1974–2026) MT 50 (1973–2025) AR 41 (1973–2024) ND 37 (1971–2021) KY 36 (1968–2026) NH 34 (1974–2024) RI 31 (1981–2026) WV 30 (1980–2026) MS 29 (1988–2023) DE 27 (1969–2026) SC 26 (2001–2025) AK 26 (1977–2025) NV 24 (1968–2022) VT 20 (1971–2020) WY 19 (1976–2025) NE 18 (1981–2024) SD 17 (1975–2019) HI 17 (1973–2022) VI 11 (1981–2014) OK 9 (1953–2006) MP 2 (2023–2024)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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