speedy trial rule (Washington) · Go Syfert
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speedy trial rule in Washington

190 Washington opinions name it 2 courts 1976–2026 17 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Washington courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (30)

CaseFollowedCited
Barker v. Wingogreen
scotus · 1972 · cited in 25 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1979–2024
2 sentences

2024Taffy Gober testified, similar to Hicks’s delay and/or prejudice suffered by the defendant will have to be greater than that in cases where recklessness or intentional government conduct is alleged.” Id. 2 Barker involved a speedy trial claim, but the Court cited Marion in reasoning that more “neutral reason[s] [for delay] such as negligence or overcrowded courts should be weighted less heavily” against the government than delays made in “deliberate attempt . . . to hamper the defense.” 407 U.S. at 531 . 17 State v. Stearns, No. 101502-0 statement, that she saw Williams with another man, ident

2020Ed. 2d 520 (1992), and any “inquiry into a speedy trial claim 17 No. 78868-0-I/18 necessitates a functional analysis of the right in the particular context of the case.” Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 522 , 92 S. Ct. 2182 , 33 L.

525
Doggett v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1992 · cited in 14 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2009–2025
2 sentences

2025To trigger a complete speedy-trial analysis, the defendant must show that the length of the delay “ ‘crossed the threshold dividing ordinary from presumptively prejudicial delay.’ ” Id. at 827 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Doggett v. United States, 505 U.S. 647, 651 , 112 S. Ct. 2686 , 120 L.

2025To trigger a complete speedy-trial analysis, the defendant must show that the length of the delay “ ‘crossed the threshold dividing ordinary from presumptively prejudicial delay.’ ” Id. at 827 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Doggett v. United States, 505 U.S. 647, 651 , 112 S. Ct. 2686 , 120 L.

414
State v. Olliviergreen
wash · 2013 · cited in 14 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2014–2025
2 sentences

2025To trigger a complete speedy-trial analysis, the defendant must show that the length of the delay “ ‘crossed the threshold dividing ordinary from presumptively prejudicial delay.’ ” Id. at 827 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Doggett v. United States, 505 U.S. 647, 651 , 112 S. Ct. 2686 , 120 L.

2024“In order to trigger the speedy-trial analysis, ‘an accused must allege that the 10 84803-8-I/11 interval between accusation and trial has crossed the threshold dividing ordinary from presumptively prejudicial delay because by definition, the accused cannot complain that the government has denied him a speedy trial if it has, in fact, prosecuted his case with customary promptness.’” Ollivier, 178 Wn.2d at 827 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Doggett v. United States, 505 U.S. 647, 651-52 , 112 S. Ct. 2686 , 120 L.

414
State v. Whitegreen
washctapp · 1979 · cited in 4 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1983–2003
2 sentences

2003See State v. White, 23 Wn.

2003See State v. White, 23 Wash.App. 438, 441 , 597 P.2d 420 , aff'd, 94 Wash.2d 498 , 617 P.2d 998 (1980).

44
State v. Edwardsgreen
wash · 1980 · cited in 12 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1982–2018
2 sentences

2018The rule places no qualifications on the court's discretion, yet our Supreme Court has recognized that some reasons for a State motion to dismiss may be "inappropriate." In State v. Edwards, 94 Wn.2d 208,214 , 616 P.2d 620 (1980), for example, the Court stated that "[a]n attempt to avoid the speedy trial rule would be an inappropriate reason for dismissal." The few reported Washington cases in which a ruling on a prosecutor's motion to dismiss was appealed involve defense objections that dismissal was requested for an inappropriate reason.

2018The rule places no qualifications on the court's discretion, yet our Supreme Court has recognized that some reasons for a State motion to dismiss may be "inappropriate." In State v. Edwards, 94 Wn.2d 208,214 , 616 P.2d 620 (1980), for example, the Court stated that "[a]n attempt to avoid the speedy trial rule would be an inappropriate reason for dismissal." The few reported Washington cases in which a ruling on a prosecutor's motion to dismiss was appealed involve defense objections that dismissal was requested for an inappropriate reason.

312
State v. Carsongreen
wash · 1996 · cited in 6 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1996–2018
2 sentences

2018App. 378 , 884 P.2d 1356 (1994), and State v. Carson, 128 Wn.2d 805 , 912 P.2d 1016 (1996) for the proposition that defense counsel sometimes holds the duty to alert the court of the potential for a speedy trial violation.

2003App. 337 , 848 P.2d 1276 (1993) (holding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in granting a continuance under the speedy trial rule in order to allow another case to go to trial); State v. Carson, 128 Wn.2d 805 , 912 P.2d 1016 (1996) (holding that the unavailability of counsel due to trial schedules justifies an extension).

36
State v. Carsongreen
wash · 1996 · cited in 5 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1996–2018
2 sentences

2018App. 378 , 884 P.2d 1356 (1994), and State v. Carson, 128 Wn.2d 805 , 912 P.2d 1016 (1996) for the proposition that defense counsel sometimes holds the duty to alert the court of the potential for a speedy trial violation.

2003App. 337 , 848 P.2d 1276 (1993) (holding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in granting a continuance under the speedy trial rule in order to allow another case to go to trial); State v. Carson, 128 Wn.2d 805 , 912 P.2d 1016 (1996) (holding that the unavailability of counsel due to trial schedules justifies an extension).

35
State v. MacKgreen
wash · 1978 · cited in 10 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1982–2014
2 sentences

2014No. 69811-7-1/5 available courtrooms and judges, this failure may result in a violation of the speedy trial rule.10 In the context of involuntary treatment act proceedings, the leading case analyzing "good cause" under the statute is In re Detention of Kirby.11 There, this court looked to criminal cases for guidance and acknowledged the general rule that docket congestion does not generally constitute good cause.12 But this court also stated, "Where the circumstances attending the request are anomalous rather than typical of the operation of the administration of justice, granting a continuanc

1995Por example, in interpreting "good cause” in the context of the speedy trial rule, this court stated that "[s]elf-created hardship is not an excuse for violating mandatory rules.” State v. Mack, 89 Wn.2d 788, 794 , 576 P.2d 44 (1978).

210
United States v. Jordangreen
ca7 · 1984 · cited in 3 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1999–2008
2 sentences

2008Fitzgerald v. Jordan, 747 F.2d 1120, 1127 (7th Cir. 1984) (holding that a delay of 8 months is enough to provoke a speedy trial inquiry); Smith v. State, 550 So. 2d 406, 408 (Miss. 1989) (“While there are some exceptions to the rule, ‘it may generally be said that any delay of eight months or longer is presumptively prejudicial.’ ”) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting 2 Wayne R.

2008Fitzgerald v. Jordan, 747 F.2d 1120 , 1127 (7th Cir.1984) (holding that a delay of eight months is enough to provoke a speedy trial inquiry); Smith v. State, 550 So.2d 406, 408 (Miss. 1989) ("While there are some exceptions to the rule, `it may generally be said that any delay of eight months or longer is presumptively prejudicial.'") (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting 2 WAYNE R.

23
State v. Rapergreen
washctapp · 1987 · cited in 3 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1996–2001
2 sentences

2001In addition, a motion for continuance under CrR 3.3(h)(2) must be filed "on or before the date set for trial or the last day of any continuance or extension," whereas an extension under CrR 3.3(d)(8) is allowed "even if the time for trial has expired." See State v. Raper, 47 Wash.App. 530, 534-37 , 736 P.2d 680 (1987). *652 Extensions under CrR 3.3(d)(8) and continuances under (h)(2) impact the 60- or 90-day requirement of the speedy trial rule in different ways.

2001In addition, a motion for continuance under CrR 3.3(h)(2) must be filed "on or before the date set for trial or the last day of any continuance or extension," whereas an extension under CrR 3.3(d)(8) is allowed "even if the time for trial has expired." See State v. Raper, 47 Wash.App. 530, 534-37 , 736 P.2d 680 (1987). *652 Extensions under CrR 3.3(d)(8) and continuances under (h)(2) impact the 60- or 90-day requirement of the speedy trial rule in different ways.

23
State v. Whitegreen
wash · 1980 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2003–2018
22
In Re the Personal Restraint of Phelangreen
wash · 1982 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
22
United States v. Raymond Woodsgreen
ca10 · 1989 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
22
State v. Perrettgreen
washctapp · 1997 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
22
Albert George Fouts v. United States of America, Virgil Summers v. United Statesgreen
ca6 · 1958 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
22
United States v. Brian S. Grimmondgreen
ca4 · 1998 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
22
Smith v. Stategreen
miss · 1989 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
22
State v. Parmelegreen
wash · 1976 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
22
State v. Strikergreen
wash · 1976 · cited in 14 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1979–2004
2 sentences

2000Jones were dismissed for violation of the speedy trial rule under CrR 3.3 and State v. Striker, 87 Wash.2d 870 , 557 P.2d 847 (1976).

2000Jones were dismissed for violation of the speedy trial rule under CrR 3.3 and State v. Striker, 87 Wash.2d 870 , 557 P.2d 847 (1976).

114
State v. Iniguezgreen
wash · 2009 · cited in 11 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2014–2025
2 sentences

2025Under Barker, a defendant who alleges a speedy trial violation must first show the delay “crossed a line from ordinary to presumptively prejudicial.” Iniguez, 167 Wn.2d at 283 .

2020Balancing each of the above factors, we find that the delay under the totality of the circumstances was not a speedy trial violation of constitutional magnitude that justifies the extreme remedy of dismissal of the charges with prejudice. 29 Iniguez, 167 Wn.2d at 294 . 30 Id. at 295 . 31 Id. 14 No. 78412-9-1/15 b.

111
State v. Adamskigreen
wash · 1988 · cited in 4 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2004–2006
2 sentences

2006But as our Supreme Court has observed in another context, if “administration of justice” can be invoked at any time to grant a continuance, then “there is little point in having the speedy trial rule at all.” State v. Adamski, 111 Wn.2d 574, 580 , 761 P.2d 621 (1988).

2006But as our Supreme Court has observed in another context, if “administration of justice” can be invoked at any time to grant a continuance, then “there is little point in having the speedy trial rule at all.” State v. Adamski, 111 Wn.2d 574, 580 , 761 P.2d 621 (1988).

14
State v. Becerragreen
washctapp · 1992 · cited in 3 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1994–1996
2 sentences

1996App. 202, 206 , 831 P.2d 781 (1992) (criminal defendant waived speedy trial objection by not raising issue at a time when the trial court could take action to avoid violation of the speedy trial rule); State v. Austin, 59 Wn.

1996Not timely asserting the defendant's speedy trial right because of a failure to discover easily ascertainable facts constituted a waiver); State v. Becerra, 66 Wash.App. 202, 206 , 831 P.2d 781 (1992) (criminal defendant waived speedy trial objection by not raising issue at a time when the trial court could take action to avoid violation of the speedy trial rule); State v. Austin, 59 Wash.App. 186 , 796 P.2d 746 (1990) (criminal defendant waived right to speedy trial by not raising the issue until after it was too late to commence the trial within the speedy trial period); see also State v. Ra

13
State v. Biblegreen
washctapp · 1995 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2018–2025
12
State v. Williamsgreen
wash · 1976 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
12
State v. Angulogreen
washctapp · 1993 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
12
Butts v. Hellergreen
washctapp · 1993 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1999–2001
12
State v. Georgegreen
wash · 2007 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
State v. Georgegreen
wash · 2007 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
United States v. Fernandesgreen
dcd · 2009 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
United States v. Jerry Lee Howardgreen
ca6 · 2000 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Washington. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (50)

CaseCitedYears
State v. Carlyle green
washctapp · 1996
2 sentences

2014Id. at 35 .

2013State v. Carlyle, 84 Wn.

62008–2014
State v. Kenyon green
wash · 2009
2 sentences

2019“We review an alleged violation of the speedy trial rule de novo.” State v. Kenyon, 167 Wn.2d 130, 135 , 216 P.3d 1024 (2009).

2019App. at 811 . 'We review an alleged violation of the speedy trial rule de novo." State v. Kenyon, 167 Wn.2d 130, 135 , 216 P.3d 1024 (2009).

52016–2020
State v. Kenyon green
wash · 2009
2 sentences

2019“We review an alleged violation of the speedy trial rule de novo.” State v. Kenyon, 167 Wn.2d 130, 135 , 216 P.3d 1024 (2009).

2019App. at 811 . 'We review an alleged violation of the speedy trial rule de novo." State v. Kenyon, 167 Wn.2d 130, 135 , 216 P.3d 1024 (2009).

52016–2020
United States v. Loud Hawk green
scotus · 1986
2 sentences

2014No. 70638-1-1/3 Where a defendant claims the denial of these rights, our review is de novo.4 The defendant's constitutional rights to a speedy trial attach when a charge is filed or an arrest is made, whichever occurs first.5 Some pretrial delay is often "inevitable and wholly justifiable,"6 and any "inquiry into a speedy trial claim necessitates a functional analysis of the right in the particular context of the case."7 Accordingly, we utilize "an ad hoc balancing test that examines the conduct of both the State and the defendant to determine whether speedy trial rights have been denied."8 Th

2014No. 70638-1-1/3 Where a defendant claims the denial of these rights, our review is de novo.4 The defendant's constitutional rights to a speedy trial attach when a charge is filed or an arrest is made, whichever occurs first.5 Some pretrial delay is often "inevitable and wholly justifiable,"6 and any "inquiry into a speedy trial claim necessitates a functional analysis of the right in the particular context of the case."7 Accordingly, we utilize "an ad hoc balancing test that examines the conduct of both the State and the defendant to determine whether speedy trial rights have been denied."8 Th

51988–2014
State v. Greenwood green
wash · 1993
2 sentences

2003CrR 3.3(c)(1); State v. Greenwood, 120 Wn.2d 585, 589 , 845 P.2d 971 (1993); State v. Jones, 79 Wn.

2003CrR 3.3(c)(1); State v. Greenwood, 120 Wn.2d 585, 589 , 845 P.2d 971 (1993); State v. Jones, 79 Wn.

51998–2003
State v. Swenson green
wash · 2003
2 sentences

2014State v. Swenson, 150 Wn.2d 181, 186 , 75 P.3d 513 (2003).

2014State v. Swenson, 150 Wn.2d 181, 186 , 75 P.3d 513 (2003).

42004–2014
State v. Campbell green
wash · 1984
2 sentences

2014This court will not consider an 4 Report of Proceedings (RP) (Apr. 16, 2012) at 9. 5]d\ 6 id, at 8. 7 Id at 9 (citing State v. Campbell, 103 Wn.2d 1 , 691 P.2d 929 (1984)).

2014This court will not consider an 4 Report of Proceedings (RP) (Apr. 16, 2012) at 9. 5]d\ 6 id, at 8. 7 Id at 9 (citing State v. Campbell, 103 Wn.2d 1 , 691 P.2d 929 (1984)).

41996–2014
State v. Flinn green
wash · 2005
2 sentences

2009While CrR 3.3 allows some "flexibility in avoiding the harsh remedy of dismissal with prejudice," State v. Flinn, 154 Wash.2d 193 , 199 n. 1, 110 P.3d 748 (2005), allowing continuances beyond the 60 day limit based on another trial or a judge's vacation would render the speedy trial rule virtually meaningless. ¶ 31 I respectfully concur.

2009While CrR 3.3 allows some “flexibility in avoiding the harsh remedy of dismissal with prejudice,” State v. Flinn, 154 Wn.2d 193 , 199 n.1, 110 P.3d 748 (2005), allowing continuances beyond the 60 day limit based on another trial or a judge’s vacation would render the speedy trial rule virtually meaningless. ¶32 I respectfully concur.

42008–2009
State v. Hudson green
wash · 1996
2 sentences

2006Anderson, 121 Wn.2d at 864 ; State v. Hudson, 130 Wn.2d 48, 56 , 921 P.2d 538 (1996). ¶12 CrR 3.3(b) guarantees Washington defendants a right to speedy trial within a specific time frame.

2006Anderson, 121 Wash.2d at 864 , 855 P.2d 671 ; State v. Hudson, 130 Wash.2d 48, 56 , 921 P.2d 538 (1996). ¶ 12 CrR 3.3(b) guarantees Washington defendants a right to speedy trial within a specific time frame.

42000–2006
State v. Hudson green
wash · 1996
2 sentences

2006Anderson, 121 Wn.2d at 864 ; State v. Hudson, 130 Wn.2d 48, 56 , 921 P.2d 538 (1996). ¶12 CrR 3.3(b) guarantees Washington defendants a right to speedy trial within a specific time frame.

2006Anderson, 121 Wash.2d at 864 , 855 P.2d 671 ; State v. Hudson, 130 Wash.2d 48, 56 , 921 P.2d 538 (1996). ¶ 12 CrR 3.3(b) guarantees Washington defendants a right to speedy trial within a specific time frame.

42000–2006
State v. Ralph Vernon G. green
washctapp · 1998
2 sentences

2004State v. Adamski, 111 Wn.2d 574, 582, 761 P.2d 621 (1988); Swenson, 150 Wn.2d at 186-87 ; State v. Ralph G., 90 Wn.

2004State v. Adamski, 111 Wash.2d 574, 582 , 761 P.2d 621 (1988); Swenson, 150 Wash.2d at 186-87 , 75 P.3d 513 ; State v. Ralph G., 90 Wash.App. 16, 20-21 , 950 P.2d 971 (1998).

41999–2004
State v. Malone green
washctapp · 1994
2 sentences

2003State v. Malone, 72 Wn.

2003State v. Malone, 72 Wash.App. 429, 433 , 864 P.2d 990 (1994).

41996–2003
State v. Williams green
wash · 1975
2 sentences

2001See State v. Edwards, 94 Wn.2d 208 , 616 P.2d 620 (1980); State v. Williams, 85 Wn.2d 29 , 530 P.2d 225 (1975).

2001See State v. Edwards, 94 Wn.2d 208 , 616 P.2d 620 (1980); State v. Williams, 85 Wn.2d 29 , 530 P.2d 225 (1975).

41977–2001
State v. Fladebo green
wash · 1989
2 sentences

1996In an unpublished opinion, the Court of Appeals cited State v. Fladebo, 113 Wn.2d 388 , 779 P.2d 707 (1989) and held the speedy trial rule did not apply to Defendant’s situation.

1996In an unpublished opinion, the Court of Appeals cited State v. Fladebo, 113 Wn.2d 388 , 779 P.2d 707 (1989) and held the speedy trial rule did not apply to Defendant’s situation.

41990–1999
State v. Swenson green
wash · 2003
2 sentences

2014State v. Swenson, 150 Wn.2d 181, 186 , 75 P.3d 513 (2003).

2014State v. Swenson, 150 Wn.2d 181, 186 , 75 P.3d 513 (2003).

32004–2014
State v. Flinn green
wash · 2005
2 sentences

2009While CrR 3.3 allows some "flexibility in avoiding the harsh remedy of dismissal with prejudice," State v. Flinn, 154 Wash.2d 193 , 199 n. 1, 110 P.3d 748 (2005), allowing continuances beyond the 60 day limit based on another trial or a judge's vacation would render the speedy trial rule virtually meaningless. ¶ 31 I respectfully concur.

2009While CrR 3.3 allows some “flexibility in avoiding the harsh remedy of dismissal with prejudice,” State v. Flinn, 154 Wn.2d 193 , 199 n.1, 110 P.3d 748 (2005), allowing continuances beyond the 60 day limit based on another trial or a judge’s vacation would render the speedy trial rule virtually meaningless. ¶32 I respectfully concur.

32008–2009
United States v. Ewell green
scotus · 1966
31979–1986
State v. Lackey neutral
washctapp · 2009
22024–2026
State v. Iniguez green
wash · 2009
22014–2025
State v. Shemesh green
washctapp · 2015
22023–2024
State v. Jenkins green
washctapp · 1994
21996–2018
In the Matter of Detention of Kirby green
washctapp · 1992
21995–2014
State v. Raschka neutral
washctapp · 2004
22012–2013
State v. Raschka green
washctapp · 2004
22012–2013
State v. Alter green
wash · 1965
22009–2009
United States of America Ex Rel. Louis Von Cseh v. Edward M. Fay, Warden of Greenhaven State Prison, Stormville, New York green
ca2 · 1963
22009–2009
State v. Ramos green
washctapp · 2004
22006–2006
State v. Ramos green
washctapp · 2004
22006–2006
State v. Anderson green
wash · 1993
22006–2006
State v. Branstetter green
washctapp · 1997
22004–2004
State v. McCormack green
washctapp · 1980
22004–2004
State v. Wake green
washctapp · 1989
22003–2003
State v. Cockrell green
wash · 1984
22003–2003
State v. Thomas green
washctapp · 1999
22003–2003
State v. Earl neutral
washctapp · 1999
22001–2001
State v. Wilks neutral
washctapp · 1997
21997–1999
State v. Greenwood green
washctapp · 1990
21997–1998
State v. Austin green
washctapp · 1990
21996–1996
State v. Cintron-Cartegena neutral
washctapp · 1995
21996–1996
State v. Lawley green
washctapp · 1982
21983–1991

Statutes the citing opinions construe

WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 2.06.040 (26) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9.94A.535 (8) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9.94A.030 (7) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9.41.040 (6)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 640 (1973–2026) OH 496 (1978–2026) FL 395 (1969–2026) NM 272 (1978–2026) IL 210 (1971–2026) WA 190 (1976–2026) GA 155 (1969–2026) MS 148 (1988–2026) PA 137 (1970–2026) NY 133 (1972–2026) MI 118 (1975–2026) MT 116 (1978–2026) AR 115 (1979–2026) CA 114 (1962–2026) TN 103 (1969–2026) AL 64 (1972–2026) WY 62 (1979–2023) DC 62 (1965–2014) IA 59 (1971–2026) NJ 56 (1974–2025) IN 55 (1982–2024) MD 53 (1968–2025) OR 49 (1970–2026) MO 48 (1972–2025) LA 44 (1979–2025) AZ 44 (1976–2026) CO 40 (1975–2026) KS 38 (1978–2026) VA 36 (1987–2025) MN 35 (1978–2025) NC 35 (1981–2026) MA 33 (1973–2025) ID 29 (1963–2025) CT 28 (1981–2023) WI 26 (1990–2026) VT 26 (1984–2024) AK 25 (1971–2025) DE 24 (1979–2026) ND 23 (1993–2025) NH 23 (1981–2022) RI 20 (1979–2015) KY 18 (1995–2026) NV 18 (1967–2026) ME 17 (1972–2026) UT 17 (1968–2026) NE 17 (1989–2025) SC 16 (1986–2026) HI 11 (1980–2025) OK 10 (1970–2023) WV 9 (1979–2010) VI 7 (1990–2026) SD 6 (1988–2026)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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