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13 Virgin Islands opinions name it 2 courts 1977–2025 2 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by Virgin Islands courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
United States v. David Johnsongreen1 sentence2025In California v. Hodari D., the Supreme Court upheld the warrantless seizure of narcotics discarded by a defendant while fleeing from the police, reasoning that the suspect forfeited his privacy interest in the item by abandoning it. 499 U.S. 621, 629 (1991); see also United States v. Johnson, 432 F. App'x 118, 121 (3d Cir. 2011) (finding no Fourth Amendment violation and denying motion to suppress where defendant fleeing from police officer ran down alley and abandoned a pistol in the alley). | 1 | 1 |
California v. Hodari D.green1 sentence2025In California v. Hodari D., the Supreme Court upheld the warrantless seizure of narcotics discarded by a defendant while fleeing from the police, reasoning that the suspect forfeited his privacy interest in the item by abandoning it. 499 U.S. 621, 629 (1991); see also United States v. Johnson, 432 F. App'x 118, 121 (3d Cir. 2011) (finding no Fourth Amendment violation and denying motion to suppress where defendant fleeing from police officer ran down alley and abandoned a pistol in the alley). | 1 | 1 |
Grady v. North Carolinagreen2 sentences2024In addition to arguing that the search is unreasonable, a person claiming a Fourth Amendment violation must establish that he or she has, first, “an actual or subjective expectation of privacy in the place or item searched; and second, that the subjective expectation was one that an ordinary person would deem reasonable under the circumstances.” /d at 694 n. 7 (citing Katz, 389 U.S. at 361) {27 A search in the context of GPS monitoring involves “an examination of a person’s body,” Black's Law Dictionary 1622 (12th ed. 2024), and a “State conducts a search when it attaches a device to a person’ 2024In addition to arguing that the search is unreasonable, a person claiming a Fourth Amendment violation must establish that he or she has, first, “an actual or subjective expectation of privacy in the place or item searched; and second, that the subjective expectation was one that an ordinary person would deem reasonable under the circumstances.” /d at 694 n. 7 (citing Katz, 389 U.S. at 361) {27 A search in the context of GPS monitoring involves “an examination of a person’s body,” Black's Law Dictionary 1622 (12th ed. 2024), and a “State conducts a search when it attaches a device to a person’ | 1 | 1 |
United States v. Baldwingreen2 sentences2016“Whether conduct constitutes submission to police authority will depend, as does much of the Fourth Amendment analysis, on ‘the totality of the circumstances — the whole picture.’ ” United States v. Baldwin, 496 F.3d 215, 219 (2d Cir. 2007), quoting United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417 , 101 S. Ct. 690 , 66 L. 2016“Whether conduct constitutes submission to police authority will depend, as does much of the Fourth Amendment analysis, on ‘the totality of the circumstances — the whole picture.’ ” United States v. Baldwin, 496 F.3d 215, 219 (2d Cir. 2007), quoting United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417 , 101 S. Ct. 690 , 66 L. | 1 | 1 |
United States v. Larry Valentine, A/K/A Hassan Deloa Tch, A/K/A Hassan Deloach, A/K/A Shawn Valentinegreen1 sentence2005United States v. Valentine, 232 F. 3d 350, 358 (3d Cir. 2000) (citing County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833 , 845 n.7, 118 S. Ct. 1708 , 1716 n.7, 140 L. | 1 | 1 |
Brown v. United Statesgreen2 sentences1979See also Brown v. United States, 411 U.S. 223 (1973); Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377 (1968); Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257 (1960). 1979See also Brown v. United States, 411 U.S. 223 (1973); Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377 (1968); Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257 (1960). | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
| No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Virgin Islands. Read the followed side critically anyway. | ||
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
Brown v. Illinois
green
2 sentences2012Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590, 603-04 , 95 S. Ct. 2254 , 45 L. 2012Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590, 603-04 , 95 S. Ct. 2254 , 45 L. | 2 | 2008–2012 |
United States v. Cortez
green
2 sentences2016“Whether conduct constitutes submission to police authority will depend, as does much of the Fourth Amendment analysis, on ‘the totality of the circumstances — the whole picture.’ ” United States v. Baldwin, 496 F.3d 215, 219 (2d Cir. 2007), quoting United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417 , 101 S. Ct. 690 , 66 L. 2016“Whether conduct constitutes submission to police authority will depend, as does much of the Fourth Amendment analysis, on ‘the totality of the circumstances — the whole picture.’ ” United States v. Baldwin, 496 F.3d 215, 219 (2d Cir. 2007), quoting United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417 , 101 S. Ct. 690 , 66 L. | 1 | 2016–2016 |
Terry v. Ohio
green
2 sentences2010Terry, 88 S. Ct. at 1883 . 2010Terry, 88 S. Ct. at 1883 . | 1 | 2010–2010 |
United States v. Karo
green
2 sentences2010Searches and seizures inside a home without a warrant are presumptively unreasonable absent exigent circumstances.” Karo, 468 U.S. at 714-15 , 104 S. Ct. at 3303 . (citing Welsh v. Wisconsin, 466 U.S. 740, 748-749 , 104 S. Ct. 2091, 2097 , 80 L. 2010Searches and seizures inside a home without a warrant are presumptively unreasonable absent exigent circumstances.” Karo, 468 U.S. at 714-15 , 104 S. Ct. at 3303 . (citing Welsh v. Wisconsin, 466 U.S. 740, 748-749 , 104 S. Ct. 2091, 2097 , 80 L. | 1 | 2010–2010 |
Welsh v. Wisconsin
green
2 sentences2010Searches and seizures inside a home without a warrant are presumptively unreasonable absent exigent circumstances.” Karo, 468 U.S. at 714-15 , 104 S. Ct. at 3303 . (citing Welsh v. Wisconsin, 466 U.S. 740, 748-749 , 104 S. Ct. 2091, 2097 , 80 L. 2010Searches and seizures inside a home without a warrant are presumptively unreasonable absent exigent circumstances.” Karo, 468 U.S. at 714-15 , 104 S. Ct. at 3303 . (citing Welsh v. Wisconsin, 466 U.S. 740, 748-749 , 104 S. Ct. 2091, 2097 , 80 L. | 1 | 2010–2010 |
Herring v. United States
green
1 sentence2009The type of Fourth Amendment violation that occurred in this case, blind reliance on a warrant wholly lacking in probable cause, can and should be deterred by excluding the fruits of the illegal search, and the deterrent effect of suppression is substantial enough to “outweigh any harm to the justice system.” Herring, _ U.S. _, 129 S. Ct. at 704 . | 1 | 2009–2009 |
County of Sacramento v. Lewis
green
2 sentences2005United States v. Valentine, 232 F. 3d 350, 358 (3d Cir. 2000) (citing County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833 , 845 n.7, 118 S. Ct. 1708 , 1716 n.7, 140 L. 2005United States v. Valentine, 232 F. 3d 350, 358 (3d Cir. 2000) (citing County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833 , 845 n.7, 118 S. Ct. 1708 , 1716 n.7, 140 L. | 1 | 2005–2005 |
Whren v. United States
green
1 sentence2003The Court stated, “subjective intentions play no role in ordinary probable cause Fourth Amendment analysis.” 517 U.S. at 813 . | 1 | 2003–2003 |
Stone v. Powell
green
2 sentences2002Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465 , 491-92 n.31, 96 S. Ct. 3037, 3051 , 49 L. 2002Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465 , 491-92 n.31, 96 S. Ct. 3037, 3051 , 49 L. | 1 | 2002–2002 |
Alderman v. United States
green
2 sentences1979At the November^ 29 hearing the court sua sponte raised the issue of Evan S.’s standing to assert a Fourth Amendment violation and asked counsel to address the issue in light of Alderman v. United States, 394 U.S. 165 (1969). 1979At the November^ 29 hearing the court sua sponte raised the issue of Evan S.’s standing to assert a Fourth Amendment violation and asked counsel to address the issue in light of Alderman v. United States, 394 U.S. 165 (1969). | 1 | 1979–1979 |
Simmons v. United States
green
2 sentences1979See also Brown v. United States, 411 U.S. 223 (1973); Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377 (1968); Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257 (1960). 1979See also Brown v. United States, 411 U.S. 223 (1973); Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377 (1968); Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257 (1960). | 1 | 1979–1979 |
Jones v. United States
red
2 sentences1979See also Brown v. United States, 411 U.S. 223 (1973); Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377 (1968); Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257 (1960). 1979See also Brown v. United States, 411 U.S. 223 (1973); Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377 (1968); Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257 (1960). | 1 | 1979–1979 |
Adams v. Williams
green
2 sentences1979In Terry, for example, the acts of the accused were observed by a police officer and were found sufficiently suspicious to warrant a stop. 8 In Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143 (1972), the Supreme Court held that even an informant’s tip could carry “enough indicia of reliability”, id. at 147 , to provide reasonable grounds for a limited Fourth Amendment stop. 9 However, the court cautioned that “some tips, completely lacking in indicia of reliability . . . either warrant no police response or require further investigation before [there constitutionally may be] a forcible stop of a suspect.” Id. 1979In Terry, for example, the acts of the accused were observed by a police officer and were found sufficiently suspicious to warrant a stop. 8 In Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143 (1972), the Supreme Court held that even an informant’s tip could carry “enough indicia of reliability”, id. at 147 , to provide reasonable grounds for a limited Fourth Amendment stop. 9 However, the court cautioned that “some tips, completely lacking in indicia of reliability . . . either warrant no police response or require further investigation before [there constitutionally may be] a forcible stop of a suspect.” Id. | 1 | 1979–1979 |
Warden, Maryland Penitentiary v. Hayden
green
1 sentence1977In this case the Government does not suggest that a warrant was not needed because the officers were engaged in “hot pursuit”, Warden v. Hayden, 387 U.S. 298 , 87 S.Ct. 1642 (1967): nor does it attempt to justify the warrantless search under the “plain view” doctrine. | 1 | 1977–1977 |
Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.