flexible standard (Indiana) · Go Syfert
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flexible standard in Indiana

11 Indiana opinions name it 2 courts 1985–2025 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Indiana courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (8)

CaseFollowedCited
Cohens v. Virginiagreen
scotus · 1821 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020See Cohens, 19 U.S. (6 Wheat.) at 371 (“[T]he judicial control of the Union over State encroachments and usurpations, was indispensable to the sovereignty of the constitution—to its integrity—to its very existence.

11
State v. Smathersgreen
ncctapp · 2014 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016We further find that the three-pronged test utilized by Wisconsin “provides a flexible- framework within which officers can safely perform their duties in the public’s interest while still protecting individuals from unreasonable government intrusions.” Id. at 386.

11
Dustin E. McCowan v. State of Indianagreen
indctapp · 2014 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015See, e.g., McGowan, 10 N.E.3d at 537 ; Albores, 987 N.E.2d at 100 ; Santiago, 985 N.E.2d at 762 ; Matheny, 987 N.E.2d at 1170 .

11
Illinois v. Gatesgreen
scotus · 1983 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014The Supreme Court has held that “probable cause is a fluid concept—turning on the assessment of probabilities in particular factual contexts.... ” Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 232 [ 103 S.Ct. 2317 , 76 L.Ed.2d 527 ] (1983).

2014The Supreme Court has held that “probable cause is a fluid concept—turning on the assessment of probabilities in particular factual contexts.... ” Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 232 [ 103 S.Ct. 2317 , 76 L.Ed.2d 527 ] (1983).

11
United States v. Santanagreen
scotus · 1976 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014The Supreme Court, however, has held that “the warrantless arrest of an individual in a public place upon probable cause [does] not violate the Fourth Amendment.” United States v. Santana, 427 U.S. 38, 42 [ 96 S.Ct. 2406 , 49 L.Ed.2d 300 ] (1976) (citing United States v. Watson, 423 U.S. 411 [ 96 S.Ct. 820 , 46 L.Ed.2d 598 ] (1976)). *373 Probable cause is a flexible standard that does not depend' on how the police characterize their activity.

2014The Supreme Court, however, has held that “the warrantless arrest of an individual in a public place upon probable cause [does] not violate the Fourth Amendment.” United States v. Santana, 427 U.S. 38, 42 [ 96 S.Ct. 2406 , 49 L.Ed.2d 300 ] (1976) (citing United States v. Watson, 423 U.S. 411 [ 96 S.Ct. 820 , 46 L.Ed.2d 598 ] (1976)). *373 Probable cause is a flexible standard that does not depend' on how the police characterize their activity.

11
Cox v. Stategreen
ind · 1999 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
1 sentence

2011Cox v. State, 706 N.E.2d 547, 551 (Ind.1999) ("[Wle hold that in probation and community corrections placement revocation hearings, judges may consider any relevant evidence bearing some substantial indicia of reliability."). *694 Therefore, the trial court was permitted to take judicial notice of court records showing Christie's new conviction in Knights-town Town Court.

11
Steven Mann, by His Next Friend, Joan Neville v. Jacqueline L. Andersongreen
ca7 · 1971 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
1 sentence

2009Mann v. Anderson, 447 F.2d 533, 536 (7th Cir.1971) (noting that the "[dJefendant makes several plausible, even persuasive, arguments for a more flexible rule on the contributory negligence of minors.

11
In re the Marriage of Dillmangreen
indctapp · 1985 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
1 sentence

2003See In re Marriage of Dillman, 478 N.E.2d 86 .

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Indiana. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (9)

CaseCitedYears
Daly v. Nau green
indctapp · 1975
1 sentence

2025Indiana Supreme Court | Case No. 24S-CQ-265 | April 24, 2025 Page 5 of 6 In Winkler, we set forth the elements of tortious interference in Indiana: (1) existence of a valid and enforceable contract; (2) defendant’s knowledge of the existence of the contract; (3) defendant’s intentional inducement of breach of the contract; (4) the absence of justification; and (5) damages resulting from defendant’s wrongful inducement of the breach. 638 N.E.2d at 1235 (citing Daily v. Nau, 339 N.E.2d 71 , 76 n.6 (Ind. Ct. App. 1975)).

12025–2025
Winkler v. V.G. Reed & Sons, Inc. green
ind · 1994
1 sentence

2025Indiana Supreme Court | Case No. 24S-CQ-265 | April 24, 2025 Page 5 of 6 In Winkler, we set forth the elements of tortious interference in Indiana: (1) existence of a valid and enforceable contract; (2) defendant’s knowledge of the existence of the contract; (3) defendant’s intentional inducement of breach of the contract; (4) the absence of justification; and (5) damages resulting from defendant’s wrongful inducement of the breach. 638 N.E.2d at 1235 (citing Daily v. Nau, 339 N.E.2d 71 , 76 n.6 (Ind. Ct. App. 1975)).

12025–2025
In Re CG green
ind · 2011
1 sentence

2025Id. [24] In arguing that the trial court’s denial of their motions to continue the termination hearing was an abuse of discretion and violated their due process rights, Parents rely heavily on our Supreme Court’s decision in K.W.

12025–2025
Reyes v. State green
ind · 2007
1 sentence

2017Id. [11] The Indiana Rules of Evidence, which govern hearsay, do not apply in proceedings involving sentencing or probation.

12017–2017
Lee v. State green
indctapp · 2012
1 sentence

2015Recent developments in precedent Thereafter this issue was largely ignored, until it was resurrected before our Court of Appeals in Lee v. State, 964 N.E.2d 859 (Ind.Ct.App.2012).

12015–2015
Robert Lawrence Albores, Jr. v. State of Indiana green
indctapp · 2013
1 sentence

2015See, e.g., McGowan, 10 N.E.3d at 537 ; Albores, 987 N.E.2d at 100 ; Santiago, 985 N.E.2d at 762 ; Matheny, 987 N.E.2d at 1170 .

12015–2015
Nelson Julian Santiago v. State of Indiana green
indctapp · 2013
1 sentence

2015See, e.g., McGowan, 10 N.E.3d at 537 ; Albores, 987 N.E.2d at 100 ; Santiago, 985 N.E.2d at 762 ; Matheny, 987 N.E.2d at 1170 .

12015–2015
United States v. Watson green
scotus · 1975
2 sentences

2014The Supreme Court, however, has held that “the warrantless arrest of an individual in a public place upon probable cause [does] not violate the Fourth Amendment.” United States v. Santana, 427 U.S. 38, 42 [ 96 S.Ct. 2406 , 49 L.Ed.2d 300 ] (1976) (citing United States v. Watson, 423 U.S. 411 [ 96 S.Ct. 820 , 46 L.Ed.2d 598 ] (1976)). *373 Probable cause is a flexible standard that does not depend' on how the police characterize their activity.

2014The Supreme Court, however, has held that “the warrantless arrest of an individual in a public place upon probable cause [does] not violate the Fourth Amendment.” United States v. Santana, 427 U.S. 38, 42 [ 96 S.Ct. 2406 , 49 L.Ed.2d 300 ] (1976) (citing United States v. Watson, 423 U.S. 411 [ 96 S.Ct. 820 , 46 L.Ed.2d 598 ] (1976)). *373 Probable cause is a flexible standard that does not depend' on how the police characterize their activity.

12014–2014
Parham v. J. R. green
scotus · 1979
2 sentences

1985It must be remembered, too, that due pro *360 cess is a flexible standard which "cannot be divorced from the nature of the ultimate decision that is being made." Parham v. J.R. (1979), 442 U.S. 584, 608 , 99 S.Ct. 2493, 2507 , 61 L.Ed.2d 101 .

1985It must be remembered, too, that due pro *360 cess is a flexible standard which "cannot be divorced from the nature of the ultimate decision that is being made." Parham v. J.R. (1979), 442 U.S. 584, 608 , 99 S.Ct. 2493, 2507 , 61 L.Ed.2d 101 .

11985–1985

Where else courts name it

NY 169 (1937–2026) TX 127 (1973–2025) CT 107 (1978–2026) IL 64 (1961–2026) LA 52 (1963–2022) CA 51 (1896–2026) CO 50 (1964–2026) NJ 45 (1960–2025) MN 45 (1896–2025) PA 43 (1964–2025) MI 33 (1979–2026) RI 30 (1951–2023) FL 27 (1967–2025) VT 25 (1993–2026) WI 25 (1922–2022) OH 24 (1968–2025) MD 23 (1957–2024) NC 22 (1963–2025) MO 20 (1963–2017) MA 18 (1929–2014) WA 18 (1967–2016) AK 18 (1977–2023) DC 18 (1966–2022) NM 15 (1992–2010) MT 15 (1983–2024) UT 14 (2000–2023) DE 13 (1979–2022) IA 12 (1973–2024) NH 12 (1975–2021) ME 12 (1972–2023) HI 12 (1960–2010) KS 11 (1974–2016) AL 11 (1967–2007) NE 11 (1981–2024) IN 11 (1985–2025) OK 10 (1928–2019) ID 10 (1969–2022) AZ 10 (1973–2022) TN 9 (1981–2017) OR 9 (1943–2021) GA 8 (1967–2013) WV 7 (1963–2001) VA 7 (1979–2010) SD 6 (1990–2025) SC 6 (1998–2020) WY 5 (1982–2017) AR 5 (1990–2019) KY 4 (1979–2026) MS 4 (2004–2014) ND 3 (1989–2000) NV 2 (2000–2021)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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