estoppel doctrine (Alabama) · Go Syfert
← Alabama issues

estoppel doctrine in Alabama

63 Alabama opinions name it 4 courts 1846–2023 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Alabama courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (29)

CaseFollowedCited
Edwards v. McCordgreen
ala · 1984 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1999–2010
2 sentences

2010See Edwards, 461 So.2d at 1320 (“It is essential, in order to invoke the operation of the legal doctrine of estoppel, that the inconsistent position first asserted must have been successfully maintained.”).

2010See Edwards, 461 So.2d at 1320 ("It is essential, in order to invoke the operation of the legal doctrine of estoppel, that the inconsistent position first asserted must have been successfully maintained .").

22
Porter v. Jollygreen
ala · 1990 · cited in 6 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2000–2002
2 sentences

2002However, this court has recognized a number of limitations upon the rule against asserting inconsistent positions in judicial proceedings. “ ‘ “[T]he following have been enumerated as essentials to the establishment of an estoppel under the rule that a position taken in an earlier action estops the one taking such position from assuming an inconsistent position in a later action: (1) The inconsistent position first asserted must have been successfully maintained; (2) a judgment must have been rendered; (3) the positions must be clearly inconsistent; (4) the parties and questions must be the sa

2000Our supreme court, however, has recognized a number of limitations upon the doctrine: *Page 803 "`[T]he following have been enumerated as essentials to the establishment of an estoppel under the rule that a position taken in an earlier action estops the one taking such position from assuming an inconsistent position in a later action: (1) The inconsistent position first asserted must have been successfully maintained; (2) a judgment must have been rendered; (3) the positions must be clearly inconsistent; (4) the parties and questions must be the same; (5) the party claiming estoppel must have

16
Washington Nat. Ins. Co. v. Scottgreen
ala · 1935 · cited in 3 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1983–2004
2 sentences

2004The law charges the insurer with intent to waive under the doctrine of estoppel." 231 Ala. at 132 , 164 So. at 304 (emphasis added).

2004The law charges the insurer with intent to waive under the doctrine of estoppel." 231 Ala. at 132 , 164 So. at 304 (emphasis added).

13
Alford v. City of Gadsdengreen
ala · 1977 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1995–2007
2 sentences

2007In so holding, the court reaffirmed the holding of Maintenance Inc. v. Houston County , supra, noting that in that case the court had "expressly limited the use of the estoppel doctrine against a municipality to a situation where the contract was void as a result of a failure to comply with the formalities of execution, such as the situations in Alford [v. City of Gadsden , 349 So.2d 1132 (Ala. 1977),] and [ City of Guntersville v.] Alred [, 495 So.2d 566 (Ala. 1986)]." Ex parte Ballew , 771 So.2d at 1042 .

1995Although the doctrine of estoppel may be applied in a proper case (see, Alford v. City of Gadsden , 349 So.2d 1132 , 1135 (Ala. 1977) (a case cited by the majority and relied on substantially by the majority in reaching its result)), I can find no case in which the doctrine has been applied unless there was some statutory or other legal authority for the municipality to act.

12
City of Guntersville v. Alredgreen
ala · 1986 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1997–2007
2 sentences

2007In so holding, the court reaffirmed the holding of Maintenance Inc. v. Houston County , supra, noting that in that case the court had "expressly limited the use of the estoppel doctrine against a municipality to a situation where the contract was void as a result of a failure to comply with the formalities of execution, such as the situations in Alford [v. City of Gadsden , 349 So.2d 1132 (Ala. 1977),] and [ City of Guntersville v.] Alred [, 495 So.2d 566 (Ala. 1986)]." Ex parte Ballew , 771 So.2d at 1042 .

1997In City of Guntersville v. Alred , 495 So.2d 566 , 568 (Ala. 1986), this Court stated that '[t]he doctrine of estoppel *Page 124 may apply against a municipal corporation when justice and fair play demand it.' See also Alabama Farm Bureau Mutual Casualty Insurance Co. v. Board of Adjustment , 470 So.2d 1234 (Ala.[Civ.App.]1985)." 661 So.2d at 1161-62 .

12
Readco, Inc., R.D.P. Associates, Lan Associates Xii and Antonio Reale v. Marine Midland Bank Eagle Rock Holding, Inc., a New York Corp.green
ca2 · 1996 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023See United States v. Rosario, 237 F. Supp. 2d 242, 245 (E.D.N.Y. 2002) (noting that the party claiming immunity by estoppel has the burden of proving that there was "a 'clear and unambiguous' promise" of immunity (quoting Readco, Inc. v. Marine Midland Bank, 81 F.3d 295, 301 (2d Cir. 1996))); and United States v. Short, 387 F. App'x 308, 313 (4th Cir. 2010) (not selected for publication in the Federal Reporter) (noting that, for the doctrine of " 'equitable immunity' " to apply, "the defendant bears the burden of proving the existence of an equitable immunity agreement").

11
United States v. Shortgreen
ca4 · 2010 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023See United States v. Rosario, 237 F. Supp. 2d 242, 245 (E.D.N.Y. 2002) (noting that the party claiming immunity by estoppel has the burden of proving that there was "a 'clear and unambiguous' promise" of immunity (quoting Readco, Inc. v. Marine Midland Bank, 81 F.3d 295, 301 (2d Cir. 1996))); and United States v. Short, 387 F. App'x 308, 313 (4th Cir. 2010) (not selected for publication in the Federal Reporter) (noting that, for the doctrine of " 'equitable immunity' " to apply, "the defendant bears the burden of proving the existence of an equitable immunity agreement").

11
Mayberry v. Stategreen
alacrimapp · 1982 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023Of course, that is not to say that we cannot embrace the estoppel doctrine now, but this Court has previously noted that application of "the estoppel theory" would require proof that the accused had acted to his detriment based on "an explicit" and 16 CR-2022-0521 "unambiguous offer of immunity." Mayberry, 419 So. 2d at 265 (emphasis added).

2023See Mayberry, 419 So. 2d at 265 (holding that the State was not estopped from prosecuting the appellant, who believed that the district attorney had granted him immunity, because, although the district attorney had made statements implying that the appellant might obtain immunity in return for his cooperation, the district attorney had not made "an unambiguous offer of immunity" (emphasis added)).

11
United States v. Rosariogreen
nyed · 2002 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023See United States v. Rosario, 237 F. Supp. 2d 242, 245 (E.D.N.Y. 2002) (noting that the party claiming immunity by estoppel has the burden of proving that there was "a 'clear and unambiguous' promise" of immunity (quoting Readco, Inc. v. Marine Midland Bank, 81 F.3d 295, 301 (2d Cir. 1996))); and United States v. Short, 387 F. App'x 308, 313 (4th Cir. 2010) (not selected for publication in the Federal Reporter) (noting that, for the doctrine of " 'equitable immunity' " to apply, "the defendant bears the burden of proving the existence of an equitable immunity agreement").

11
Ellis v. City of Birminghamgreen
ala · 1991 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
1 sentence

2009The distinction between the two claims does not alter our analysis, because "[a] contract implied in fact requires the same elements as an express contract, and differs only in the `method of expressing mutual assent.'" Ellis v. City of Birmingham, 576 So.2d 156, 157 (Ala.1991) (quoting Berry v. Druid City Hosp.

11
Brown v. Richardsongreen
pawd · 1975 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
1 sentence

2007To allow the RPA’s candidates access to the ballot now would be unfair to this class of potential candidates.”); and Brown, 395 F.Supp. at 189 (“Public policy demands that the mandate of the law should override any doctrine of estoppel.

11
Jinright v. Paulkgreen
ala · 2000 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
1 sentence

2002Moreover, the party claiming the estoppel must have been misled by the conduct of the party against whom the estoppel is sought, and consequently changed its position to its prejudice. " 758 So.2d at 555 (emphasis added; citations omitted).

11
Ex Parte Four Seasons, Ltd.green
ala · 1984 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
1 sentence

1999See Ex parte Four Seasons, Ltd. , 450 So.2d at 111 .

11
Consolidated Stores, Inc. v. Gargisgreen
alacivapp · 1996 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
11
Garcia-Paz v. Swift Textiles, Inc.green
ksd · 1995 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
11
Darby v. Johnsongreen
ala · 1985 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
Durham v. Harbingreen
ala · 1988 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
Casey v. Travelers Ins. Co.green
ala · 1991 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
Johnson v. Allstate Ins. Co.green
ala · 1987 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
11
Home Indem. Co. v. Reed Equipment Co., Inc.green
ala · 1980 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
11
McGee v. Guardian Life Ins. Co.green
ala · 1985 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
11
Western Grain Company Casesgreen
ala · 1955 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
11
Floyd v. Rambogreen
ala · 1948 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
11
McAllister v. Langford Investigators, Inc.green
alacivapp · 1980 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
11
Auto-Plaza, Inc. v. Central Bank of Alabamagreen
ala · 1980 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
11
Alabama Nursing Home Ass'n v. Califanogreen
almd · 1977 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
11
Russell v. Russellgreen
ala · 1981 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1984–1984
11
Birmingham Water Works Co. v. Browngreen
ala · 1914 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1969–1969
11
Cawthorn v. City of Houstongreen
texcommnapp · 1921 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1967–1967
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Alabama. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (51)

CaseCitedYears
Ellison v. Butler green
· 1960
2 sentences

1995In applying the estoppel doctrine to the facts of that case, the Court said: "This court, in Ellison v. Butler , 271 Ala. 399 , 124 So.2d 88 , quoted 19 Am.Jur., Estoppel, § 34, wherein equitable estoppel is defined as the principle of law 'by which a party who knows or should know the truth is absolutely precluded, both in law and in equity, from denying, or asserting the contrary of, any material fact which, by his words or conduct, affirmative or negative, intentionally or through culpable negligence, he has induced another, who was excusably ignorant of the true facts and who had a right t

1995In applying the estoppel doctrine to the facts of that case, the Court said: "This court, in Ellison v. Butler , 271 Ala. 399 , 124 So.2d 88 , quoted 19 Am.Jur., Estoppel, § 34, wherein equitable estoppel is defined as the principle of law 'by which a party who knows or should know the truth is absolutely precluded, both in law and in equity, from denying, or asserting the contrary of, any material fact which, by his words or conduct, affirmative or negative, intentionally or through culpable negligence, he has induced another, who was excusably ignorant of the true facts and who had a right t

21992–1995
City of Montgomery v. Weldon green
ala · 1967
2 sentences

1995In applying the estoppel doctrine to the facts of that case, the Court said: "This court, in Ellison v. Butler , 271 Ala. 399 , 124 So.2d 88 , quoted 19 Am.Jur., Estoppel, § 34, wherein equitable estoppel is defined as the principle of law 'by which a party who knows or should know the truth is absolutely precluded, both in law and in equity, from denying, or asserting the contrary of, any material fact which, by his words or conduct, affirmative or negative, intentionally or through culpable negligence, he has induced another, who was excusably ignorant of the true facts and who had a right t

1995In applying the estoppel doctrine to the facts of that case, the Court said: "This court, in Ellison v. Butler , 271 Ala. 399 , 124 So.2d 88 , quoted 19 Am.Jur., Estoppel, § 34, wherein equitable estoppel is defined as the principle of law 'by which a party who knows or should know the truth is absolutely precluded, both in law and in equity, from denying, or asserting the contrary of, any material fact which, by his words or conduct, affirmative or negative, intentionally or through culpable negligence, he has induced another, who was excusably ignorant of the true facts and who had a right t

21990–1995
City of Anniston v. Rosser green
ala · 1963
2 sentences

1995With respect to (1) above, the cases of City of Bessemer v. Barnett , 212 Ala. 202 , 102 So. 23 ; Smith v. City of Birmingham , 243 Ala. 124 , 9 So.2d 299 ; City of Birmingham v. Young , 246 Ala. 650 , 22 So.2d 169 ; and City of Anniston v. Rosser , 275 Ala. 659 , 158 So.2d 99 , are authority that the purpose of § 504 is to apprise the city of the accident so it may investigate and determine the merit of the claim, and to adjust the same without the expense of litigation if the circumstances warrant.

1995With respect to (1) above, the cases of City of Bessemer v. Barnett , 212 Ala. 202 , 102 So. 23 ; Smith v. City of Birmingham , 243 Ala. 124 , 9 So.2d 299 ; City of Birmingham v. Young , 246 Ala. 650 , 22 So.2d 169 ; and City of Anniston v. Rosser , 275 Ala. 659 , 158 So.2d 99 , are authority that the purpose of § 504 is to apprise the city of the accident so it may investigate and determine the merit of the claim, and to adjust the same without the expense of litigation if the circumstances warrant.

21967–1995
Smith v. City of Birmingham neutral
ala · 1942
2 sentences

1995With respect to (1) above, the cases of City of Bessemer v. Barnett , 212 Ala. 202 , 102 So. 23 ; Smith v. City of Birmingham , 243 Ala. 124 , 9 So.2d 299 ; City of Birmingham v. Young , 246 Ala. 650 , 22 So.2d 169 ; and City of Anniston v. Rosser , 275 Ala. 659 , 158 So.2d 99 , are authority that the purpose of § 504 is to apprise the city of the accident so it may investigate and determine the merit of the claim, and to adjust the same without the expense of litigation if the circumstances warrant.

1995With respect to (1) above, the cases of City of Bessemer v. Barnett , 212 Ala. 202 , 102 So. 23 ; Smith v. City of Birmingham , 243 Ala. 124 , 9 So.2d 299 ; City of Birmingham v. Young , 246 Ala. 650 , 22 So.2d 169 ; and City of Anniston v. Rosser , 275 Ala. 659 , 158 So.2d 99 , are authority that the purpose of § 504 is to apprise the city of the accident so it may investigate and determine the merit of the claim, and to adjust the same without the expense of litigation if the circumstances warrant.

21967–1995
City of Birmingham v. Young neutral
ala · 1945
2 sentences

1995With respect to (1) above, the cases of City of Bessemer v. Barnett , 212 Ala. 202 , 102 So. 23 ; Smith v. City of Birmingham , 243 Ala. 124 , 9 So.2d 299 ; City of Birmingham v. Young , 246 Ala. 650 , 22 So.2d 169 ; and City of Anniston v. Rosser , 275 Ala. 659 , 158 So.2d 99 , are authority that the purpose of § 504 is to apprise the city of the accident so it may investigate and determine the merit of the claim, and to adjust the same without the expense of litigation if the circumstances warrant.

1995With respect to (1) above, the cases of City of Bessemer v. Barnett , 212 Ala. 202 , 102 So. 23 ; Smith v. City of Birmingham , 243 Ala. 124 , 9 So.2d 299 ; City of Birmingham v. Young , 246 Ala. 650 , 22 So.2d 169 ; and City of Anniston v. Rosser , 275 Ala. 659 , 158 So.2d 99 , are authority that the purpose of § 504 is to apprise the city of the accident so it may investigate and determine the merit of the claim, and to adjust the same without the expense of litigation if the circumstances warrant.

21967–1995
City of Bessemer v. Barnett neutral
ala · 1924
2 sentences

1995With respect to (1) above, the cases of City of Bessemer v. Barnett , 212 Ala. 202 , 102 So. 23 ; Smith v. City of Birmingham , 243 Ala. 124 , 9 So.2d 299 ; City of Birmingham v. Young , 246 Ala. 650 , 22 So.2d 169 ; and City of Anniston v. Rosser , 275 Ala. 659 , 158 So.2d 99 , are authority that the purpose of § 504 is to apprise the city of the accident so it may investigate and determine the merit of the claim, and to adjust the same without the expense of litigation if the circumstances warrant.

1995With respect to (1) above, the cases of City of Bessemer v. Barnett , 212 Ala. 202 , 102 So. 23 ; Smith v. City of Birmingham , 243 Ala. 124 , 9 So.2d 299 ; City of Birmingham v. Young , 246 Ala. 650 , 22 So.2d 169 ; and City of Anniston v. Rosser , 275 Ala. 659 , 158 So.2d 99 , are authority that the purpose of § 504 is to apprise the city of the accident so it may investigate and determine the merit of the claim, and to adjust the same without the expense of litigation if the circumstances warrant.

21967–1995
Alabama Farm Bureau Mutual Casualty Insurance v. Hicks green
ala · 1961
2 sentences

1989Co. v. Hicks , 272 Ala. 574 , 133 So.2d 221 (1961).

1989Co. v. Hicks , 272 Ala. 574 , 133 So.2d 221 (1961).

21975–1989
Bradford Funeral Service, Inc. v. Burks neutral
alactapp · 1954
2 sentences

1960The law charges the insurer with the intent to waive under the doctrine of estoppel.” See Bradford Funeral Service v. Burks, 38 Ala.App. 111 , 76 So.2d 783 ; Southern States Life Ins.

1960The law charges the insurer with the intent to waive under the doctrine of estoppel.” See Bradford Funeral Service v. Burks, 38 Ala.App. 111 , 76 So.2d 783 ; Southern States Life Ins.

21960–1960
Coleman v. BAC Servicing green
alacivapp · 2012
1 sentence

2016Id.

12016–2016
Ex Parte Napier green
ala · 1998
1 sentence

2009In First American Title Insurance Corp. v. Silvernell, 744 So.2d 883 (Ala.1999), this Court explained why the doctrine of estoppel did not apply to the arbitration provision at issue there, contrasting the provision with the arbitration agreement in Ex parte Napier, 723 So.2d 49 (Ala.1998), an earlier case in which this Court had found the doctrine of estoppel applicable: “The arbitration provision in the Sil-vernell-First American contract provided: “ T4.

12009–2009
FIRST AMER. TITLE INS. CORP. v. Silvernell green
ala · 1999
1 sentence

2009In First American Title Insurance Corp. v. Silvernell, 744 So.2d 883 (Ala.1999), this Court explained why the doctrine of estoppel did not apply to the arbitration provision at issue there, contrasting the provision with the arbitration agreement in Ex parte Napier, 723 So.2d 49 (Ala.1998), an earlier case in which this Court had found the doctrine of estoppel applicable: “The arbitration provision in the Sil-vernell-First American contract provided: “ T4.

12009–2009
Ex Parte Ballew green
ala · 2000
1 sentence

2007In so holding, the court reaffirmed the holding of Maintenance Inc. v. Houston County , supra, noting that in that case the court had "expressly limited the use of the estoppel doctrine against a municipality to a situation where the contract was void as a result of a failure to comply with the formalities of execution, such as the situations in Alford [v. City of Gadsden , 349 So.2d 1132 (Ala. 1977),] and [ City of Guntersville v.] Alred [, 495 So.2d 566 (Ala. 1986)]." Ex parte Ballew , 771 So.2d at 1042 .

12007–2007
Marlin v. Wetzel County Board of Education green
wva · 2002
2 sentences

2006NABERS, C.J., and WOODALL, SMITH, and PARKER, JJ., concur. 1 Black's Law Dictionary 240 (8th ed.2004) defines a certificate of insurance as: "A document acknowledging that an insurance policy has been written, and setting forth in general terms what the policy covers." 2 We do not reach the question of the effect of a request for access to an insurance policy and a subsequent refusal of access. 3 See Marlin v. Wetzel County Bd. of Educ. , 212 W.Va. 215 , 569 S.E.2d 462 (2002) (the court did not enforce the disclaimer in a certificate of insurance in an action against the insurer, relying on We

2006NABERS, C.J., and WOODALL, SMITH, and PARKER, JJ., concur. 1 Black's Law Dictionary 240 (8th ed.2004) defines a certificate of insurance as: "A document acknowledging that an insurance policy has been written, and setting forth in general terms what the policy covers." 2 We do not reach the question of the effect of a request for access to an insurance policy and a subsequent refusal of access. 3 See Marlin v. Wetzel County Bd. of Educ. , 212 W.Va. 215 , 569 S.E.2d 462 (2002) (the court did not enforce the disclaimer in a certificate of insurance in an action against the insurer, relying on We

12006–2006
SouthTrust Bank v. Ford green
ala · 2002
1 sentence

2003SouthTrust Bank v. Ford, supra; Ex parte Tony's Towing, Inc., supra. In Ex parte Tony's Towing, Inc., supra, the plaintiff sued five defendants including Tony's Towing, Inc., regarding a dispute over the purchase and installation of her mobile home.

12003–2003
Dean v. Myers green
ala · 1985
2 sentences

2002This case is not the first occasion to deal with the effect of overly broad language in Dean v. Myers , 466 So.2d 952 (Ala. 1985).

2002This case is not the first occasion to deal with the effect of overly broad language in Dean v. Myers, 466 So.2d 952 (Ala.1985).

12002–2002
Luna v. Dominion Bank green
ala · 1993
1 sentence

1999Consistent with that fundamental principle, both Luna v. Dominion Bank of Middle Tennessee, Inc., 631 So.2d 917 (Ala.1993), and Bertrand v. Handley, 646 So.2d 16 (Ala.1994), applied the doctrine of judicial es-toppel to claims that should have been listed as assets in bankruptcy proceedings so as to bar their assertion after the debt- or/plaintiffs had been discharged, i.e., after the bankruptcy court had granted relief to the debtor/plaintiffs based, in part, upon their asset disclosures.

11999–1999
Bertrand v. Handley green
ala · 1994
1 sentence

1999Consistent with that fundamental principle, both Luna v. Dominion Bank of Middle Tennessee, Inc., 631 So.2d 917 (Ala.1993), and Bertrand v. Handley, 646 So.2d 16 (Ala.1994), applied the doctrine of judicial es-toppel to claims that should have been listed as assets in bankruptcy proceedings so as to bar their assertion after the debt- or/plaintiffs had been discharged, i.e., after the bankruptcy court had granted relief to the debtor/plaintiffs based, in part, upon their asset disclosures.

11999–1999
Thomson-Csf, S.A. v. American Arbitration Association, Evans & Sutherland Computer Corporation green
ca2 · 1995
11998–1998
City of Prattville v. Joyner green
ala · 1995
11997–1997
Ala. Farm Bur. Mut. Cas. Ins. v. Bd. of Adjust. green
alacivapp · 1985
11997–1997
Ott v. Fox green
ala · 1978
11992–1992
Mooradian v. Canal Insurance Company green
ala · 1961
11992–1992
Large v. City of Birmingham green
ala · 1989
11990–1990
Williams v. FNBC Acceptance Corp. green
ala · 1982
11990–1990
Dominex, Inc. v. Key green
ala · 1984
11990–1990
Le Furgey v. Beck green
ala · 1943
11990–1990
Maintenance, Inc. v. HOUSTON CTY. ALA. green
ala · 1983
11989–1989
Hale v. Ford Motor Credit Co. green
ala · 1978
11988–1988
Leonor Rodriguez v. Raymond W. Vowell, Antonia A. Aguirre, Intervenors-Appellants green
ca5 · 1973
11985–1985
Board Of Directors And Officers, Forbes Federal Credit Union v. National Credit Union Administration green
ca10 · 1973
11985–1985
Davis v. Wakelee green
· 1895
11984–1984
Tonsmeire v. Tonsmeire green
· 1970
11984–1984
Wright v. Fannin green
ala · 1934
11984–1984
Bromberg v. First Nat. Bank of Mobile neutral
ala · 1937
11984–1984
Hendricks v. Blake green
ala · 1973
11983–1983
Scooper Dooper, Inc. v. Kraftco Corp. green
ca3 · 1974
11980–1980
Shore v. Parklane Hosiery Company, Inc. green
ca2 · 1977
11980–1980
Mike Oldham, Charles J. Oldham and Rona Oldham v. Margaret Ann Pritchett green
ca8 · 1979
11980–1980
Rabinowitz v. Town of Bay Harbor Islands green
fla · 1965
11967–1967
Simpson v. City of Abilene green
texapp · 1965
11967–1967

Statutes the citing opinions construe

AL § Ala. Code § 8-9-2 (4) AL § Ala. Code § 12-2-7 (3) USC § 18u.s.c.152 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 370 (1890–2026) IL 282 (1877–2025) TX 227 (1881–2025) NY 226 (1828–2025) PA 136 (1849–2025) FL 84 (1904–2024) MI 73 (1871–2026) NJ 71 (1881–2026) MO 67 (1877–2025) AL 63 (1846–2023) TN 60 (1895–2024) CT 58 (1896–2024) WI 58 (1869–2023) WA 55 (1895–2020) IN 54 (1861–2023) OR 54 (1897–2026) OH 53 (1897–2026) SC 49 (1846–2022) MA 47 (1889–2025) GA 46 (1914–2021) MD 45 (1907–2024) VA 44 (1877–2026) OK 40 (1901–2024) NC 39 (1887–2017) MN 38 (1894–2016) AZ 36 (1924–2024) KY 35 (1876–2024) IA 35 (1864–2024) LA 33 (1910–2016) CO 33 (1891–2025) MS 30 (1893–2024) NE 28 (1884–2025) WV 27 (1888–2020) DC 26 (1953–2015) AR 26 (1896–2012) RI 25 (1877–2011) NM 24 (1912–2022) UT 23 (1921–2025) ND 23 (1912–2023) MT 20 (1924–2019) ID 19 (1895–2022) SD 19 (1894–2021) KS 18 (1900–2012) HI 17 (1952–2015) ME 17 (1889–2021) VT 14 (1902–2024) WY 12 (1923–2008) DE 11 (1947–2024) NH 10 (1932–2019) AK 9 (1983–2015) NV 9 (1947–2017) PR 2 (1916–2003)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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