equal protection clause (Mississippi) · Go Syfert
← Mississippi issues

equal protection clause in Mississippi

110 Mississippi opinions name it 2 courts 1930–2025 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Mississippi courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (33)

CaseFollowedCited
Mosby v. Mooregreen
miss · 1998 · cited in 4 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2000–2011
2 sentences

2011This Court has stated that “[a] state may confer benefits on some and not others under equal protection, ‘so long as its decision is rational.’ ” Mosby v. Moore, 716 So.2d 551, 555 (Miss.1988) (quoting Westbrook v. City of Jackson, 665 So.2d 833, 838 (Miss.1995)). “[Protecting the public treasury is a legitimate legislative purpose.” Mosby, 716 So.2d at 556 (citation omitted).

2011This Court has stated that “[a] state may confer benefits on some and not others under equal protection, ‘so long as its decision is rational.’ ” Mosby v. Moore, 716 So.2d 551, 555 (Miss.1988) (quoting Westbrook v. City of Jackson, 665 So.2d 833, 838 (Miss.1995)). “[Protecting the public treasury is a legitimate legislative purpose.” Mosby, 716 So.2d at 556 (citation omitted).

44
JEB v. Alabama Ex Rel. TBgreen
scotus · 1994 · cited in 4 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1993–2007
2 sentences

2007See J.E.B., 511 U.S. at 130-31, 114 S.Ct. 1419 . ¶ 8.

2007See J.E.B., 511 U.S. at 130-31, 114 S.Ct. 1419 . ¶ 8.

44
Patterson v. Stategreen
miss · 1992 · cited in 4 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1997–2003
2 sentences

2003In Marcum, supra, we reaffirmed the well-established principle that, "[T]his Court has also consistently held that errors raised for the first time on appeal will not be considered, especially where constitutional questions are concerned." 741 So.2d at 238 (quoting Ellis v. Ellis, 651 So.2d 1068 (Miss.1995) (citing Patterson v. State, 594 So.2d 606, 609 (Miss.1992)).

2002In Marcum, supra, we reaffirmed the well-established principle that, "[T]his Court has also consistently held that errors raised for the first time on appeal will not be considered, especially where constitutional questions are concerned." 741 So.2d at 238 (quoting Ellis v. Ellis, 651 So.2d 1068 (Miss.1995) (citing Patterson v. State, 594 So.2d 606, 609 (Miss. 1992)).

44
Lockett v. Stategreen
miss · 1987 · cited in 3 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1988–1998
2 sentences

1998In Lockett v. State, 517 So.2d 1346, 1356-57 (Miss.1987), this Court presented a list of reasons accepted as race *189 neutral by other courts throughout the country in an effort to provide guidance to trial judges in this state, including age, demeanor, marital status, single with children, prosecutor distrusted juror, educational background, employment history, criminal record, young and single, friend charged with crime, unemployed with no roots in community, posture and demeanor indicated juror was hostile to being in court, juror was late, and short term employment.

1997In Lockett v. State, 517 So. 2d 1346, 1356-57 (Miss. 1987), this Court presented a list of reasons accepted as race neutral by other courts throughout the country in an effort to provide guidance to trial judges in this state, including age, demeanor, marital status, single with children, prosecutor distrusted juror, educational background, employment history, criminal record, young and single, friend charged with crime, unemployed with no roots in community, posture and demeanor indicated juror was hostile to being in court, juror was late, and short term employment.

33
McCleskey v. Kempgreen
scotus · 1987 · cited in 9 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1988–2025
2 sentences

2025In order to succeed on an equal- protection claim, Washington “must show that the decisionmakers in h[er] case acted with discriminatory purpose.” Ronk v. State, 172 So. 3d 1112, 1147 (¶100) (Miss. 2015) (quoting McCleskey v. Kemp, 481 U.S. 279, 292 (1987)).

2014The Court held that, in order to raise a successful claim of an equal-protection violation, the criminal defendant must prove that “the decisionmakers in his case acted with discriminatory purpose.” Id. at 292 , 107 S.Ct. 1756 .

29
Westbrook v. City of Jacksongreen
miss · 1995 · cited in 4 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2000–2011
2 sentences

2011This Court has stated that “[a] state may confer benefits on some and not others under equal protection, ‘so long as its decision is rational.’ ” Mosby v. Moore, 716 So.2d 551, 555 (Miss.1988) (quoting Westbrook v. City of Jackson, 665 So.2d 833, 838 (Miss.1995)). “[Protecting the public treasury is a legitimate legislative purpose.” Mosby, 716 So.2d at 556 (citation omitted).

2008This Court has stated that “[a] state may confer benefits on some and not others under equal protection, ‘so long as its decision is rational.’” Mosby v. Moore, 716 So. 2d 551, 555 (Miss. 1988) (quoting Westbrook v. City of Jackson, 665 So. 2d 833, 838 (Miss. 1995)). “[P]rotecting the public treasury is a legitimate legislative purpose.” Mosby, 716 So. 2d at 24 This Court rejects the procedural basis for the trial court’s ruling, as the motion hearing on May 28, 2008, was “at least ten days prior to trial[,]” which commenced on September 22, 2008.

24
Brennan v. Stewartgreen
ca5 · 1988 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2007–2015
2 sentences

2015Brennan v. Stewart, 834 F.2d 1248, 1257 (5th Cir.1988). ¶ 32.

2007Brennan v. Stewart, 834 F.2d 1248, 1257 (5th Cir.1988).

22
Johnson v. Rodriguezgreen
ca5 · 1997 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2012–2013
2 sentences

2013Washington v. Davis, 426 U.S. 229, 242 , 96 S.Ct. 2040, 2049 , 48 L.Ed.2d 597 (1976). “[Disparate impact alone cannot suffice to state an Equal Protection violation; otherwise, any law could be challenged on Equal Protection grounds by whomever it has negatively impacted.” Johnson v. Rodriguez, 110 F.3d 299, 306 (5th Cir.1997).

2013Washington v. Davis, 426 U.S. 229, 242 , 96 S.Ct. 2040, 2049 , 48 L.Ed.2d 597 (1976). “[Disparate impact alone cannot suffice to state an Equal Protection violation; otherwise, any law could be challenged on Equal Protection grounds by whomever it has negatively impacted.” Johnson v. Rodriguez, 110 F.3d 299, 306 (5th Cir.1997).

22
Jackson Firefighters Association Local 87 v. City Of Jackson, Mississippigreen
ca5 · 1984 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2001–2003
2 sentences

2003See Jackson Firefighters, 736 F.2d at 213.

2001See Jackson Firefighters, 736 F.2d at 213.

22
United States Railroad Retirement Board v. Fritzgreen
scotus · 1981 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2001–2003
2 sentences

2003See Fritz , 449 U.S. at *266 178 n. 11, 101 S.Ct. 453 .

2001See Fritz, 449 U.S. at 178 n. 11.

22
Board of Trustees of Univ. of Ala. v. Garrettgreen
scotus · 2001 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2000–2002
2 sentences

2002See Board of Trustees v. Garrett, 531 U.S. 356, 366-67 , 121 S.Ct. 955, 963-64 , 148 L.Ed.2d 866 (2001); Mosby v. Moore, 716 So.2d 551, 555-56 (Miss.1998); Westbrook, 665 So.2d at 840 .

2002See Board of Trustees v. Garrett, 531 U.S. 356, 366-67 , 121 S.Ct. 955, 963-64 , 148 L.Ed.2d 866 (2001); Mosby v. Moore, 716 So.2d 551, 555-56 (Miss.1998); Westbrook, 665 So.2d at 840 .

22
United States v. Leo Bishopgreen
ca9 · 1992 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1999–2001
2 sentences

2001Government acts based on such prejudice and stereotypical thinking are precisely the type of acts prohibited by the equal protection clause of the Constitution." Id. at 825.

1999Government acts based on such prejudice and stereotypical thinking are precisely the type of acts prohibited by the equal protection clause of the Constitution." Id. at 825 (citations omitted). ¶ 29.

22
Smith v. Stategreen
miss · 1983 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1997–1999
22
Contreras v. Stategreen
miss · 1984 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1997–1999
2 sentences

1999In Ellis v. Ellis, 651 So.2d 1068 (Miss.1995), we reaffirmed the well-established principle that, "[T]his Court has also consistently held that errors raised for the first time on appeal will not be considered, especially where constitutional questions are concerned." Id. ( citing Patterson v. State, 594 So.2d 606, 609 (Miss.1992); Contreras v. State, 445 So.2d 543, 544 (Miss.1984); Smith v. State, 430 So.2d 406, 408 (Miss. 1983)).

1997In Ellis v. Ellis, 651 So. 2d 1068 (Miss. 1995), we reaffirmed the well-established principle that, "[T]his Court has also consistently held that errors raised for the first time on appeal will not be considered, especially where constitutional questions are concerned." Id. (citing Patterson v. State, 594 So. 2d 606, 609 (Miss. 1992);Contreras v. State, 445 So. 2d 543, 544 (Miss. 1984); Smith v. State, 430 So. 2d 406, 408 (Miss. 1983)).

22
Phillip Morris v. Hiram Schoonfield, Wardengreen
scotus · 1970 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1993–1998
12
Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc. v. Hostettergreen
scotus · 1966 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1966–1989
12
Ross v. Moffittgreen
scotus · 1974 · cited in 2 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1982–1982
12
Ronk v. Stategreen
miss · 2015 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
Enriquez v. Stringfellowgreen
ca5 · 2003 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Sandin v. Connergreen
scotus · 1995 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Thomas Durso v. Charles Rowegreen
ca7 · 1978 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Brent Wheeler v. Daniel C. Miller, Dr. C. Sue McCullough Dr. Texas Woman's Universitygreen
ca5 · 1999 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
United States v. Gordon W. Kahlgreen
ca5 · 1978 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
Albert v. Allied Glove Corp.green
miss · 2006 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Campbell v. Louisianagreen
scotus · 1998 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
Tommy Thompson v. Honorable Harry K. Gallagher, Mayor for the City of Plaquemine, Louisianagreen
ca5 · 1974 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Brown v. Stategreen
missctapp · 2012 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Stokes v. Florida Dept. of Correctionsgreen
fladistctapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Hopson v. MISSISSIPPI STATE PAROLE BD.green
missctapp · 2008 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Rias v. Hendersongreen
miss · 1977 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Associated Press v. Bostgreen
miss · 1995 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
cluster 566016green
ca5 · 1991 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
Billy Guice and Howard Claxton, Sr. v. Ray Fortenberry, Superintendent, East Carroll Parish Prison Farm,respondent-Appelleegreen
ca5 · 1981 · cited in 1 Mississippi opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Mississippi. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (47)

CaseCitedYears
Whitus v. Georgia green
scotus · 1966
2 sentences

2014However, Keller has failed to establish an equal-protection violation. [A] defendant who alleges an equal protection violation has the burden of proving “the existence of purposeful discrimination.” Whitus v. Georgia, 385 U.S. 545, 550 , 87 S.Ct. 643, 646 , 17 L.Ed.2d 599 (1967).

2014However, Keller has failed to establish an equal-protection violation. [A] defendant who alleges an equal protection violation has the burden of proving “the existence of purposeful discrimination.” Whitus v. Georgia, 385 U.S. 545, 550 , 87 S.Ct. 643, 646 , 17 L.Ed.2d 599 (1967).

61998–2014
Batson v. Kentucky green
scotus · 1986
2 sentences

1993In Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 , 106 S.Ct. 1712 , 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986), the Court overruled Swain insofar as Swain conditioned *300 an equal protection claim on proof of a persistent and repeated history of the exclusion of blacks by the State.

1993In Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 , 106 S.Ct. 1712 , 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986), the Court overruled Swain insofar as Swain conditioned *300 an equal protection claim on proof of a persistent and repeated history of the exclusion of blacks by the State.

61993–2008
Ellis v. Ellis green
miss · 1995
2 sentences

2003In Marcum, supra, we reaffirmed the well-established principle that, "[T]his Court has also consistently held that errors raised for the first time on appeal will not be considered, especially where constitutional questions are concerned." 741 So.2d at 238 (quoting Ellis v. Ellis, 651 So.2d 1068 (Miss.1995) (citing Patterson v. State, 594 So.2d 606, 609 (Miss.1992)).

2002In Marcum, supra, we reaffirmed the well-established principle that, "[T]his Court has also consistently held that errors raised for the first time on appeal will not be considered, especially where constitutional questions are concerned." 741 So.2d at 238 (quoting Ellis v. Ellis, 651 So.2d 1068 (Miss.1995) (citing Patterson v. State, 594 So.2d 606, 609 (Miss. 1992)).

41997–2003
Tatro v. State green
miss · 1979
2 sentences

2000In finding merit in the defendant's argument this Court held: Unfortunately, the assignment of error is well taken, and in Tatro v. State, 372 So.2d 283 (Miss.1979), we held the statute unconstitutional.

1998In finding merit in the defendant's argument this Court held: Unfortunately, the assignment of error is well taken, and in Tatro v. State, 372 So. 2d 283 (Miss. 1979), we held the statute unconstitutional.

31980–2000
Orr v. Orr green
scotus · 1979
2 sentences

1980Our decision in Tatro was occasioned by the United States Supreme Court’s new interpretation of the equal protection clause of the Constitution, reflected in Orr v. Orr, 440 U.S. 268 , 99 S.Ct. 1102 , 59 L.Ed.2d 306 (1979); Califano v. Webster, 430 U.S. 313 , 97 S.Ct. 1192 , 51 L.Ed.2d 360 (1977).

1980Our decision in Tatro was occasioned by the United States Supreme Court’s new interpretation of the equal protection clause of the Constitution, reflected in Orr v. Orr, 440 U.S. 268 , 99 S.Ct. 1102 , 59 L.Ed.2d 306 (1979); Califano v. Webster, 430 U.S. 313 , 97 S.Ct. 1192 , 51 L.Ed.2d 360 (1977).

31980–1992
Califano v. Webster green
scotus · 1977
2 sentences

1980Our decision in Tatro was occasioned by the United States Supreme Court’s new interpretation of the equal protection clause of the Constitution, reflected in Orr v. Orr, 440 U.S. 268 , 99 S.Ct. 1102 , 59 L.Ed.2d 306 (1979); Califano v. Webster, 430 U.S. 313 , 97 S.Ct. 1192 , 51 L.Ed.2d 360 (1977).

1980Our decision in Tatro was occasioned by the United States Supreme Court’s new interpretation of the equal protection clause of the Constitution, reflected in Orr v. Orr, 440 U.S. 268 , 99 S.Ct. 1102 , 59 L.Ed.2d 306 (1979); Califano v. Webster, 430 U.S. 313 , 97 S.Ct. 1192 , 51 L.Ed.2d 360 (1977).

31979–1980
Washington v. Davis green
scotus · 1976
2 sentences

2013Washington v. Davis, 426 U.S. 229, 242 , 96 S.Ct. 2040, 2049 , 48 L.Ed.2d 597 (1976). “[Disparate impact alone cannot suffice to state an Equal Protection violation; otherwise, any law could be challenged on Equal Protection grounds by whomever it has negatively impacted.” Johnson v. Rodriguez, 110 F.3d 299, 306 (5th Cir.1997).

2013Washington v. Davis, 426 U.S. 229, 242 , 96 S.Ct. 2040, 2049 , 48 L.Ed.2d 597 (1976). “[Disparate impact alone cannot suffice to state an Equal Protection violation; otherwise, any law could be challenged on Equal Protection grounds by whomever it has negatively impacted.” Johnson v. Rodriguez, 110 F.3d 299, 306 (5th Cir.1997).

22012–2013
Scott v. State green
miss · 2004
2 sentences

2005This Court has held that ". . . a defendant who alleges an equal protection violation has the burden of proving `the existence of purposeful discrimination.'" Scott v. State, 878 So.2d at 993 (citing Whitus v. Georgia, 385 U.S. 545, 550 , 87 S.Ct. 643, 646 , 17 L.Ed.2d 599 (1967)).

1998This Court has held that “...a defendant who alleges an equal protection violation has the burden of proving "the existence of purposeful discrimination."” Scott v. State, 878 So.2d at 993 (citing Whitus v. Georgia, 385 U.S. 545, 550 , 87 S.Ct. 643, 646 , 17 L.Ed.2d 599 (1967)).

21998–2005
Wayte v. United States green
scotus · 1985
2 sentences

2004Wayte v. United States, 470 U.S. 598, 608 , 105 S.Ct. 1524, 1531 , 84 L.Ed.2d 547 (1985).

2004Wayte v. United States, 470 U.S. 598, 608 , 105 S.Ct. 1524, 1531 , 84 L.Ed.2d 547 (1985).

21998–2004
Marcum v. Hancock County School Dist. green
miss · 1999
2 sentences

2003In Marcum, supra, we reaffirmed the well-established principle that, "[T]his Court has also consistently held that errors raised for the first time on appeal will not be considered, especially where constitutional questions are concerned." 741 So.2d at 238 (quoting Ellis v. Ellis, 651 So.2d 1068 (Miss.1995) (citing Patterson v. State, 594 So.2d 606, 609 (Miss.1992)).

2003In Marcum, supra, we reaffirmed the well-established principle that, "[T]his Court has also consistently held that errors raised for the first time on appeal will not be considered, especially where constitutional questions are concerned." 741 So.2d at 238 (quoting Ellis v. Ellis, 651 So.2d 1068 (Miss.1995) (citing Patterson v. State, 594 So.2d 606, 609 (Miss.1992)).

22002–2003
Gentry v. Wallace green
miss · 1992
2 sentences

2003In support of her position, Carter cites Gentry v. Wallace, 606 So.2d 1117 (Miss.1992), out of context.

2002In support of her position, Carter cites Gentry v. Wallace, 606 So.2d 1117 (Miss. 1992), out of context.

22002–2003
State v. Jones green
miss · 1998
2 sentences

2003Since the SLRP statute does not interfere with a fundamental right and does not create a suspect class, it violates the equal protection clause only if we find that the statute is not "rationally or reasonably related to a proper legislative purpose." Id. at 574 . ¶ 10.

2001Since the SLRP statute does not interfere with a fundamental right and does not create a suspect class, it violates the equal protection clause only if we find that the statute is not "rationally or reasonably related to a proper legislative purpose." Id. at 574 .

22001–2003
Federal Communications Commission v. Beach Communications, Inc. green
scotus · 1993
2 sentences

2000Heller v. Doe, 509 U.S. 312, 320 , 113 S.Ct. 2637, 2642 , 125 L.Ed.2d 257 (1993)(citing F.C.C. v. Beach Communications, Inc., 508 U.S. 307 , 113 *102 S.Ct. 2096, 124 L.Ed.2d 211 (1993)); Schweiker v. Wilson, 450 U.S. 221, 230 , 101 S.Ct. 1074 , 67 L.Ed.2d 186 (1981).

2000Heller v. Doe, 509 U.S. 312, 320 , 113 S.Ct. 2637, 2642 , 125 L.Ed.2d 257 (1993)(citing F.C.C. v. Beach Communications, Inc., 508 U.S. 307 , 113 *102 S.Ct. 2096, 124 L.Ed.2d 211 (1993)); Schweiker v. Wilson, 450 U.S. 221, 230 , 101 S.Ct. 1074 , 67 L.Ed.2d 186 (1981).

21999–2000
Heller v. Doe Ex Rel. Doe green
scotus · 1993
2 sentences

2000Heller v. Doe, 509 U.S. 312, 320 , 113 S.Ct. 2637, 2642 , 125 L.Ed.2d 257 (1993)(citing F.C.C. v. Beach Communications, Inc., 508 U.S. 307 , 113 *102 S.Ct. 2096, 124 L.Ed.2d 211 (1993)); Schweiker v. Wilson, 450 U.S. 221, 230 , 101 S.Ct. 1074 , 67 L.Ed.2d 186 (1981).

2000Heller v. Doe, 509 U.S. 312, 320 , 113 S.Ct. 2637, 2642 , 125 L.Ed.2d 257 (1993)(citing F.C.C. v. Beach Communications, Inc., 508 U.S. 307 , 113 *102 S.Ct. 2096, 124 L.Ed.2d 211 (1993)); Schweiker v. Wilson, 450 U.S. 221, 230 , 101 S.Ct. 1074 , 67 L.Ed.2d 186 (1981).

21999–2000
Schweiker v. Wilson green
scotus · 1981
2 sentences

2000Heller v. Doe, 509 U.S. 312, 320 , 113 S.Ct. 2637, 2642 , 125 L.Ed.2d 257 (1993)(citing F.C.C. v. Beach Communications, Inc., 508 U.S. 307 , 113 *102 S.Ct. 2096, 124 L.Ed.2d 211 (1993)); Schweiker v. Wilson, 450 U.S. 221, 230 , 101 S.Ct. 1074 , 67 L.Ed.2d 186 (1981).

2000Heller v. Doe, 509 U.S. 312, 320 , 113 S.Ct. 2637, 2642 , 125 L.Ed.2d 257 (1993)(citing F.C.C. v. Beach Communications, Inc., 508 U.S. 307 , 113 *102 S.Ct. 2096, 124 L.Ed.2d 211 (1993)); Schweiker v. Wilson, 450 U.S. 221, 230 , 101 S.Ct. 1074 , 67 L.Ed.2d 186 (1981).

21999–2000
Barnett v. State green
ga · 1999
2 sentences

2000In Barnett v. State, 270 Ga. 472 , 510 S.E.2d 527 (1999), the Georgia Supreme Court rejected an equal protection challenge to OCGA § 40-6-391(k), which set forth a blood alcohol concentration standard of .02 grams for persons under the age of twenty-one and a standard of.10 grams for persons over age twenty-one.

2000In Barnett v. State, 270 Ga. 472 , 510 S.E.2d 527 (1999), the Georgia Supreme Court rejected an equal protection challenge to OCGA § 40-6-391(k), which set forth a blood alcohol concentration standard of .02 grams for persons under the age of twenty-one and a standard of.10 grams for persons over age twenty-one.

21999–2000
Mississippi Bd. of Nursing v. Belk green
miss · 1985
2 sentences

1999Belk, 481 So.2d at 830-31 .

1997Belk, 481 So. 2d at 830-31 .

21997–1999
Caban v. Mohammed green
scotus · 1979
21995–1998
Tate v. Short green
scotus · 1971
21993–1998
Rome v. State green
fladistctapp · 1993
21993–1998
Williams v. Illinois green
scotus · 1970
21993–1998
Carleton Frazier v. Captain R. F. Jordan, Superintendent of the City of Atlanta Prison Farm green
ca5 · 1972
21993–1998
Tolbert v. City of Memphis, Tenn. green
tnwd · 1983
21993–1996
Dunn v. Blumstein green
scotus · 1972
21994–1994
Jackson v. Indiana green
scotus · 1972
21975–1981
Knox Atty. Gen. v. Southern Paper Co. green
miss · 1926
21974–1977
Butts v. Nichols green
iasd · 1974
12015–2015
Village of Willowbrook v. Olech green
scotus · 2000
12012–2012
Barrett v. Miller green
miss · 1992
12002–2002
Marx v. Truck Renting & Leasing Ass'n green
miss · 1987
12002–2002
Starnes v. City of Vardaman green
miss · 1991
12002–2002
Frontiero v. Richardson green
scotus · 1973
12002–2002
Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia green
scotus · 1976
12002–2002
City of Mound Bayou v. Johnson green
miss · 1990
12002–2002
Lard v. State green
missctapp · 1999
12001–2001
Collins v. State Ex Rel. Department of Public Safety green
oklacivapp · 1999
12000–2000
Romer v. Evans green
scotus · 1996
11999–1999
Loving v. Virginia green
scotus · 1967
11999–1999
Mata v. Johnson green
ca5 · 1996
11999–1999
Walter Lee Johnson v. Steve W. Puckett green
ca5 · 1991
11995–1995

Statutes the citing opinions construe

MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-101 (15) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-105 (12) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-19 (9) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-1 (5) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-11 (5) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 91-1-15 (5) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-65 (5) USC § 42u.s.c.1983 (5) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-5 (4) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 13-5-79 (4) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-59 (4) MS § Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-35 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 1841 (1923–2026) IL 902 (1918–2026) NY 604 (1932–2026) TX 570 (1911–2026) WA 549 (1919–2025) PA 509 (1938–2026) CT 345 (1938–2025) OH 340 (1920–2026) LA 297 (1915–2025) NJ 293 (1907–2026) CO 279 (1932–2026) MI 276 (1912–2026) WI 265 (1929–2026) FL 244 (1927–2025) IA 240 (1930–2025) MO 235 (1924–2025) MA 225 (1927–2026) MN 223 (1916–2026) AL 220 (1901–2025) GA 193 (1935–2026) NC 172 (1911–2026) MD 167 (1934–2024) AZ 165 (1948–2026) AR 164 (1917–2024) KS 162 (1933–2026) IN 158 (1909–2024) OK 150 (1944–2024) TN 135 (1919–2025) MT 126 (1925–2026) AK 125 (1970–2025) ID 115 (1953–2025) NM 114 (1937–2025) MS 110 (1930–2025) KY 104 (1931–2025) VA 99 (1921–2024) SC 98 (1918–2025) OR 95 (1947–2025) NH 94 (1962–2024) RI 90 (1916–2020) WV 89 (1929–2025) NE 85 (1936–2022) ME 85 (1935–2023) NV 83 (1955–2021) WY 65 (1972–2025) UT 64 (1921–2026) ND 61 (1935–2018) DC 57 (1970–2024) HI 56 (1928–2024) SD 49 (1937–2026) VT 48 (1928–2024) DE 45 (1937–2026) VI 16 (1964–2026) PR 5 (1932–1989) MP 3 (1985–2024)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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