due process clause (Minnesota) · Go Syfert
← Minnesota issues

due process clause in Minnesota

439 Minnesota opinions name it 2 courts 1926–2026 20 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Minnesota courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (64)

CaseFollowedCited
Rostad v. On-Deck, Inc.green
minn · 1985 · cited in 10 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1986–1996
2 sentences

1996The Minnesota legislature intended the long-arm statute to have “the maximum extraterritorial effect allowed under the due process clause of the federal constitution.” Rostad v. On-Deck, Inc., 372 N.W.2d, 717, 719 (Minn.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1006 , 106 S.Ct. 528 , 88 L.Ed.2d 460 (1985) (citing Vikse v. Flaby, 316 N.W.2d 276, 281 (Minn.1982)).

1992The argument advanced by respondent, and adopted by the trial court and the court of appeals, is that Minn.Stat. § 543.19, subd. 3, should not be read so narrowly because under the cases of this court, the statute is to “have the maximum extraterritorial effect allowed under the due process clause of the federal constitution.” Rostad v. On-Deck, Inc., 372 N.W.2d 717, 719 (Minn.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1006 , 106 S.Ct. 528 , 88 L.Ed.2d 460 (1985); see also Vikse v. Flaby, 316 N.W.2d 276, 281 (Minn.1982) (long-arm statute was drafted to extend jurisdiction to the permissible limits allowed by c

1010
State v. Beecroftgreen
minn · 2012 · cited in 9 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2014–2023
2 sentences

2016A due-process violation “presents a question of constitutional law, which [is] review[ed] de novo.” State v. Beecroft, 813 N.W.2d 814, 836 (Minn. 2012).

2015Poeschel also contends that the revocation of her driver’s license must be rescinded “because law enforcement violated [her] fundamental due process rights under the United States and Minnesota Constitutions.” “Whether a due process violation has occurred presents a question of constitutional law, which [appellate courts] review de novo.” State v. Beecroft, 813 N.W.2d 814, 836 (Minn.2012).

89
In Re Bj-M.green
minn · 2008 · cited in 8 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2008–2026
2 sentences

2026“Although the amount of process due in a particular case varies with the unique circumstances of that case, prejudice as a result of the alleged violation is an essential component of the due process analysis.” In re Welfare of Child of B.J.-M., 744 N.W.2d 669, 673 (Minn. 2008) (citations omitted).

2025Although the amount of process due in a particular case can vary based on the circumstances, “prejudice as a result of the alleged violation[s] is an essential component of the due process analysis.” In re Welfare of Child of B.J.-M., 744 N.W.2d 669, 673 (Minn. 2008).

78
State v. Fordgreen
minn · 1986 · cited in 7 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2015–2016
2 sentences

2016A. Effect of Guilty Plea A counseled guilty plea traditionally operates “as a waiver of all non-jurisdictional defects arising prior to the entry of the plea.” State v. Ford, 397 N.W.2d 875, 878 (Minn. 1986).

2016The first three arguments fail because a counseled guilty plea “has traditionally operated, in Minnesota and in other jurisdictions, as a waiver of all non- jurisdictional defects arising prior to the entry of the plea.” State v. Ford, 397 N.W.2d 875, 878 (Minn. 1986) (citing State v. Lothenbach, 296 N.W.2d 854, 857 (Minn. 1980)).

77
The Toro Company and Toro Sales Company v. Ballas Liquidating Company and Weed Eater, Inc., and H. Spencer Stone Associates, Inc.green
ca8 · 1978 · cited in 7 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1984–1989
2 sentences

1989See, e.g., Vikse v. Flaby, 316 N.W.2d 276, 281 (Minn.1982) (citing Toro Co. v. Ballas Liquidating Co., 572 F.2d 1267, 1269 (8th Cir.1978)); In re Shipowners Litigation, 361 N.W.2d 112, 115 (Minn.Ct.App.1985); Thompson v. First National Bank of St.

1986Midwest Medical, Inc. v. Kremmling Medical-Surgical Associates, 352 N.W.2d 59, 60 (Minn.Ct.App.1984) (citing Toro Co. v. Ballas Liquidating Co., 572 F.2d 1267, 1269 (8th Cir.1978)).

77
Mid-West Medical, Inc. v. Kremmling Medical-Surgical Associates, P.C.green
minnctapp · 1984 · cited in 7 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1984–1986
2 sentences

1985“Minnesota interprets its long-arm statute * * * to extend personal jurisdiction in its courts to the limits of the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.” Mid-West Medical, Inc. v. Kremmling Medical-Surgical Associates, P.C., 352 N.W.2d 59, 60 (Minn.Ct.App.1984).

1985“Minnesota interprets its long-arm statute * * * to extend personal jurisdiction in its courts to the limits of the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.” Mid-West Medical, Inc. v. Kremmling Medical-Surgical Associates, 352 N.W.2d 59, 60 (Minn.Ct.App.1984).

77
State v. Friendgreen
minn · 1992 · cited in 5 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2000–2024
2 sentences

2024See State v. Friend, 493 N.W.2d 540, 545 (Minn. 1992) (“In certain cases the due process clause, the right to confront accusers, or the right to present evidence will require admission of evidence otherwise excluded by the rape shield law.”).

2016See State v. Friend, 493 N.W.2d 540, 545 (Minn. 1992) (stating that “[i]n certain cases the due process clause, the right to confront accusers, or the right to present evidence will require [the] admission of evidence otherwise excluded by the rape shield law”).

55
Vikse v. Flabygreen
minn · 1982 · cited in 5 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1985–1996
2 sentences

1996The Minnesota legislature intended the long-arm statute to have “the maximum extraterritorial effect allowed under the due process clause of the federal constitution.” Rostad v. On-Deck, Inc., 372 N.W.2d, 717, 719 (Minn.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1006 , 106 S.Ct. 528 , 88 L.Ed.2d 460 (1985) (citing Vikse v. Flaby, 316 N.W.2d 276, 281 (Minn.1982)).

1992The argument advanced by respondent, and adopted by the trial court and the court of appeals, is that Minn.Stat. § 543.19, subd. 3, should not be read so narrowly because under the cases of this court, the statute is to “have the maximum extraterritorial effect allowed under the due process clause of the federal constitution.” Rostad v. On-Deck, Inc., 372 N.W.2d 717, 719 (Minn.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1006 , 106 S.Ct. 528 , 88 L.Ed.2d 460 (1985); see also Vikse v. Flaby, 316 N.W.2d 276, 281 (Minn.1982) (long-arm statute was drafted to extend jurisdiction to the permissible limits allowed by c

55
State v. Lothenbachgreen
minn · 1980 · cited in 4 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2015–2016
2 sentences

2016The first three arguments fail because a counseled guilty plea “has traditionally operated, in Minnesota and in other jurisdictions, as a waiver of all non- jurisdictional defects arising prior to the entry of the plea.” State v. Ford, 397 N.W.2d 875, 878 (Minn. 1986) (citing State v. Lothenbach, 296 N.W.2d 854, 857 (Minn. 1980)).

2016Kidd’s first three arguments fail because a counseled guilty plea “has traditionally operated, in Minnesota and in other jurisdictions, as a waiver of all non- jurisdictional defects arising prior to the entry of the plea.” State v. Ford, 397 N.W.2d 875, 878 (Minn. 1986) (citing State v. Lothenbach, 296 N.W.2d 854, 857 (Minn. 1980)).

44
State v. Bobogreen
minn · 2009 · cited in 4 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2011–2015
44
Rykoff-Sexton, Inc. v. American Appraisal Associates, Inc.green
minn · 1991 · cited in 4 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1996–2009
44
Ulmer v. O'MALLEYgreen
minn · 1981 · cited in 4 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1985–1989
44
McDonnell v. Commissioner of Public Safetygreen
minn · 1991 · cited in 11 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1991–2018
2 sentences

2016Assuming, without deciding, that the due-process claim in McDonnell was substantive, McDonnell establishes substantive-due-process relief when an implied-consent advisory misinforms .a person subject to testing under Minnesota’s implied-consent law that she could be charged with the crime of test refusal when such a charge is impossible. 473 N.W.2d at 855 .

2015Safety, 473 N.W.2d 848, 855 (Minn. 1991) (holding that it was a due-process violation to threaten a driver with the crime of test refusal when the state was not authorized to impose such charges); Minn. Stat. 9 § 169A.20, subd. 2 (2012) (“It is a crime for any person to refuse to submit to a chemical test of the person’s blood, breath, or urine under section 169A.51 (chemical tests for intoxication), or 169A.52 (test refusal or failure; revocation of license).”).

311
State v. Calmesgreen
minn · 2001 · cited in 4 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2005–2025
2 sentences

2025And Martinek held that, “[o]nce a sentence has expired, the court no longer has jurisdiction to modify even what may be an unauthorized sentence,” ultimately ruling that “[t]he district court no longer ha[d] jurisdiction to modify [the defendant’s] sentence by adding a conditional release term.” 678 N.W.2d at 718–19 (citing Purdy, 589 N.W.2d at 498–99). 20 Without elaborating on how Calmes applies to a jurisdictional analysis, Franson characterizes Calmes as “recognizing that a due-process violation may occur when a ‘sentence is enhanced after the defendant has developed a crystallized expecta

2018See Martinek , 678 N.W.2d at 718 ; see also Calmes , 632 N.W.2d at 645 (recognizing that a due-process violation may occur when a "sentence is enhanced after the defendant has developed a crystallized expectation of finality" in the sentence).

34
State v. Jenkinsgreen
minn · 2010 · cited in 4 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2011–2013
34
Wolf v. BOSTON SCIENTIFIC CORPORATIONgreen
minn · 2010 · cited in 3 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2015–2016
33
State v. Benedictgreen
minn · 1986 · cited in 3 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1992–2014
33
World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodsongreen
scotus · 1980 · cited in 9 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1984–2015
2 sentences

1991See World-Wide Volkswagen, 444 U.S. at 295 , 100 S.Ct. at 566 (exercise of personal jurisdiction over an automobile retailer and regional distributor, whose sole connection with the forum state was occurrence of the automobile-related injury, was incompatible with the due process clause).

1991See World-Wide Volkswagen, 444 U.S. at 295 , 100 S.Ct. at 566 (exercise of personal jurisdiction over an automobile retailer and regional distributor, whose sole connection with the forum state was occurrence of the automobile-related injury, was incompatible with the due process clause).

29
Hampton v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1976 · cited in 6 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1978–2012
2 sentences

2012I § 7. “[T]he concept of fundamental fairness inherent in the due-process requirement will prevent conviction of even a predisposed defendant if the conduct of the government in participating in or inducing the commission of the crime is sufficiently outrageous.” State v. Morris, 272 N.W.2d 35, 36 (Minn.1978) (citing Hampton v. United States, 425 U.S. 484 , 96 S.Ct. 1646 , 48 L.Ed.2d 113 (1976)).

2012I § 7. “[T]he concept of fundamental fairness inherent in the due-process requirement will prevent conviction of even a predisposed defendant if the conduct of the government in participating in or inducing the commission of the crime is sufficiently outrageous.” State v. Morris, 272 N.W.2d 35, 36 (Minn.1978) (citing Hampton v. United States, 425 U.S. 484 , 96 S.Ct. 1646 , 48 L.Ed.2d 113 (1976)).

26
State of Minnesota v. William Robert Bernard, Jr.green
minn · 2015 · cited in 4 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2015–2024
2 sentences

2024“When assessing 5 a due process challenge, the analysis [appellate courts] apply depends on whether the statute implicates a fundamental right.” State v. Bernard, 859 N.W.2d 762, 773 (Minn. 2015).

2017Furthermore, “[t]o survive a due process challenge using rational basis review, the statute must not be arbitrary and capricious.” State v. Bernard, 859 N.W.2d 762, 773 (Minn. 2015) (quotation omitted).

24
Arizona v. Youngbloodgreen
scotus · 1989 · cited in 4 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2004–2023
2 sentences

2023Arizona v. Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51, 58 (1988).

2013See State v. Nissalke, 801 N.W.2d 82, 110 (Minn.2011) (applying rationale from Youngblood); State v. Jenkins, 782 N.W.2d 211, 235-37 (Minn.2010) (same); State v. Bailey, 677 N.W.2d 380, 393 (Minn.2004) (citing Youngblood, 488 U.S. at 58 , 109 S.Ct. 333 ).

24
Santosky v. Kramergreen
scotus · 1982 · cited in 4 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2007–2017
2 sentences

2015“The applicable due-process standard in a [termination] proceeding resides in the guarantee of fundamental fairness.” 7 Id. (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753-54 , 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1394-95 (1982)).

2015“The applicable due-process standard in a [termination] proceeding resides in the guarantee of fundamental fairness.” 7 Id. (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753-54 , 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1394-95 (1982)).

24
Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Rothgreen
scotus · 1972 · cited in 4 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1998–2017
2 sentences

2017Bd. of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564 , 571–72, 92 S. Ct. 2701, 2706 (1972) (“[P]roperty interests protected by procedural due process extend well beyond actual ownership of real estate, chattels, or money.”).

2017Bd. of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564 , 571–72, 92 S. Ct. 2701, 2706 (1972) (“[P]roperty interests protected by procedural due process extend well beyond actual ownership of real estate, chattels, or money.”).

24
County of Sacramento v. Lewisgreen
scotus · 1998 · cited in 4 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2006–2016
2 sentences

2012When abusive executive action is challenged under the due-process clause, we consider whether the challenged action implicates a fundamental right and “shocks the conscience.” Id. at 846-47, 118 S.Ct. at 1716-17 ; Slusarchuk v. Hoff, 346 F.3d 1178 , 1181-82 (8th Cir.2003); Mumm v. Mornson, 708 N.W.2d 475, 487 (Minn.2006).

2012Lewis, 523 U.S. at 842 , 118 S.Ct. at 1714 ; see also Dokman v. Cnty. of Hennepin, 637 N.W.2d 286, 295 (Minn.App.2001) (holding that the court need not address a due-process challenge because appellant’s challenge could be considered under the Fourth Amendment).

24
Raley v. Ohiogreen
scotus · 1959 · cited in 3 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1990–2025
23
Hard Times Cafe, Inc. v. City of Minneapolisgreen
minnctapp · 2001 · cited in 3 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2009–2024
23
Boutin v. LaFleurgreen
minn · 1999 · cited in 3 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2015–2024
23
Bendorf v. Commissioner of Public Safetygreen
minn · 2007 · cited in 3 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2008–2019
23
State v. Greengreen
minnctapp · 1984 · cited in 3 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1985–2016
23
State v. FCRgreen
minn · 1979 · cited in 3 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1987–2015
23
State v. Morrisgreen
minn · 1978 · cited in 3 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1979–2012
23
State v. Omangreen
minn · 1961 · cited in 3 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1979–2012
23
Thiele v. Stichgreen
minn · 1988 · cited in 2 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2025–2026
22
State v. Petteegreen
minn · 1995 · cited in 2 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2016–2019
22
Magnuson v. Commissioner of Public Safetygreen
minnctapp · 2005 · cited in 2 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
22
United States v. Zolton Williamsgreen
ca2 · 2000 · cited in 2 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2015–2016
22
State v. Schwartzgreen
minn · 1989 · cited in 2 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2004–2016
22
Birchfield v. N. Dakota. William Robert Bernardgreen
scotus · 2016 · cited in 2 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
22
McDonald v. City of Chicagogreen
scotus · 2010 · cited in 2 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2014–2015
22
State v. Bernardgreen
minnctapp · 2014 · cited in 2 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
22

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Minnesota. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (16)

CaseCitedYears
Sloan v. Hicks green
scotus · 1985
2 sentences

1996The Minnesota legislature intended the long-arm statute to have “the maximum extraterritorial effect allowed under the due process clause of the federal constitution.” Rostad v. On-Deck, Inc., 372 N.W.2d, 717, 719 (Minn.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1006 , 106 S.Ct. 528 , 88 L.Ed.2d 460 (1985) (citing Vikse v. Flaby, 316 N.W.2d 276, 281 (Minn.1982)).

1992The argument advanced by respondent, and adopted by the trial court and the court of appeals, is that Minn.Stat. § 543.19, subd. 3, should not be read so narrowly because under the cases of this court, the statute is to “have the maximum extraterritorial effect allowed under the due process clause of the federal constitution.” Rostad v. On-Deck, Inc., 372 N.W.2d 717, 719 (Minn.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1006 , 106 S.Ct. 528 , 88 L.Ed.2d 460 (1985); see also Vikse v. Flaby, 316 N.W.2d 276, 281 (Minn.1982) (long-arm statute was drafted to extend jurisdiction to the permissible limits allowed by c

61986–1996
Mazzella v. United States green
scotus · 1985
2 sentences

1996The Minnesota legislature intended the long-arm statute to have “the maximum extraterritorial effect allowed under the due process clause of the federal constitution.” Rostad v. On-Deck, Inc., 372 N.W.2d, 717, 719 (Minn.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1006 , 106 S.Ct. 528 , 88 L.Ed.2d 460 (1985) (citing Vikse v. Flaby, 316 N.W.2d 276, 281 (Minn.1982)).

1992The argument advanced by respondent, and adopted by the trial court and the court of appeals, is that Minn.Stat. § 543.19, subd. 3, should not be read so narrowly because under the cases of this court, the statute is to “have the maximum extraterritorial effect allowed under the due process clause of the federal constitution.” Rostad v. On-Deck, Inc., 372 N.W.2d 717, 719 (Minn.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1006 , 106 S.Ct. 528 , 88 L.Ed.2d 460 (1985); see also Vikse v. Flaby, 316 N.W.2d 276, 281 (Minn.1982) (long-arm statute was drafted to extend jurisdiction to the permissible limits allowed by c

61986–1996
In Re WINSHIP green
scotus · 1970
2 sentences

1993In In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 , 90 S.Ct. 1068 , 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970), the United States Supreme Court held that the due process clause protects an accused against conviction “except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime with which he is charged.” Id. at 364 , 90 S.Ct. at 1073 .

1993In In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 , 90 S.Ct. 1068 , 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970), the United States Supreme Court held that the due process clause protects an accused against conviction “except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime with which he is charged.” Id. at 364 , 90 S.Ct. at 1073 .

51972–1996
Jones v. United States green
scotus · 1985
2 sentences

1996The Minnesota legislature intended the long-arm statute to have “the maximum extraterritorial effect allowed under the due process clause of the federal constitution.” Rostad v. On-Deck, Inc., 372 N.W.2d, 717, 719 (Minn.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1006 , 106 S.Ct. 528 , 88 L.Ed.2d 460 (1985) (citing Vikse v. Flaby, 316 N.W.2d 276, 281 (Minn.1982)).

1992The argument advanced by respondent, and adopted by the trial court and the court of appeals, is that Minn.Stat. § 543.19, subd. 3, should not be read so narrowly because under the cases of this court, the statute is to “have the maximum extraterritorial effect allowed under the due process clause of the federal constitution.” Rostad v. On-Deck, Inc., 372 N.W.2d 717, 719 (Minn.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1006 , 106 S.Ct. 528 , 88 L.Ed.2d 460 (1985); see also Vikse v. Flaby, 316 N.W.2d 276, 281 (Minn.1982) (long-arm statute was drafted to extend jurisdiction to the permissible limits allowed by c

51987–1996
Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz green
scotus · 1985
2 sentences

1992Moreover, in determining whether the due process clause is offended by dragging a defendant into a foreign forum, we have required that potential defendants be allowed to “ ‘structure their primary conduct with some minimum assurance as to where that conduct will and will not render them liable to suit.’ ” Real Properties, 427 N.W.2d at 667 -68 (quoting Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 472 , 105 S.Ct. 2174, 2182 , 85 L.Ed.2d 528 (1985)).

1992Moreover, in determining whether the due process clause is offended by dragging a defendant into a foreign forum, we have required that potential defendants be allowed to “ ‘structure their primary conduct with some minimum assurance as to where that conduct will and will not render them liable to suit.’ ” Real Properties, 427 N.W.2d at 667 -68 (quoting Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 472 , 105 S.Ct. 2174, 2182 , 85 L.Ed.2d 528 (1985)).

51986–1992
Morrissey v. Brewer green
scotus · 1972
2 sentences

1976In Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U. S. 471 , 92 S. Ct. 2593 , 33 L. ed. 2d 484 (1972), the United States Supreme Court held that a parolee’s liberty involves significant values within the protection of the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

1976In Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U. S. 471 , 92 S. Ct. 2593 , 33 L. ed. 2d 484 (1972), the United States Supreme Court held that a parolee’s liberty involves significant values within the protection of the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

41974–2016
Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co. green
scotus · 1950
41967–1993
Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill green
scotus · 1985
41986–1992
Lehr v. Robertson green
scotus · 1983
31995–2002
Haynes v. Washington green
scotus · 1963
31984–1993
Hanson v. Denckla green
scotus · 1958
31985–1988
Pennoyer v. Neff red
· 1878
31939–1986
Quill Corp. v. North Dakota Ex Rel. Heitkamp red
scotus · 1992
21999–2018
Estelle v. Williams green
scotus · 1976
22008–2017
Webb v. Texas green
scotus · 1972
22015–2016
Phillip Anthony Roberts v. State of Minnesota green
minnctapp · 2014
22016–2016

Statutes the citing opinions construe

MN § Minn. Stat. § 480A.08 (61) MN § Minn. Stat. § 543.19 (43) MN § Minn. Stat. § 169A.20 (27) MN § Minn. Stat. § 645.16 (27) MN § Minn. Stat. § 609.185 (24) MN § Minn. Stat. § 169A.51 (20) MN § Minn. Stat. § 169A.52 (20) USC § 42u.s.c.1983 (19) MN § Minn. Stat. § 590.01 (17) MN § Minn. Stat. § 590.04 (17) MN § Minn. Stat. § 645.17 (17) MN § Minn. Stat. § 260C.301 (15)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 3925 (1912–2026) IL 2693 (1923–2026) TX 2253 (1911–2026) CT 1554 (1930–2026) WA 1458 (1914–2026) PA 1401 (1921–2026) OH 1063 (1908–2026) FL 985 (1906–2026) NY 943 (1907–2026) LA 755 (1923–2026) MI 709 (1920–2026) WI 661 (1924–2026) MA 628 (1916–2026) CO 563 (1923–2026) IA 555 (1932–2026) MO 555 (1924–2025) IN 549 (1912–2026) TN 541 (1914–2026) MD 513 (1930–2026) GA 504 (1913–2026) NJ 487 (1910–2026) KS 451 (1904–2026) AZ 439 (1927–2026) MN 439 (1926–2026) NC 399 (1926–2026) AL 395 (1915–2025) ID 383 (1932–2026) NM 375 (1932–2026) MS 338 (1911–2026) OR 316 (1926–2026) VA 314 (1906–2026) UT 279 (1933–2026) DC 278 (1933–2026) ME 270 (1956–2026) AK 267 (1967–2026) HI 260 (1928–2026) OK 258 (1920–2026) MT 254 (1931–2026) AR 227 (1907–2026) WV 220 (1898–2026) NH 219 (1951–2025) SC 214 (1905–2026) KY 205 (1914–2026) RI 195 (1925–2026) ND 183 (1935–2026) NE 181 (1932–2025) WY 178 (1935–2026) DE 168 (1933–2026) NV 160 (1913–2025) SD 155 (1933–2025) VT 142 (1934–2026) VI 64 (1978–2026) PR 24 (1925–2013) MP 6 (1989–2024) GU 2 (1978–2023)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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