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183 North Dakota opinions name it 1 courts 1935–2026 12 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by North Dakota courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
Leroy Whitfield v. Illinois Board of Law Examiners, Len Young Smithgreen2 sentences2004II [¶ 7] Graves contends Thiem should have disqualified herself because of her potential conflict of interest. [¶ 8] The due process clause requires that the Board "`employ fair procedures in processing applications for admission to the bar.'" In re Lamb, 539 N.W.2d 865 , 867 (N.D.1995) (quoting Whitfield v. Illinois Bd. of Law Exam'rs, 504 F.2d 474, 478 (7th Cir.1974)). 2004II [¶ 7] Graves contends Thiem should have disqualified herself because of her potential conflict of interest. [¶ 8] The due process clause requires that the Board “ ‘employ fair procedures in processing applications for admission to the bar.’ ” In re Lamb, 539 N.W.2d 865 , 867 (N.D.1995) (quoting Whitfield v. Illinois Bd. of Law Exam’rs, 504 F.2d 474, 478 (7th Cir.1974)). | 4 | 4 |
State v. Steffesgreen2 sentences2012See id. at 614 . 2006The second purpose of the amendment was the framers’ intent not to allow: “statements of a witness who did not appear at trial unless he was unavailable to testify, and the defendant had had a prior opportunity for cross-examination.” Id. at 54 , 124 S.Ct. 1354 . [¶ 7] Our Court set forth what evidence is required to implicate a due process violation in State v. Steffes, 500 N.W.2d 608 (N.D.1993) (quoting Arizona v. Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51 , 109 S.Ct. 333 , 102 L.Ed.2d 281 (1988)). “[Ujnless a criminal defendant can show bad faith on the part of the police, failure to preserve potentially usef | 3 | 4 |
Stutsman v. Arthurgreen2 sentences2017X, § 18 “incorporates restrictions of the due process clause of the federal constitution and requires the use of public funds derived from taxation to be for a public purpose.” Haugland, 2012 ND 123, ¶ 37 , 818 N.W.2d 660 . “[A] public purpose ‘has for its objective the promotion of public health, safety, morals, general welfare, security, prosperity, and contentment of all the inhabitants or residents within a given political subdivision.’ ” Id. (quoting Gripentrog v. City of Wahpeton, 126 N.W.2d 230, 237 (N.D. 1964)). “[W]here an appropriation of public funds is primarily for public purposes 2017X, § 18 “incorporates restrictions of the due process clause of the federal constitution and requires the use of public funds derived from taxation to be for a public purpose.” Haugland, 2012 ND 123, ¶ 37 , 818 N.W.2d 660 . “[A] public purpose ‘has for its objective the promotion of public health, safety, morals, general welfare, security, prosperity, and contentment of all the inhabitants or residents within a given political subdivision.’ ” Id. (quoting Gripentrog v. City of Wahpeton, 126 N.W.2d 230, 237 (N.D. 1964)). “[W]here an appropriation of public funds is primarily for public purposes | 3 | 3 |
Livingood v. Meecegreen2 sentences2005Livingood v. Meece, 477 N.W.2d 183, 193 (N.D.1991). 2005Livingood v. Meece, 477 N.W.2d 183, 193 (N.D.1991). | 3 | 3 |
Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermillgreen2 sentences1995Cline v. Maxwell, 189 W.Va. 362 , 432 S.E.2d 32, 38 (1993); see also Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 547 , 105 S.Ct. 1487, 1496 , 84 L.Ed.2d 494, 507 (1985) (showing of a nine-month delay, without more, does not establish a due process violation). 1995Cline v. Maxwell, 189 W.Va. 362 , 432 S.E.2d 32, 38 (1993); see also Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 547 , 105 S.Ct. 1487, 1496 , 84 L.Ed.2d 494, 507 (1985) (showing of a nine-month delay, without more, does not establish a due process violation). | 2 | 6 |
Gripentrog v. City of Wahpetongreen2 sentences2017X, § 18 “incorporates restrictions of the due process clause of the federal constitution and requires the use of public funds derived from taxation to be for a public purpose.” Haugland , 2012 ND 123, ¶ 37 , 818 N.W.2d 660 . “[A] public purpose ‘has for its objective the promotion of public health, safety, morals, general welfare, security, prosperity, and contentment of all the inhabitants or residents within a given political subdivision.’” Id. (quoting Gripentrog v. City of Wahpeton , 126 N.W.2d 230, 237 (N.D. 1964)). “[W]here an appropriation of public funds is primarily for public purpose 2017X, § 18 “incorporates restrictions of the due process clause of the federal constitution and requires the use of public funds derived from taxation to be for a public purpose.” Haugland, 2012 ND 123, ¶ 37 , 818 N.W.2d 660 . “[A] public purpose ‘has for its objective the promotion of public health, safety, morals, general welfare, security, prosperity, and contentment of all the inhabitants or residents within a given political subdivision.’ ” Id. (quoting Gripentrog v. City of Wahpeton, 126 N.W.2d 230, 237 (N.D. 1964)). “[W]here an appropriation of public funds is primarily for public purposes | 2 | 3 |
Whitecalfe v. North Dakota Department of Transportationgreen2 sentences2015In the context of administrative proceedings, to decide what process is due, this Court considers “a number of factors, including the private interest that will be affected by the official action, the potential for governmental error, and the magnitude of the state’s interest.” Powell, 408 N.W.2d at 738; see also Whitecalfe, 2007 ND 32, ¶ 20 , 727 N.W.2d 779 ; Kobilansky, 358 N.W.2d at 787 . [¶ 27] For example, earlier decisions of this Court have said proceedings under our implied consent laws are civil in nature and there is no right to counsel in a civil proceeding. 2015In the context of administrative proceedings, to decide what process is due, this Court considers “a number of factors, including the private interest that will be affected by the official action, the potential for governmental error, and the magnitude of the state’s interest.” Powell, 408 N.W.2d at 738; see also Whitecalfe, 2007 ND 32, ¶ 20 , 727 N.W.2d 779 ; Kobilansky, 358 N.W.2d at 787 . [¶ 27] For example, earlier decisions of this Court have said proceedings under our implied consent laws are civil in nature and there is no right to counsel in a civil proceeding. | 2 | 3 |
Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.green2 sentences2020The Defendants argue broadly that the State may extend a statute of limitations without implicating constitutional limits, but cite only cases addressing constitutional challenges under the due process clause, such as Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc., 514 U.S. 211, 229 (1995). 2020The Defendants argue broadly that the State may extend a statute of limitations without implicating constitutional limits, but cite only cases addressing constitutional challenges under the due process clause, such as Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc., 514 U.S. 211, 229 (1995). | 2 | 2 |
| Kobilansky v. Liffriggreen | 2 | 2 |
| State v. McKinneygreen | 2 | 2 |
| United States v. Gerald Herbert Rasmussengreen | 2 | 2 |
| State v. Pittmangreen | 2 | 2 |
| State v. Hallgreen | 2 | 2 |
| Deck v. Missourigreen | 2 | 2 |
| Ennis v. Williams County Board of Commissionersgreen | 2 | 2 |
| State v. Clarkgreen | 2 | 2 |
| Matter of Application for Admission to Bar of Childsgreen | 2 | 2 |
Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.green2 sentences1995Although the mailing may not succeed in providing actual notice, the mailing certainly furthers the due process requirement of providing “notice reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections.” Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314 , 70 S.Ct. 652, 657 , 94 L.Ed. 865 (1950). 1995Although the mailing may not succeed in providing actual notice, the mailing certainly furthers the due process requirement of providing “notice reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections.” Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314 , 70 S.Ct. 652, 657 , 94 L.Ed. 865 (1950). | 1 | 7 |
Mathews v. Eldridgegreen2 sentences2010Use of a "fair preponderance of the evidence" standard in such proceedings is inconsistent with due process.'); Adoption of J.W.M., 532 N.W.2d 372, 377-80 (N.D.1995) (applying the Eldridge factors and concluding the denial of a parent's request for a transcript of the adoption hearing for review and cross-examination of adverse witnesses `did not result in an unacceptable risk of an erroneous factual decision')[, overruled on other grounds, Adoption of S.R.F., 2004 ND 150, ¶ 7 , 683 N.W.2d 913 (overruling cases applying a de novo review under the Revised Uniform Adoption Act)]." Interest of D. 2006Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 333 , 96 S.Ct. 893 , 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976); Ellwein, 221 N.W.2d at 517 ; Owens, 547 S.E.2d at 831 . | 1 | 4 |
Haugland v. City of Bismarckgreen2 sentences2017X, § 18 “incorporates restrictions of the due process clause of the federal constitution and requires the use of public funds derived from taxation to be for a public purpose.” Haugland, 2012 ND 123, ¶ 37 , 818 N.W.2d 660 . “[A] public purpose ‘has for its objective the promotion of public health, safety, morals, general welfare, security, prosperity, and contentment of all the inhabitants or residents within a given political subdivision.’ ” Id. (quoting Gripentrog v. City of Wahpeton, 126 N.W.2d 230, 237 (N.D. 1964)). “[W]here an appropriation of public funds is primarily for public purposes 2017X, § 18 “incorporates restrictions of the due process clause of the federal constitution and requires the use of public funds derived from taxation to be for a public purpose.” Haugland, 2012 ND 123, ¶ 37 , 818 N.W.2d 660 . “[A] public purpose ‘has for its objective the promotion of public health, safety, morals, general welfare, security, prosperity, and contentment of all the inhabitants or residents within a given political subdivision.’ ” Id. (quoting Gripentrog v. City of Wahpeton, 126 N.W.2d 230, 237 (N.D. 1964)). “[W]here an appropriation of public funds is primarily for public purposes | 1 | 3 |
| Davis v. Washingtongreen | 1 | 2 |
| Chapman v. Californiared | 1 | 2 |
| First American Bank & Trust Company v. Ellweingreen | 1 | 2 |
| Beckler v. North Dakota Workers Compensation Bureaugreen | 1 | 2 |
| State v. Kraftgreen | 1 | 1 |
| State v. Bazilegreen | 1 | 1 |
| Walker v. City of Hutchinsongreen | 1 | 1 |
| John v. Stategreen | 1 | 1 |
| Jackson v. Narvaisgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Matter of L.Z.N.green | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
| State v. Muhlegreen | 1 | 2 |
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
State v. Kruckenberg
green
2 sentences2020“To determine whether a prosecutor’s misconduct rises to a level of due process violation, we decide if the conduct, in the context of the entire trial, was sufficiently prejudicial to violate a defendant’s due process rights.” Id. 2013“To constitute a due process violation, the prosecutorial misconduct must be of sufficient significance to result in the denial of the defendant’s right to a fair trial.” Id. | 13 | 2011–2020 |
State v. Hannesson
green
2 sentences2025“Although prosecutorial misconduct may create unfairness amounting to a due process violation, not every assertion of prosecutorial misconduct automatically rises to an error of constitutional dimension.” State v. Hannesson, 2023 ND 80, ¶ 6 , 989 N.W.2d 501 (quotation marks omitted). 2025“Although prosecutorial misconduct may create unfairness amounting to a due process violation, not every assertion of prosecutorial misconduct automatically rises to an error of constitutional dimension.” State v. Hannesson, 2023 ND 80, ¶ 6 , 989 N.W.2d 501 (quotation marks omitted). | 3 | 2024–2025 |
Kansas v. Crane
green
2 sentences2019The order denying R.A.S.'s petition for discharge is reversed for lack of findings sufficient to conclude the due process requirement has been met under Kansas v. Crane , 534 U.S. 407 , 122 S.Ct. 867 , 151 L.Ed.2d 856 (2002). 2019The order denying R.A.S.'s petition for discharge is reversed for lack of findings sufficient to conclude the due process requirement has been met under Kansas v. Crane , 534 U.S. 407 , 122 S.Ct. 867 , 151 L.Ed.2d 856 (2002). | 3 | 2019–2019 |
State v. Webster
neutral
2 sentences2019State v. Brickle-Hicks , 2018 ND 194 , ¶ 11, 916 N.W.2d 781 (citing State v. Webster , 2013 ND 119 , ¶¶ 20-21, 834 N.W.2d 283 ). 2019State v. Brickle-Hicks , 2018 ND 194 , ¶ 11, 916 N.W.2d 781 (citing State v. Webster , 2013 ND 119 , ¶¶ 20-21, 834 N.W.2d 283 ). | 3 | 2018–2019 |
Morrell v. N.D. Dep't of Transportation
green
2 sentences2017Dep’t of Transp. , 1999 ND 140, ¶ 9 , 598 N.W.2d 111 . “[D]ue process is flexible and must be analyzed on a case-by- case basis, balancing the competing interests and assessing whether the basic due process requirement of fairness has been satisfied.” Wahl v. Morton Cty. 2017Dep’t of Transp., 1999 ND 140, ¶ 9 , 598 N.W.2d 111 . “[D]ue process is flexible and must be analyzed on a case-by-oase basis, balancing the competing interests and assessing whether the basic due process requirement, of fairness has been satisfied.” Wahl v. Morton Cty. | 3 | 2007–2017 |
Morrell v. North Dakota Department of Transportation
green
2 sentences2017Dep’t of Transp. , 1999 ND 140, ¶ 9 , 598 N.W.2d 111 . “[D]ue process is flexible and must be analyzed on a case-by- case basis, balancing the competing interests and assessing whether the basic due process requirement of fairness has been satisfied.” Wahl v. Morton Cty. 2017Dep’t of Transp., 1999 ND 140, ¶ 9 , 598 N.W.2d 111 . “[D]ue process is flexible and must be analyzed on a case-by-oase basis, balancing the competing interests and assessing whether the basic due process requirement, of fairness has been satisfied.” Wahl v. Morton Cty. | 3 | 2007–2017 |
Hoff v. Berg
green
2 sentences2014This Court concluded “there is no general constitutional prohibition against legislation limiting entry into occupations or professions,” and “[t]he only question is whether the regulation, as to entry into the occupation or profession or otherwise, is reasonable and, within constitutional limits, promotes the order, safety, health, morals and general welfare of society.” Id. at 130 . [¶ 29] In Hoff, 1999 ND 115, ¶¶ 8-18 , 595 N.W.2d 285 , in the context of addressing state and federal constitutional challenges to a grandparent visitation statute, this Court generally outlined the levels of sc 2014This Court concluded “there is no general constitutional prohibition against legislation limiting entry into occupations or professions,” and “[t]he only question is whether the regulation, as to entry into the occupation or profession or otherwise, is reasonable and, within constitutional limits, promotes the order, safety, health, morals and general welfare of society.” Id. at 130 . [¶ 29] In Hoff, 1999 ND 115, ¶¶ 8-18 , 595 N.W.2d 285 , in the context of addressing state and federal constitutional challenges to a grandparent visitation statute, this Court generally outlined the levels of sc | 3 | 1999–2014 |
State v. Vondal
green
2 sentences2012“To determine whether a prosecutor’s misconduct rises to a level of a due process violation, we decide if the conduct, in the context of the entire trial, was sufficiently prejudicial to violate a defendant’s due process rights.” Id. (quoting State v. Kruckenberg, 2008 ND 212, ¶ 20 , 758 N.W.2d 427 ). “[E]ven when a defendant’s objection to a prosecutor’s improper argument is sustained by the trial court, the failure to request a cautionary instruction waives the objection to the allegedly prejudicial statement.” State v. McKinney, 518 N.W.2d 696, 701 (N.D.1994). 2012“To determine whether a prosecutor’s misconduct rises to a level of a due process violation, we decide if the conduct, in the context of the entire trial, was sufficiently prejudicial to violate a defendant’s due process rights.” Id. (quoting State v. Kruckenberg , 2008 ND 212, ¶ 20 , 758 N.W.2d 427 ). “[E]ven when a defendant’s objection to a prosecutor’s improper argument is sustained by the trial court, the failure to request a cautionary instruction waives the objection to the allegedly prejudicial statement.” State v. McKinney , 518 N.W.2d 696, 701 (N.D. 1994). | 3 | 2012–2014 |
State v. Duncan
green
2 sentences2014To determine whether a prosecutor’s misconduct rises to a level of a due process violation, we decide if the conduct, in the context of the entire trial, was sufficiently prejudicial to violate a defendant’s due process rights.” Id. (quoting State v. Duncan, 2011 ND 85, ¶ 12 , 796 N.W.2d 672 ). 2014To determine whether a prosecutor’s misconduct rises to a level of a due process violation, we decide if the conduct, in the context of the entire trial, was sufficiently prejudicial to violate a defendant’s due process rights.” Id. (quoting State v. Duncan , 2011 ND 85, ¶ 12 , 796 N.W.2d 672 ). | 3 | 2012–2014 |
Wahl v. Morton County Social Services
green
2 sentences2012Sens., 1998 ND 48, ¶ 6 , 574 N.W.2d 859 . “[D]ue process is flexible and must be analyzed on a case-by-case basis, balancing the competing interests and assessing whether the basic due process requirement of fairness has been satisfied.” Id. 2012Sens., 1998 ND 48, ¶ 6 , 574 N.W.2d 859 . “[D]ue process is flexible and must be analyzed on a case-by-case basis, balancing the competing interests and assessing whether the basic due process requirement of fairness has been satisfied.” Id. | 3 | 2000–2012 |
Kelly v. Guy
green
2 sentences2012We also discussed Kelly v. Guy, 133 N.W.2d 853 (N.D.1965), and we said that case involved a federal constitutional challenge to a separate state constitutional provision under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. 2012We also discussed Kelly v. Guy , 133 N.W.2d 853 (N.D. 1965), and we said that case involved a federal constitutional challenge to a separate state constitutional provision under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. | 3 | 2012–2012 |
Stewart v. North Dakota Workers Compensation Bureau
green
2 sentences2002Bureau, 1999 ND 174, ¶ 21 , 599 N.W.2d 280 (citations omitted), we said: The due process clause requires that the post-deprivation hearing be provided at a meaningful time. 2002Bureau, 1999 ND 174, ¶ 21 , 599 N.W.2d 280 (citations omitted), we said: The due process clause requires that the post-deprivation hearing be provided at a meaningful time. | 3 | 2000–2005 |
State v. Sorenson
green
2 sentences2025II [¶6] Bibler claims the district court erred in reducing the length of the evidentiary hearing and the reduction was a due process violation. [¶7] “This Court applies a de novo standard of review when reviewing an alleged violation of a constitutional right.” State v. Sorenson, 2009 ND 147, ¶ 16 , 770 N.W.2d 701 . 2025II [¶6] Bibler claims the district court erred in reducing the length of the evidentiary hearing and the reduction was a due process violation. [¶7] “This Court applies a de novo standard of review when reviewing an alleged violation of a constitutional right.” State v. Sorenson, 2009 ND 147, ¶ 16 , 770 N.W.2d 701 . | 2 | 2022–2025 |
Chisholm v. State
green
2 sentences2022C [¶17] In case 08-2021-CV-02236, Bridges argues new interpretations of 28 U.S.C. §§ 2254 (b)(1)(B)(i)-(ii) and Chisholm v. State, 2014 ND 125 , 848 N.W.2d 703 , resulted in a due process violation in his conviction for attempted murder. 2022C [¶17] In case 08-2021-CV-02236, Bridges argues new interpretations of 28 U.S.C. §§ 2254 (b)(1)(B)(i)-(ii) and Chisholm v. State, 2014 ND 125 , 848 N.W.2d 703 , resulted in a due process violation in his conviction for attempted murder. | 2 | 2022–2022 |
Curtiss v. Curtiss
green
2 sentences2021Dist., 228 F.3d 897 , 902 (8th Cir. 2000); Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 538 (1985)). “[P]rocedural due process requires fundamental fairness, which, at a minimum, necessitates notice and a meaningful opportunity for a hearing appropriate to the nature of the case.” Curtiss v. Curtiss, 2016 ND 197, ¶ 8 , 886 N.W.2d 565 (quoting St. 2021Dist., 228 F.3d 897 , 902 (8th Cir. 2000); Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 538 (1985)). “[P]rocedural due process requires fundamental fairness, which, at a minimum, necessitates notice and a meaningful opportunity for a hearing appropriate to the nature of the case.” Curtiss v. Curtiss, 2016 ND 197, ¶ 8 , 886 N.W.2d 565 (quoting St. | 2 | 2018–2021 |
State v. Brickle-Hicks
neutral
2 sentences2019State v. Brickle-Hicks , 2018 ND 194 , ¶ 11, 916 N.W.2d 781 (citing State v. Webster , 2013 ND 119 , ¶¶ 20-21, 834 N.W.2d 283 ). 2019State v. Brickle-Hicks , 2018 ND 194 , ¶ 11, 916 N.W.2d 781 (citing State v. Webster , 2013 ND 119 , ¶¶ 20-21, 834 N.W.2d 283 ). | 2 | 2019–2019 |
State v. Loomer
neutral
2 sentences2019State v. Loomer , 2008 ND 69 , ¶ 6, 747 N.W.2d 113 . 2019State v. Loomer , 2008 ND 69 , ¶ 6, 747 N.W.2d 113 . | 2 | 2019–2019 |
Brady v. Maryland
green
2 sentences2016II [¶ 5] Russell argues the exclusion of evidence about Bateman’s arrest was a due process violation requiring a new trial under Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150 , 92 S.Ct. 763 , 31 L.Ed.2d 104 (1972) and Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 , 83 S.Ct. 1194 , 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963). 2016II [¶ 5] Russell argues the exclusion of evidence about Bateman’s arrest was a due process violation requiring a new trial under Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150 , 92 S.Ct. 763 , 31 L.Ed.2d 104 (1972) and Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 , 83 S.Ct. 1194 , 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963). | 2 | 2015–2016 |
Grosinger v. J.G.
green
2 sentences2015J.G. contends there is not clear and convincing evidence to satisfy the requirement under N.D.C.C. § 25-03.3-01(8) that he is “likely to engage in further acts of sexually predatory conduct which constitute a danger to the physical or mental health or safety of others” and the due process requirement that he has serious difficulty controlling his behavior. [¶8] The position of the experts in this case mirrors in many respects the positions they took in J.G. , 2013 ND 26 , 827 N.W.2d 341. 2015J.G. contends there is not clear and convincing evidence to satisfy the requirement under N.D.C.C. § 25-03.3-01(8) that he is “likely to engage in further acts of sexually predatory conduct which constitute a danger to the physical or mental health or safety of others” and the due process requirement that he has serious difficulty controlling his behavior. [¶ 8] The position of the experts in this case mirrors in many respects the positions they took in J.G., 2013 ND 26 , 827 N.W.2d 341 . | 2 | 2015–2015 |
| Matter of J.G. green | 2 | 2015–2015 |
| State v. Pena Garcia green | 2 | 2013–2014 |
| State v. Hoverson green | 2 | 2011–2011 |
| Wolfer v. North Dakota Department of Transportation green | 2 | 2011–2011 |
| United States v. Carlos Sanchez, Adam Diaz, Victor Perez, Alberto Palma and Ysrael Palma green | 2 | 2011–2011 |
| In Re Disciplinary Action Against McGuire green | 2 | 2008–2008 |
| In Re SA green | 2 | 2007–2007 |
| Arizona v. Youngblood green | 2 | 1996–2006 |
| United States v. Russell green | 2 | 1988–2006 |
| Goldberg v. Kelly green | 2 | 1978–2005 |
| Application of Lamb green | 2 | 2004–2004 |
| Jones v. United States green | 2 | 2001–2001 |
| Barry v. Barchi green | 2 | 1999–2000 |
| Lassiter v. Department of Social Servs. of Durham Cty. green | 2 | 1993–1995 |
| State v. Weisz green | 2 | 1987–1995 |
| State v. Allesi green | 2 | 1983–1990 |
| Louis K. Liggett Co. v. Baldridge green | 2 | 1979–1986 |
| Snyder's Drug Stores, Inc. v. North Dakota State Board of Pharmacy green | 2 | 1979–1986 |
| North Dakota State Board of Pharmacy v. Snyder's Drug Stores, Inc. green | 2 | 1979–1986 |
| In Re WINSHIP green | 2 | 1980–1981 |
| Hawk v. Olson green | 2 | 1947–1954 |
Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.