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The doctrines Massachusetts courts name when they cite: mined from the sentence each citation lives in, keyed on the citing court, counted by distinct opinions. Entry by issue, not by case: pick one to see the cases on each side.
| # | Issue | Most-cited case | Opinions | Courts | Years | Last 5y |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Miranda warning | Miranda v. Arizona | 652 | 4 | 1968–2026 | 51 |
| 2 | due process clause | Pinnick v. Cleary | 635 | 6 | 1916–2026 | 50 |
| 3 | hearsay rule | Bouchie v. Murray | 468 | 5 | 1936–2026 | 32 |
| 4 | affirmative defense | Commonwealth v. Cabral | 318 | 5 | 1910–2026 | 48 |
| 5 | fundamental principle | Commonwealth v. McDuffee | 287 | 4 | 1855–2026 | 18 |
| 6 | exclusionary rule | United States v. Calandra | 284 | 4 | 1958–2026 | 28 |
| 7 | probable cause hearing | Myers v. Commonwealth | 272 | 3 | 1967–2026 | 14 |
| 8 | abuse of discretion standard | L.L., a juvenile v. Commonwealth | 268 | 4 | 1974–2026 | 67 |
| 9 | warrant requirement | Commonwealth v. Forde | 267 | 3 | 1972–2026 | 32 |
| 10 | confrontation clause | Crawford v. Washington | 239 | 3 | 1972–2026 | 27 |
| 11 | equal protection clause | Commonwealth v. Soares | 231 | 4 | 1927–2026 | 13 |
| 12 | double jeopardy clause | Benton v. Maryland | 225 | 3 | 1970–2026 | 18 |
| 13 | Massachusetts rule | Commonwealth v. Saferian | 183 | 5 | 1877–2026 | 9 |
| 14 | reasonable doubt standard | Chapman v. California | 162 | 3 | 1972–2026 | 11 |
| 15 | miscarriage of justice standard | Commonwealth v. Freeman | 158 | 3 | 1984–2026 | 22 |
| 16 | ineffective assistance of counsel claim | Commonwealth v. Saferian | 147 | 3 | 1988–2026 | 45 |
| 17 | attorney-client privilege | In the Matter of a John Doe Grand Jury Investigation | 138 | 4 | 1973–2025 | 6 |
| 18 | Fifth Amendment privilege | Commonwealth v. Martin | 136 | 4 | 1969–2026 | 9 |
| 19 | judge made a clear error | L.L., a juvenile v. Commonwealth | 133 | 3 | 2015–2026 | 107 |
| 20 | Aguilar-Spinelli test | Commonwealth v. Upton | 123 | 3 | 1985–2026 | 23 |
| 21 | ineffective assistance claim | Commonwealth v. Zinser | 121 | 3 | 1981–2026 | 47 |
| 22 | Latimore standard | Commonwealth v. Latimore | 120 | 2 | 1980–2026 | 44 |
| 23 | Saferian test | Commonwealth v. Saferian | 111 | 3 | 1983–2026 | 37 |
| 24 | qualified immunity | Harlow v. Fitzgerald | 104 | 4 | 1952–2026 | 9 |
| 25 | per se rule | Commonwealth v. Kennedy | 98 | 4 | 1977–2025 | 6 |
| 26 | essential element claim | Kourouvacilis v. General Motors Corp. | 97 | 4 | 1984–2026 | 14 |
| 27 | prejudicial error | Commonwealth v. Flebotte | 96 | 4 | 1961–2026 | 15 |
| 28 | first complaint doctrine | Commonwealth v. King | 94 | 2 | 2005–2026 | 33 |
| 29 | factual basis claim | Commonwealth v. Adamides | 94 | 2 | 1990–2026 | 33 |
| 30 | Terry stop | Terry v. Ohio | 90 | 3 | 1980–2026 | 5 |
| 31 | self-defense instruction | Commonwealth v. Pike | 90 | 2 | 1982–2026 | 21 |
| 32 | Bowden defense | Commonwealth v. Bowden | 90 | 3 | 1993–2026 | 29 |
| 33 | execution doctrine | Fabre v. Walton | 90 | 4 | 1982–2026 | 29 |
| 34 | sovereign immunity | Morash & Sons, Inc. v. Commonwealth | 89 | 4 | 1967–2025 | 10 |
| 35 | voir dire hearing | Commonwealth v. Silva-Santiago | 89 | 3 | 1963–2025 | 6 |
| 36 | public policy exception | King v. Driscoll | 86 | 4 | 1982–2026 | 6 |
| 37 | absence of clear error | Commonwealth v. Correia | 85 | 3 | 1979–2025 | 5 |
| 38 | felony-murder rule | Commonwealth v. Matchett | 85 | 3 | 1965–2024 | 5 |
| 39 | Fourth Amendment violation | Katz v. United States | 83 | 3 | 1964–2026 | 3 |
| 40 | basis of knowledge test | Commonwealth v. Upton | 83 | 3 | 1985–2026 | 11 |
| 41 | res judicata doctrine | Heacock v. Heacock | 83 | 4 | 1914–2025 | 5 |
| 42 | guiding principle | Kelley v. Rossi | 79 | 5 | 1930–2024 | 4 |
| 43 | manslaughter instruction | Commonwealth v. Walden | 79 | 3 | 1978–2026 | 4 |
| 44 | harmless error | Chapman v. California | 78 | 4 | 1912–2025 | 7 |
| 45 | unanimity instruction | Commonwealth v. Conefrey | 78 | 3 | 1975–2026 | 18 |
| 46 | veracity test | Commonwealth v. Upton | 78 | 3 | 1985–2026 | 11 |
| 47 | premise defense | Commonwealth v. Mahdi | 77 | 4 | 1983–2026 | 11 |
| 48 | plain view doctrine | Commonwealth v. Santana | 76 | 3 | 1975–2026 | 4 |
| 49 | recitation of Miranda warning | Commonwealth v. Mandile | 76 | 3 | 1986–2025 | 9 |
| 50 | parol evidence rule | Kobayashi v. Orion Ventures, Inc. | 74 | 5 | 1923–2026 | 8 |
| 51 | knowing and intelligent waiver | Miranda v. Arizona | 74 | 5 | 1972–2026 | 2 |
| 52 | plausible claim | Harvard Square Defense Fund, Inc. v. Planning Board | 73 | 5 | 1984–2026 | 18 |
| 53 | automobile exception | Commonwealth v. Motta | 72 | 4 | 1916–2026 | 9 |
| 54 | conditional privilege | Bratt v. International Business MacHines Corp. | 71 | 4 | 1938–2025 | 3 |
| 55 | commerce clause | Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady | 71 | 4 | 1912–2022 | 1 |
| 56 | missing witness instruction | Commonwealth v. Saletino | 69 | 3 | 1986–2026 | 10 |
| 57 | insanity defense | Commonwealth v. McHoul | 68 | 3 | 1975–2024 | 1 |
| 58 | model instruction | Commonwealth v. Rodriguez | 68 | 3 | 1980–2026 | 15 |
| 59 | residuary clause | Thayer v. Wellington | 68 | 3 | 1827–2023 | 1 |
| 60 | presentment requirement | Lodge v. District Attorney for the Suffolk District | 67 | 4 | 1982–2026 | 5 |
| 61 | purposes rule | Commonwealth v. Macias | 66 | 5 | 1819–2026 | 9 |
| 62 | discretionary function exception | Harry Stoller & Co. v. City of Lowell | 65 | 3 | 1983–2025 | 3 |
| 63 | discrimination claim | Green v. Wyman-Gordon Co. | 65 | 4 | 1984–2026 | 8 |
| 64 | extension hearing | Iamele v. Asselin | 65 | 4 | 1936–2026 | 25 |
| 65 | forum selection clause | Jacobson v. Mailboxes Etc. U.S.A., Inc. | 64 | 4 | 1984–2026 | 3 |
| 66 | police inquiry | Commonwealth v. Carrion | 64 | 3 | 1974–2024 | 3 |
| 67 | merger doctrine | Sound Techniques, Inc. v. Hoffman | 63 | 4 | 1921–2026 | 5 |
| 68 | definite violation | Harvard Square Defense Fund, Inc. v. Planning Board | 63 | 5 | 1922–2026 | 13 |
| 69 | fresh complaint doctrine | Commonwealth v. Licata | 62 | 2 | 1971–2017 | 0 |
| 70 | continuing violation | Cuddyer v. Stop & Shop Supermarket Co. | 62 | 4 | 1971–2026 | 5 |
| 71 | reasonable suspicion analysis | Commonwealth v. Meneus | 61 | 3 | 1990–2026 | 29 |
| 72 | supplemental instruction | Commonwealth v. Freeman | 60 | 3 | 1976–2026 | 7 |
| 73 | Cunneen factors | Commonwealth v. Cunneen | 60 | 2 | 1996–2023 | 5 |
| 74 | rational basis test | Marshfield Family Skateland, Inc. v. Town of Marshfield | 59 | 3 | 1977–2025 | 3 |
| 75 | witness hearing | Commonwealth v. Martin | 59 | 4 | 1853–2024 | 2 |
| 76 | probation revocation hearing | Commonwealth v. Durling | 59 | 2 | 1979–2026 | 15 |
| 77 | defendant argues instruction | Commonwealth v. Saferian | 58 | 2 | 1957–2026 | 7 |
| 78 | First Amendment challenge | Massachusetts v. Oakes | 57 | 3 | 1969–2025 | 6 |
| 79 | motion to dismiss rule | Iannacchino v. Ford Motor Co. | 57 | 4 | 1977–2026 | 14 |
| 80 | discussion defendant | Kourouvacilis v. General Motors Corp. | 57 | 4 | 1874–2024 | 1 |
| 81 | malice standard | Weber v. Community Teamwork, Inc. | 57 | 3 | 1971–2026 | 5 |
| 82 | collateral estoppel doctrine | Martin v. Ring | 56 | 4 | 1980–2024 | 1 |
| 83 | consciousness of guilt instruction | Commonwealth v. Toney | 56 | 3 | 1983–2026 | 10 |
| 84 | favorable standard | Commonwealth v. MacKenzie | 56 | 3 | 1984–2026 | 9 |
| 85 | structural error | Commonwealth v. Pinckney | 56 | 4 | 1917–2025 | 9 |
| 86 | refusal rule | Commonwealth v. Campbell | 56 | 3 | 1863–2025 | 1 |
| 87 | section 1983 damages | Parratt v. Taylor | 56 | 4 | 1981–2026 | 6 |
| 88 | defamation claim | Reilly v. Associated Press | 55 | 4 | 1980–2026 | 9 |
| 89 | Franks hearing | Franks v. Delaware | 55 | 3 | 1983–2025 | 13 |
| 90 | significance error | Commonwealth v. Azar | 55 | 2 | 1924–2025 | 14 |
| 91 | work product doctrine | Ward v. Peabody | 54 | 3 | 1980–2025 | 5 |
| 92 | directed verdict standard | Little v. Rosenthal | 54 | 4 | 1959–2026 | 4 |
| 93 | ruling error | Commonwealth v. Lampron | 54 | 4 | 1869–2026 | 4 |
| 94 | issue preclusion doctrine | Heacock v. Heacock | 53 | 5 | 1983–2025 | 8 |
| 95 | economic loss doctrine | FMR Corp. v. Boston Edison Co. | 52 | 4 | 1993–2024 | 2 |
| 96 | exhaustion requirement | Saint Luke's Hospital v. Labor Relations Commission | 52 | 4 | 1976–2026 | 2 |
| 97 | elementary rule | Drew v. Beard | 52 | 5 | 1870–2025 | 3 |
| 98 | abuse of process claim | Quaranto v. Silverman | 51 | 4 | 1986–2026 | 9 |
| 99 | Lanigan hearing | Canavan's Case | 51 | 3 | 1998–2023 | 2 |
| 100 | estoppel doctrine | Commonwealth v. Lopez | 51 | 4 | 1889–2025 | 3 |
| 101 | humane practice instruction | Commonwealth v. Tavares | 50 | 3 | 1994–2025 | 10 |
| 102 | American rule | Waldman v. American Honda Motor Co. | 50 | 5 | 1854–2026 | 5 |
| 103 | circumstances test | Commonwealth v. Selby | 50 | 3 | 1896–2020 | 0 |
| 104 | judge committed reversible error | Commonwealth v. Gil | 50 | 2 | 1977–2025 | 7 |
| 105 | section 34 all relevant factors | Bowring v. Reid | 50 | 2 | 1978–2026 | 17 |
| 106 | good faith exception | United States v. Leon | 49 | 5 | 1975–2025 | 3 |
| 107 | exercise privilege | Commonwealth v. Maldonado | 49 | 3 | 1878–2026 | 5 |
| 108 | case falls within principle | Butterfield v. Western Railroad | 49 | 4 | 1853–2015 | 0 |
| 109 | combination factors | Commonwealth v. Fraser | 48 | 4 | 1933–2026 | 4 |
| 110 | motion to suppress hearing | Commonwealth v. Clarke | 48 | 3 | 1979–2026 | 18 |
| 111 | reasons rule | Commonwealth v. Calderon | 48 | 4 | 1863–2025 | 3 |
| 112 | camera hearing | Commonwealth v. Martin | 47 | 3 | 1980–2026 | 2 |
| 113 | defendant makes claim | Commonwealth v. Williams | 47 | 4 | 1914–2026 | 5 |
| 114 | Sixth Amendment violation | Doggett v. United States | 47 | 3 | 1974–2026 | 7 |
| 115 | sound principle | Lolos v. Berlin | 47 | 4 | 1865–2026 | 15 |
| 116 | Bruton rule | Bruton v. United States | 46 | 3 | 1969–2019 | 0 |
| 117 | statute of limitations defense | Patrick Catrone v. Thoroughbred Racing Associations of North America, Inc. | 46 | 4 | 1931–2026 | 5 |
| 118 | indemnity clause | Harnois v. QUANNAPOWITT DEVELOPMENT, INC. | 46 | 4 | 1976–2014 | 0 |
| 119 | prima facie violation | Cepeda v. Kass | 46 | 4 | 1860–2025 | 4 |
| 120 | Daubert-Lanigan hearing | Commonwealth v. Lanigan | 46 | 3 | 2001–2026 | 19 |
| 121 | respondeat superior doctrine | Kelley v. Rossi | 45 | 4 | 1916–2024 | 2 |
| 122 | voluntary manslaughter instruction | Commonwealth v. Walden | 45 | 3 | 1983–2026 | 3 |
| 123 | involuntary manslaughter instruction | Commonwealth v. Pierce | 45 | 2 | 1985–2026 | 11 |
| 124 | section 1988 fees | Draper v. Town Clerk of Greenfield | 45 | 3 | 1981–2025 | 2 |
| 125 | invocation claim | Kobrin v. Board of Registration in Medicine | 44 | 5 | 1929–2026 | 12 |
| 126 | vagueness doctrine | Smith v. Goguen | 44 | 4 | 1958–2026 | 2 |
| 127 | inevitable discovery doctrine | Commonwealth v. O'CONNOR | 44 | 3 | 1985–2026 | 7 |
| 128 | third-party claim | Kirkland Construction Co. v. James | 44 | 5 | 1972–2026 | 6 |
| 129 | corroboration rule | Commonwealth v. Forde | 43 | 3 | 1984–2025 | 6 |
| 130 | particularity requirement | Commonwealth v. Valerio | 43 | 3 | 1976–2026 | 8 |
| 131 | omission instruction | Commonwealth v. Azar | 43 | 4 | 1825–2026 | 6 |
| 132 | first prong test | Commonwealth v. Scott | 42 | 4 | 1982–2024 | 3 |
| 133 | retaliation claim | Mole v. University of Massachusetts | 42 | 4 | 1996–2026 | 9 |
| 134 | slapp motion | Bristol Asphalt, Co., Inc. v. Rochester Bituminous Products, Inc. | 42 | 5 | 2002–2026 | 20 |
| 135 | alibi defense | Commonwealth v. McLeod | 41 | 3 | 1970–2023 | 3 |
| 136 | reliability test | Manson v. Brathwaite | 41 | 3 | 1975–2023 | 4 |
| 137 | burden-shifting framework | Duracraft Corp. v. Holmes Products Corp. | 40 | 3 | 1980–2026 | 11 |
| 138 | motor vehicle violation | Commonwealth v. Motta | 40 | 4 | 1977–2026 | 11 |
| 139 | joint venture exception | Commonwealth v. Zanetti | 39 | 2 | 1980–2026 | 1 |
| 140 | knowledge standard | Demoulas v. Demoulas Super Markets, Inc. | 39 | 4 | 1939–2026 | 3 |
| 141 | lesser included offense instruction | Commonwealth v. Donlan | 39 | 2 | 1984–2025 | 7 |
| 142 | member bar | Opinion of the Justices to the Senate | 39 | 5 | 1908–2025 | 2 |
| 143 | voluntariness waiver | Commonwealth v. Edwards | 39 | 3 | 1976–2026 | 7 |
| 144 | section 1983 liability | City of Canton v. Harris | 39 | 3 | 1982–2025 | 5 |
| 145 | defendant asserts error | Commonwealth v. Monteagudo | 38 | 3 | 1988–2026 | 5 |
| 146 | imprecise but comprehensible normative standard | Commonwealth v. Orlando | 38 | 3 | 1977–2025 | 3 |
| 147 | knowing waiver | Commonwealth v. Benoit | 38 | 4 | 1975–2024 | 1 |
| 148 | paroi evidence rule | Mears v. Smith | 38 | 3 | 1925–2014 | 0 |
| 149 | provision rule | Biggs v. Densmore | 38 | 4 | 1907–2026 | 1 |
| 150 | construction clause | Commonwealth v. Wotan | 38 | 5 | 1831–2022 | 2 |
Top 150 by distinct citing opinions.